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FrathWiki:Upload log
1
3365
2005-03-29T16:17:01Z
Zhen Lin
6
uploaded "Qanao_Abugida.png": Oops, misspelling...
Below is a list of the most recent file uploads.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
<ul><li>16:17, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded "[[:Image:Qanao_Abugida.png|Qanao_Abugida.png]]" <em>(Oops, misspelling...)</em></li>
<li>16:16, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded "[[:Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png]]" <em>(Oops, misspelling...)</em></li>
<li>15:21, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded "[[:Image:Qanao_Abugida.png|Qanao_Abugida.png]]" <em>(Qana'öžjinatos native script)</em></li>
<li>15:18, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded "[[:Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png]]" <em>(Qana'öžjinaet written in native script)</em></li>
<li>06:56, 29 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Grammar_of_Saxon_English.pdf|Grammar_of_Saxon_English.pdf]]" <em>(PDF of [[Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005. )</em></li>
<li>05:28, 20 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded "[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]" <em>(Add society, views on Earth)</em></li>
<li>18:59, 8 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded "[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]" <em>(Updated 2004-11-08)</em></li>
<li>04:50, 1 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded "[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]" <em>(Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.)</em></li>
<li>17:12, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png|Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png]]" <em>(Kirumb small letter aŋma)</em></li>
<li>16:49, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png|Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png]]" <em>(Kirumb small letter pē)</em></li>
<li>16:12, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png|Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png]]" <em>(Kirumb small letter śādī)</em></li>
<li>16:08, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png|Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png]]" <em>(Kirumb capital letter śādī.)</em></li>
<li>00:31, 24 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Conflag_med.png|Conflag_med.png]]" <em>(Conlang Flag)</em></li>
<li>16:22, 28 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded "[[:Image:Trentish-tlambda.png|Trentish-tlambda.png]]" <em>(Trentish letter tlambda)</em></li>
</ul>
FrathWiki:Deletion log
2
3366
2005-01-30T18:18:49Z
Muke
1
deleted "Romance languages": [Spam]
Below is a list of the most recent deletions.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
<ul><li>18:18, 30 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Romance languages" <em>([Spam])</em></li>
<li>15:40, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Qanaer language" <em>(deleted on request of creator)</em></li>
<li>15:40, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Qanaer grammar" <em>(deleted on request of creator)</em></li>
<li>15:39, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Qanaer lexicon" <em>(Deleted on request of creator)</em></li>
<li>12:39, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Av.definition" <em>(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what's the relevance?))</em></li>
<li>12:38, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Php.definition" <em>(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what's the relevance?))</em></li>
<li>12:38, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Linux.definition" <em>(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what's the relevance?))</em></li>
<li>00:52, 16 Aug 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Image:Trentish-tlambda.png" <em>(Don't need this anymore.)</em></li>
<li>03:39, 11 Aug 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "User talk:Talk:Atlanliŋwa" <em>(Mistaken URL)</em></li>
<li>20:45, 29 Jul 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] restored "FrathWiki:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License"</li>
<li>19:42, 30 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Sirius/Lexicon" <em>(content was: '#REDIRECT [[Sirius_Lexicon]]')</em></li>
<li>17:02, 25 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Trentish/Morphology" <em>(moved to [[Trentish_Morphology]])</em></li>
<li>17:02, 25 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "Trentish/Lexicon" <em>(moved to [[Trentish_Lexicon]])</em></li>
<li>21:14, 12 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted "FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License" <em>(changing from GFDL to CC)</em></li>
</ul>
FrathWiki:Protection log
3
3367
2004-05-31T19:54:35Z
Muke
1
protected [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]
<ul><li>19:54, 31 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] protected [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]</li>
<li>19:32, 12 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] protected [[FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License]]</li>
FrathWiki:Block log
4
3368
2005-03-15T15:29:07Z
Muke
1
blocked "82.194.62.9" with an expiry time of 1000 hours: Spamming [[Trentish Phonology]]
<ul><li>15:29, 15 Mar 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked "82.194.62.9" with an expiry time of 1000 hours <em>(Spamming [[Trentish Phonology]])</em></li>
<li>18:19, 30 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked "213.227.245.99" with an expiry time of 1000 hours <em>(Blocked for spamming porn on [[Romance languages]])</em></li>
<li>15:08, 24 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked "80.68.242.97" with an expiry time of 1000 hours <em>(Spamming the front page.)</em></li>
<li>22:56, 17 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked "221.192.169.230" with an expiry time of 1000 hours <em>(Spammage.)</em></li>
<li>23:29, 7 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked "60.55.58.50" with an expiry time of 1000 hours <em>(Spammage.)</em></li>
<li>14:13, 27 Dec 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked "60.55.58.64" with an expiry time of 1000 hours <em>(Spammage.)</em></li>
Main Page
5
51371
2010-01-07T23:42:52Z
Muke
1
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/DorothyJames|DorothyJames]] ([[User talk:DorothyJames|Talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]]
<center>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]</center>
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<div style="font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Topics</div>
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MediaWiki:Aboutpage
8
3372
2004-09-06T19:24:39Z
Muke
1
{{ns:4}}:About
MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia
9
3373
2004-09-06T19:27:29Z
Muke
1
About {{SITENAME}}
MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext
14
3378
2004-09-06T19:28:58Z
Muke
1
The page "$1" has been added to your [[{{ns:-1}}:Watchlist|watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. <p>If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click "Stop watching" in the sidebar.
MediaWiki:Administrators
15
3379
2004-09-06T19:31:59Z
Muke
1
{{ns:4}}:Administrators
MediaWiki:Allmessages
18
3382
2004-09-06T19:06:54Z
Muke
1
All messages
MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning
89
25262
2007-09-09T06:59:31Z
Melroch
31
Modularizing special character insertion
{{FrathWiki:Special character insertion}}
<hr>
==== Copyright ====
Please note that all contributions to FrathWiki are considered to be released under the Creative Commons "by-sa" license (see $1 for details).
If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed
at will, then don't submit it here.<br>
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a
public domain or similar free resource.<br>
<strong>DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!</strong>
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
MediaWiki:Edithelppage
130
3494
2004-09-06T19:06:17Z
Muke
1
{{ns:12}}:Editing
{{ns:12}}:Editing
MediaWiki:Emailforlost
136
3500
2004-09-07T01:01:17Z
Muke
1
++
Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.<br /><br />Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work.
MediaWiki:Fileuploaded
169
3533
2004-09-07T01:02:46Z
Muke
1
++
File uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]</nowiki></tt>
MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia
171
3535
2004-05-11T22:49:09Z
Muke
1
not a free encyclopedia yet
From FrathWiki.
MediaWiki:Gnunote
173
3537
2004-05-31T19:50:54Z
Muke
1
rm nc
<br>
<!-- Creative Commons License -->
Article texts are licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.
<!-- /Creative Commons License -->
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xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<Work rdf:about="">
<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/" />
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</License>
</rdf:RDF>
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MediaWiki:Helppage
180
3544
2004-09-06T19:05:08Z
Muke
1
{{ns:12}}:Contents
{{ns:12}}:Contents
MediaWiki:Histlegend
184
3548
2004-09-07T01:03:43Z
Muke
1
++
Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.<br/> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit.
MediaWiki:Login
241
3605
2004-06-26T18:26:11Z
Muke
1
log in → log in / create account
Log in / Create account
MediaWiki:Newarticletext
315
3679
2004-09-07T01:08:15Z
Muke
1
You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet.
To create the page, start typing in the box below
(see the [[Help:Editing|help page]] for more info).
If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button.
MediaWiki:Nogomatch
338
5222
2005-10-09T20:52:51Z
Muke
1
wikimarkup
No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search.
<br><br>Do you want to <b>[[$1|create an article with this title]]</b>?
MediaWiki:Sitesupport
480
3844
2005-04-19T16:16:52Z
Muke
1
Donations
Donations
MediaWiki:Uploadtext
554
3918
2005-08-23T21:03:16Z
Muke
1
'''STOP!''' Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the [[Project:Image use policy|image use policy]]. To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded images]]. Uploads and deletions are logged on the [[Project:Upload log|upload log]]. Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a "Browse..." button, which will bring up your operating system's standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the "Upload" button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form '''<nowiki>[[Image:file.jpg]]</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>[[Image:file.png|alt text]]</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>[[Media:file.ogg]]</nowiki>''' for sounds. Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system.
MediaWiki:Userlogin
557
3921
2004-09-14T03:48:37Z
Muke
1
Log in -> Create an account or log in
Create an account or log in
FrathWiki:!Most wanted articles
603
3968
2004-09-05T05:17:04Z
Muke
1
<ol start=1><li><a href="/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&action=edit" class='new' title ="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Indo-European_languages" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">6 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Mood&action=edit" class='new' title ="Mood">Mood</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Mood" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">4 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Spanish&action=edit" class='new' title ="Spanish">Spanish</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Spanish" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">4 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit" class='new' title ="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Linguistics" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">4 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit" class='new' title ="Noun">Noun</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Noun" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&action=edit" class='new' title ="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Ancient_Greek" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kirumb&action=edit" class='new' title ="Kirumb">Kirumb</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Kirumb" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=French&action=edit" class='new' title ="French">French</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=French" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Germanic_languages&action=edit" class='new' title ="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Germanic_languages" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=List_of_language_families&action=edit" class='new' title ="List of language families">List of language families</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=List_of_language_families" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Grammar&action=edit" class='new' title ="Grammar">Grammar</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Grammar" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">3 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Satem&action=edit" class='new' title ="Satem">Satem</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Satem" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Nother&action=edit" class='new' title ="Nother">Nother</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Nother" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Japanese&action=edit" class='new' title ="Japanese">Japanese</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Japanese" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Language&action=edit" class='new' title ="Language">Language</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Language" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Language_families_and_languages&action=edit" class='new' title ="Language families and languages">Language families and languages</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Language_families_and_languages" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlantia&action=edit" class='new' title ="Atlantia">Atlantia</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Atlantia" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Gender&action=edit" class='new' title ="Gender">Gender</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Gender" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Chinese&action=edit" class='new' title ="Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Chinese" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Hadwan_languages&action=edit" class='new' title ="Hadwan languages">Hadwan languages</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Hadwan_languages" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Voice&action=edit" class='new' title ="Voice">Voice</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Voice" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Conjugation&action=edit" class='new' title ="Conjugation">Conjugation</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Conjugation" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Russian&action=edit" class='new' title ="Russian">Russian</a> (<a href="/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Russian" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li>
</ol>
FrathWiki:All pages by title
604
3969
2004-07-29T21:23:45Z
Muke
1
<table>
<tr><td align="right"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&from=Arda" class='internal' title ="Special:Allpages">Arda</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Âdlantki Lexicon</td></tr>
</table>
Nother/Atlantic
605
50979
2009-12-09T04:02:06Z
Muke
1
infobox, name section
{{infobox|name=Atlantic (''Ədlantkɛ'')|pronounce=/ə̀dlɑnkɛ́/|tu=[[Nother]]<br>[[../Timeline|16th century–present]]|species=[[Races of Nother|demihumans]]|in=[[../Atlanteia/]] (''Ədləntɛ'')|no=[no data]|script=[[../Kirumb alphabet/]]|tree=''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''<br> ''[[Satem]]''<br>
[[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]<br> [[Kirumb]]<br> [[Âdlantki]]<br> '''Atlantic'''|morph=Fusional|ms=[no data]|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=at earliest 2001<br>at latest 2003}}
'''Atlantic''' is an Indo-European language spoken primarily by the demihumans of [[../Atlanteia/]] (''Ədləntɛ''), a Mediterranean island in the [[Nother]] happentrack.
==Name==
The most general term is "Atlantic", ''atlante'' in Spanish, both translations of the native term ''Ədlantkɛ,'' after the island where it is spoken, which was in turn named after the legendary Atlantis.
When contrasted to the other minor Atlanteian languages it is called "Kirumb" or "Atlantic Kirumb", referring to the tribe ([[../Kirumbi/]]; Atlantic: Kɛrbɔs) of [[races of Nother|demihumans]] whose language [[../Kirumb/]] was parent to it; the name comes from a word meaning 'gryphon'. The people are still sometimes referred to as Kirumbi or Κɛrbɔs.
==History==
''Atlantic'' is the name given to the [[Âdlantki]] language after about the late 1500s. The division is largely arbitrary, as the difference between the two stages of the language is not substantial. The largest difference is in the smoothing of original diphthongs; the most noticeable difference is the lowering of final vowels.
==Classification and influences==
Atlantic is a [[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]] language in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family. Besides its inherited lexicon, Atlantic derives borrowed vocabulary for acrolectal terms from [[Ancient Greek]], modern terms from [[Spanish]], and newer technical terms from [[Modern English]].
==Geographic distribution==
The original homeland of the Atlantic-speakers is [[../Atlanteia/]], though in later years overpopulation of the island led to the formation of substantial communities in nearby countries (Spain, Morocco, and Algeria), and later in the United States and Canada.
==Sounds==
The Atlantic language has twelve vowels: eight short and four long.
{| cellpadding=5
! !! front !! central !! back
|-
! high
| i || || u
|-
! close-mid
| e ee || || o oo
|-
! open-mid
| ɛ ɛɛ || ə || ɔ ɔɔ
|-
! low
| || a /ɑ/
|}
Consonants are as follows:
{| cellpadding=5
! nasal
| m
|colspan=4 align=center| n
| ŋ
|-
! vl stop
| p
|colspan=4 align=center| t
| k
|-
! vd stop
|
|colspan=4 align=center| d
| g
|-
! vl fric
| f || θ || s || ʃ || sy /ç/ || x
|-
! vd fric
| v b /v/ || || z || ʒ y /ʒ/
|-
! sonorant
| || l || r /ɾ/ || y /j/
|}
''H'' is silent. ''Y'' is pronounced as /ʒ/ after a consonant or before /i/ and /u/.
Accentuation consists of a high or low pitch accent on the first mora of a word.
:''ont'' /ònt/ "eye"
:''sɔrrɛ'' /sɔ́ɾɾə/ "curse"
For historical reasons, most verbs have high pitch.
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Atlantic nouns inflect only for number.
The singular is the unmarked form.
For words ending in ''-ɛ'', the plural is formed by adding ''-s'', thus ''-ɛs''. For words ending in ''-e'', the plural is formed by removing the ''-e'' and adding ''-ɔs''. The plural of all other words is formed by appending ''-ɔs'' to the singular.
Exceptions exist, such as words in original long ''-ee'': ''vee'' "hand", whose plural is ''veeos''. Words whose ''-ee'' is secondary, such as ''ree'' "matter, affair", (earlier ''roye'') have a regular plural such as ''reɔs''.
A few words, mainly body parts, have a special dual in ''-o''.
===Verbs===
Conjugating Atlantic verbs isn't too difficult: the endings are added regularly, with little change. The hard part is in remembering what conjugation a form takes, as well as the different stems each verb has.
The finite forms of the verb belong to one of three different stems: the progressive, the aorist, and the durative.
The '''progressive''' refers to an action in progress, and usually translates English plain or progressive verbs, such as ''enter'' or ''are eating.'' '''Aorist''' forms refer to an event as a whole, usually a completed one, and generally translates English past forms, like ''walked,'' or forms used in series of verbs: for example, in ''wants to go,'' "go" would be translated by the aorist. The '''durative''' is mostly falling out of use, except in verbs concerning thoughts and opinions: ''think, believe, know, want, like'' are usually represented by duratives in Atlantic.
The conjugations are labelled by characteristic consonants in the first person singular: '''votic''' have ''v'', and '''kappatic''' have ''k''.
====Progressive endings====
{| valign="top" id="toc"
! ''v / k'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| -vɛ <br> -kɛ || -bdə || -(ə)ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -rɛ || || -bɛ
|-
! 3rd
| -tɛ || || -(ə)ŋtɛ
|}
{| valign="top" id="toc"
! ''simple'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| ''0'' || -bdə || -ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -r || || -b
|-
! 3rd
| -t || || -ŋt
|}
====Aorist endings====
{| valign="top" id="toc"
! ''v / k'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| -va <br> -k || -bdə || -(ə)ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -rɔ || || -dɔ
|-
! 3rd
| -tɔ || || -(ə)ŋtɔ
|}
{| valign="top" id="toc"
! ''simple'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| ''0'' || -bdə || -ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -r || || -d
|-
! 3rd
| -t || || -ŋt
|}
====An example====
“fisvɛ” — to write.
{| valign="top" id="toc"
!colspan=4 style="background:#efefef;"| Progressive stem ''fis-''
|-
!colspan=4|
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! sg. !! du. !! pl.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| fisvɛ
| fisbdə
| fisəndə
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| fisrɛ
| —
| fisbe
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| fistɛ
| —
| fisəŋtɛ
|-
!colspan=4 style="background:#efefef;"| Aorist stem ''fes-''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! sg. !! du. !! pl.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| fesva
| fesbdə
| fesəndə
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| fesrɔ
| —
| fesdɔ
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| festɔ
| —
| fesəŋtɔ
|}
==Vocabulary==
*''Main article: [[Atlantic Lexicon]]''
*[http://frath.net/pdf/atl-lex5.pdf The lexicon as a PDF file, 176K], dated 2 May 2004
==Writing system==
The Atlantic alphabet is descended from a variety of the [http://www.frath.net/pdf/krmb-alphabet.pdf Kirumb alphabet] (PDF, 117K). As this is not convenient for computer entry, various transliterations exist, the most common being the IPA-influenced one used on this page, and a Windows-character-set-friendly one that is used over email.
==Examples==
*[http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring3/atlantic/ Atlantic leg of CONLANG relay 9]
**[http://frath.net/pdf/atl-relay9.pdf Relay 9 with Atlantic alphabet] (PDF, 97K)
[[Category:Atlantic]]
[[Category:Nother]]
[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
FrathWiki:Copyrights
607
3987
2005-05-05T22:54:55Z
Muke
1
unless otherwise stated,...
[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/ http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif]
<br>Unless otherwise stated, this work is licensed under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons License].
You are free:
*to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
*to make derivative works
*to make commercial use of the work
Under the following conditions:
*'''Attribution.''' You must give the original author credit.
*'''Share Alike.''' If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the author.
<small>Simple-language explanation of license is by [http://creativecommons.org Creative Commons]</small>.
Ibran
608
29122
2008-02-17T19:56:18Z
Melroch
31
clean up [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
'''Ibran''' (Paysan: ''Ivrană'', Roesan: ''Івріанъ''), a Romance language still in progress.
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300"
! colspan="2" bgcolor="lawngreen" style="font-size:120%"|Ibran (''Ivrană / Івріанъ'')
|-
| valign="top"|Spoken in:
| [[New Ibria]]; France
|-
| valign="top"|Region:
| Southeast France
|-
| valign="top"|Total speakers:
| —
|-
| valign="top"|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]<br>[[Language families and languages|classification]]:
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br>
[[Italic languages|Italic]]<br>
[[Romance languages|Romance]]<br>
Western Romance<br>
Langues d'oc<br>
'''Ibran'''
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="lawngreen"|Extra information
|-
| valign="top"|Author:
| valign="top"|[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|}
==Classification==
Ibran is a western Romance language. It was originally conceived as a sort of truncated [[Spanish]], but further revisions pushed it further towards [[French]], so now it is somewhere in between.
==Geographic distribution==
Originally spoken in southeast France, Ibran migrated to the New World where it is now more widely spoken than in its homeland.
===Dialects===
Ibran has two main dialects: ''Roesan,'' the dialect of [[New Royce]] (''Noif Roes'') and ''paysan,'' the European dialect. The language in New Ibria is not monolithic, though Roesan is the basis of “standard” language.
==Writing system==
Sometime recently a [[Cyrillic]] orthography (''cirilizal'') was officially instituted in New Royce, though the old [[Latin]] orthography (''latinizal'') is still found in common use (and is the only script used in Europe).
The mapping of Cyrillic American Ibran to Latin European Ibran is not 1:1; the phonemic inventories are different and spellings differ.
==Subpages==
*[[Ibran sound changes]]
*[[Ibran/Paternoster|Paternoster]]
*[[Ibran/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
==External links==
''The information on these pages may be out of date.''
*[http://frath.net/language/nuif.shtml Ibran homepage] (old)
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_ibran.htm Ibran profile on langmaker.com]
*[http://nik_taylor.tripod.com/relay/ibran.html Ibran leg of the Sixth CONLANG Translation Relay]
[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
User:Muke
609
51051
2009-12-15T03:42:29Z
Muke
1
'''Muke Tever,''' ''[mailto:wikimaster@frath.net wikimaster@frath.net]''
<br>(or the less imposing [mailto:muke@frath.net muke@frath.net])
http://www.frath.net/
===Languages===
'''Nother'''
*[[Âdlantki]]
*[[Nother/Atlantic|Atlantic]]
*[[Nother/Dunamy|Dunamy]]
*[[Nother/Kirumb|Kirumb]]
*[[Nother/Rami|Rami]]
*[[Sirius]]
*[[Nother/Skeskatai|Skeskatai]]
*[[Trentish]]
'''Arda'''
*[[Henaudute]]
'''*Gheroufnoet'''
*[[Ibran]]
[[User:Muke/Spelling|Semiserious notes on a spelling reform]]
Nother/Atlantic/Lexicon
610
43990
2009-03-10T03:02:43Z
Muke
1
/* Ʃ */ oop.
__NOTOC__
{| id="toc"
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#Ɛ|Ɛ]] [[#Ə|Ə]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#X|X]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#Ŋ|Ŋ]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ɔ|Ɔ]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#Ʃ|Ʃ]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] [[#Ʒ|Ʒ]]
|}
===A===
*'''abɛ''' [ɑ̀.və] ''adj. indecl.'' second; other.
*'''absɛ''' [ɑ́p.sə] ''n.'' the depths of the sea; the most intense or profound part. —Greek ἀβυσσός.
*'''adə''' [ɑ.də] ''postp.'' to, towards.
*'''afɔrivɛ''' [ɑ̀.fə.ɾí.və] ''v.'' uncover. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''afrere''' [ɑ́f.ɾə.ɾe] ''n.'' uncovering, revelation.
*'''afʃɛr''' [ɑ́f.ʃəɾ] ''adj.'' after, farther. '''aftam''' ''adj.'' last, farthest.
*'''afɔ''' [ɑ.fə] ''postp.'' from.
*'''afɔlivɛ''' [ɑ̀.fə.lí.və] ''v.'' unfold, open. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''agməvɛ''' [ɑ̀ŋ.mə.vɛ́] ''v.'' arrive. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''agməre''' ''n.'' arrival.
*'''Alpes''' [ôː.pəs] ''n.'' the Alps.
*'''Amerika''' [ɑ̀.mə.ɾí.kə] ''n.'' America. '''Amerikɛk''' ''adj.'' American.
*'''amne''' [ɑ́m.nə] ''n.'' name. '''amnifisre''' ''n.'' autograph, signature.
*'''an-''' [ɑ̀n] ''pref.'' again, re-.
*'''aŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ''' [ɑ̀.ŋəʒ.ʒɛ́s.və] ''v.'' adapt. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''aŋɛʒʒɛsre''' ''n.'' adaptation.
*'''arklɛ''' [ɑ́rk.lə] ''n.'' farmer.
*'''aʃɛnkre''' [ɑ̀.ʃən.kɾé] ''n.'' accident.
*'''aʃvɛ''' [ɑ́ʃ.və] ''v.'' eat. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''aʃre''' ''n.'' eating, meal.
*'''aθɔŋtivɛ''' [ɑ̀θ.əŋ.tí.və] ''v.'' direct, aim, address. '''aθɔŋtire''' ''n.'' address, direction.
*'''Australia''' [ɑ̌u̯s.tɾə.li.ə] ''n.'' Australia. —Spanish ''Australia.''
*'''autɔbus''' [ɑ̂u̯.tə.bus] ''n.'' bus. —Spanish ''autobús.''
===B===
*'''balkonɛ''' [vɑ̀l.kə.nɛ́] ''n.'' balcony. —Italian ''balcone.''
*'''banana''' [vɑ̀.nə.nɑ] ''n.'' banana. —Spanish ''banana.''
*'''baŋkɔ''' [vɑ́ŋ.kə] ''n.'' bank. —Spanish ''banco.''
*'''beevɛ''' [vêːv] ''v.'' proclaim. (''aor:'' '''bok''')
*'''bɛr''' [vɛ́ɾ] ''v.'' carry. (''aor:'' '''bɛss''') '''bərtɛ''' ''ppl.'' carried, borne.
*'''bɛkəglɛ''' [vɛ̀.kəɡ.lɛ́] ''n.'' bicycle.
*'''bɛsɔrt''' [vɛ̀.sɔɾt] ''n.'' cracker.
*'''bəble''' [və̀v.lə] ''n.'' book. —Greek βύβλος.
*'''bərkʃɛ''' [və̀ɾk.ʃə] ''adj.'' sharp.
*'''bəʃʃe''' [və́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' nature, habit, custom.
*'''bisikleta''' [ví.sək.le.tə] ''n.'' bicycle. —Spanish ''bicicleta.''
*'''blɛvɛ''' [vlɛ̀.və] ''n.'' flower.
*'''bləgrɛ''' [vlə̀ɡ.əɾ] ''adj.'' shiny.
*'''bləŋne''' [vlə́ŋ.nə] ''n.'' blight. '''bləŋdrɛ''' ''adj.'' blighted.
*'''blɔkivɛ''' [vlɔ́.kə.vɛ] ''v.'' shine. (''aor:'' '''bɔɔkisva''') '''blɔkʃɔʃʃ''' ''adj.'' shining.
*'''blukɛ''' [vlù.kə] ''n.'' shine, incandescence.
*'''boonʒe''' [vôːnd.ʒə] ''n.'' bathroom, restroom.
*'''bɔŋɛ''' [vɔ̀.ŋə] ''n.'' sick person.
*'''briʃvɛ''' [vɾíʃ.və] ''v.'' do, fashion, make. (''aor:'' '''brɛʃva''') '''əstɛ''' ''ppl.'' done, made. '''briʃʃe''' ''n.'' creator.
*'''brostər''' [vròs.təɾ] ''n.'' brother. '''brotre''' ''n.'' fraternity, brotherhood.
===D===
*'''dənnɛ''' [də̀n.nə] ''n.'' bench.
*'''dɔmɛ''' [dɔ̀.mə] ''n.'' house.
*'''dɔɔlɛ''' [dɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' window.
*'''dɔɔnɛ''' [dɔ̌ːn] ''n.'' thing.
*'''dɔrt''' ''ppl. of'' '''ʃkreevɛ.'''
*'''dɔrʒo''' [dɔ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' door. '''dɔrʒɔs''' ''pl.''
*'''dramte''' [dɾɑ́mp.tə] ''n.'' drama, play. —Greek δρᾶμα.
*'''dveegvɛ''' [dvêː.ɡvə] ''v.'' include. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
===E===
*'''eene''' [êːn] ''n.'' morning.
*'''eevɛ''' [êːv] ''v.'' praise. (''aor:'' '''ogva''')
*'''exne''' [éx.nə] ''n.'' shame. —Greek αἰσχύνη.
*'''elektrɔnik''' [é.lək.tɾɔ.nək] ''adj.'' electronic. —Spanish ''electrónico.''
*'''ellɛ''' [él.lə] ''n.'' cat, feline. —Greek αἴλουρος.
*'''emne''' [ém.nə] ''n.'' anger, wrath.
*'''ensalada''' [ént.sə.lɑ.də] ''n.'' salad. —Spanish ''ensalada.''
===Ɛ===
*'''ɛɛʒ''' [ɛ̂ʒ] ''adj.'' profound, deep.
*'''ɛgʒɛsvɛ''' [ɛ́ɡ.ʒəs.vɛ] ''v.'' terminate. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ɛxrəstɔ''' [ɛ́x.ɾəs.tɔ] ''interj.'' thanks, thank you. —Greek εὐχαριστέω.
*'''ɛliʒoo''' [ɛ́.lə.ʒoː] ''v.'' be gracious, show mercy. —Greek ἔλεος.
*'''ɛlpsvɛ''' [ɛ́lp.svə] ''v.'' hope for, expect. (''aor:'' '''ɛlps''') —Greek ἐλπίζω.
*'''ɛlvɛ''' [ɛ́l.və] ''n.'' oil. —Greek ἔλαιϝον.
*'''ɛmʒɛn''' [ɛ́m.ʒən] ''n.'' arrangement, order.
*'''ɛnsvɛ''' [ɛ́ns.və] ''v.'' reach. (''aor:'' '''ɛnst''')
*'''Ɛŋglɛk''' [ɛ́ŋ.ɡlɛk] ''adj.'' English.
*'''ɛr''' [ɛɾ] ''v.'' am.
{| cellpadding=5 align=center
! !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1p
| ɛr || ɛsvɛdə || ɛmmɛdə
|-
! 2p
| ɛsɛ || || ɛzvɛ
|-
! 3p
| ɛst || || ɛrtɛ
|}
*'''ɛʃ''' [ɛ́ʃ] ''v.'' say. (''aor:'' '''ɛst''')
{| cellpadding=5 align=center
! !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1p
| ɛʃ || iʃvɛdə || iʃmɛdə
|-
! 2p
| ɛst || || izvɛ
|-
! 3p
| ɛst || || istɛ
|}
*'''ɛtʃɛsvɛ''' [ɛ́t.ʃəs.vɛ] ''v.'' supply. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Ɛvrupɛ''' [ɛ́v.ɾə.pɛ] ''n.'' Europe. '''Ɛvrupɛk''' ''adj.'' European. —Greek Εὐρώπη.
===Ə===
*'''əbbɛrvɛ''' [ə̀v.vər.vɛ́] ''v.'' discard, leave behind, drop. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Ədləntɛ''' [ə́d.lən.tɛ] ''n.'' Atlantia. —Greek Ἄτλας.
*'''əfkerʒe''' [ə̀f.kəɾ.ʒé] ''n.'' due and proper time. —Greek εὐκαιρία.
*'''əxrɛstʃe''' [ə́x.ɾəst.ʃe] ''n.'' thanksgiving. —Greek εὐχαριστία.
*'''əlve''' [ə̀l.və] ''n.'' overcast sky.
*'''əmbɔ''' [ə̀m.və] ''adj.'' both.
*'''əmres''' [ə̀mb.ɾəs] ''adv.'' daily.
*'''ənde''' [ə̀n.də] ''n.'' water.
*'''əntɛ''' [ə̀n.tə] ''n.'' year.
*'''əŋgeevɛ''' [ə̀ŋ.ɡe.vɛ́] ''v.'' attempt. (aor: '''əŋgoosa''')
*'''əŋkɛ''' [ə̀ŋ.kə] ''n.'' hook.
*'''əpveevɛ''' [ə̀p.ve.vɛ́] ''v.'' sprout. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ərrɛ''' [ə̀ɾ.ɾə] ''n.'' field, farm.
*'''əʃgɛmvɛ''' [ə̀ʃ.ɡəm.vɛ́] ''v.'' overstep, transgress, trespass. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''əʃgəʃʃe''' ''n.'' transgress, trespass.
*'''əŋʃɛ''' [ə̀ŋk.ʃə] ''n.'' goal, target, destination.
*'''əstɛ''' ''ppl. of'' '''briʃvɛ.'''
===F===
*'''’f''' ''suff.'' genitive marker.
*'''fɛlʒe''' [fɛ́l.ʒə] ''v.'' fill. (''aor:'' '''plɛk, pli-''')
*'''fɛrɛ''' [fɛ̀.ɾə] ''adj.'' close, nigh. (''comp:'' '''fɛrɔʃrɛ''', ''sup:'' '''fɛrɔtmɛ''')
*'''fɛrfooʃre''' [fɛ́ɾ.foʃ.ɾe] ''n.'' perfection. '''fɛrfooʃras''' ''adv.'' perfectly.
*'''fɛtɛ''' [fɛ̀.tə] ''n.'' bread. '''fɛtivɛ''' ''v.'' bake. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''fɛtostər''' ''n.'' baker.
*'''fəŋtɛ''' [fə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' all.
*'''fəssɛ''' [fə̀s.sə] ''adj.'' beautiful.
*'''fəstre''' [fə̀s.təɾ] ''n.'' father.
*'''filvɛ''' [fíl.və] ''v.'' read. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''firvɛ''' [fíɾ.və] ''v.'' try. (''aor:'' '''fɛrva''') '''fire''' ''n.'' try, attempt.
*'''fisvɛ''' [fís.və] ''v.'' write. (''aor:'' '''fesva''') '''fisre''' ''n.'' writing, inscription. '''fistre''' ''n.'' author.
*'''foobɛ''' [fôːv] ''adj.'' many.
*'''fool''' [fôːl] ''n.'' plain, field.
*'''footam''' [fôː.təm] ''adj.'' most.
*'''fostər''' [fós.təɾ] ''n.'' food.
*'''fɔɔdɔ''' [fɔ̂.də] ''n.'' estate. —Spanish ''feudo.''
*'''fɔɔlɛ''' [fɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' bottle, flask.
*'''furtmɛ''' [fúɾ.mə] ''adj.'' first; earliest.
===G===
*'''gɛdvɛ''' [ɡɛ́d.və] ''v.'' want. (''aor:'' '''gest''')
*'''gɛmvɛ''' [ɡɛ́m.və] ''v.'' come. (''aor:'' '''-va''') '''gatɛ''' ''ppl.'' come, arrived.
*'''gəfʃe''' [ɡə́f.ʃə] ''n.'' host. '''gəftɔʃʃ''' ''n.'' hosting, booking. '''gəftɛt''' ''ppl. of'' '''gɔftivɛ.'''
*'''gəʃʃe''' [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' stranger.
*'''gəʃʃe''' [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' step.
*'''glumɛ''' [ɡlù.mə] ''n.'' joy. '''glumkɛ''' ''adj.'' happy, joyful.
*'''goone''' [gôːn] ''n.'' woe, grief.
*'''gɔdʒɛl''' [ɡɔ́d.ʒəl] ''n.'' measure, quality.
*'''gɔftive''' [ɡɔ́f.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' be a host, entertain. (''aor:'' '''gɔftos''') '''gəftɛt''' ''ppl.'' hosted, booked. '''gɔfteere''' ''n.'' entertainment.
*'''-gve''' ''suff.'' place name suffix.
===H===
*'''halɛɛ''' [ɑ́.lɛ] ''interj.'' hello!
*'''hamartʃe''' [ɑ̀.məɾt.ʃé] ''n.'' sin. —Greek ἁμαρτία.
*'''he''' [e] ''pron. pers. 3p.'' '''həs''' ''gen.''
*'''hɛkrɛ''' [ɛ́k.əɾ] ''n.'' law.
*'''hɛnɛ''' [ɛ̀.nə] ''n.'' old.
*'''hɛʃvɛ''' [ɛ́ʃ.və] ''v.'' have, own. (''aor:'' '''hɛst''') '''hɛʃre''' ''n.'' possession, ownership.
*'''hɛθ''' [ɛθ] ''adj.'' such.
*'''həmmɛ''' [ə̀m.mə] ''n.'' setup.
*'''hmerɛ''' [mé.ɾə] ''adj.'' wonderful.
*'''hoone''' [ɔ̂ːn] ''n.'' sun.
*'''hɔdne''' [ɔ́d.nə] ''n.'' office, post. '''hɔdnor''' ''n.'' office, study.
*'''hɔmlodʒe''' [ɔ́mb.ləd.ʒe] ''n.'' confession, acknowledgement. —Greek ὁμολογία.
*'''hɔmɛ''' [ɔ̀.mə] ''adj.'' same.
*'''hɔŋtivɛ''' [ɔ́ŋ.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' send. (''aor:'' '''hɛrʃva''') '''hɔŋtire''' ''n.'' mission. '''hɔŋʃte''' ''n.'' mail, post.
*'''hɔɔlɛ''' [ɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' seat, chair.
*'''hurləgɛɛ''' [úɾ.lə.gɛː] ''n.'' clock. —Greek ὡρολόγιον.
===X===
*'''xɔle''' [xɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' school. —Greek σχολή.
===I===
*'''idʒuvɛ''' [íd.ʒə.vɛ] ''v.'' kythe, communicate telepathically. (''aor:'' '''vodva''')
*'''ifʃɛ''' [íf.ʃə] ''adj.'' social, friendly.
*'''ikɛ''' [ì.kə] ''n.'' cure, remedy. '''ikstre''' ''n.'' healer, doctor.
*'''igivɛ''' [í.ɡə.vɛ] ''v.'' heal. (''aor:'' '''ikva''')
*'''imfekʃɔn''' [ím.fək.ʃɔn] ''n.'' infection. —Spanish ''infección.''
*'''imne''' [ím.nə] ''n.'' spirit.
*'''inɛ''' [ì.nə] ''adj. num.'' one. '''inɔθ''' [ì.nəθ] ''adv.'' only.
*'''Iroland''' [ì.ɾə.lɑ́nd] ''n.'' Ireland.
*'''irvɛ''' [íɾ.və] ''v.'' revere. (''aor:'' '''is''', ''part:'' '''irʃe''')
*'''isvɛ''' [ís.və] ''v.'' bring. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Italia''' [ì.tə.lí.ə] ''n.'' Italy.
===K===
*'''kaʃɛs''' [kɑ̀.ʃəs] ''pron. interrog.'' how much?
*'''katlɛmte''' [kɑ́t.ləmp.te] ''n.'' hotel, inn. —Greek κατάλυμα.
*'''kɛ''' [kɛ] ''conj.'' and (between nouns).
*'''kɛdə''' [kɛ́.də] ''pron. interrog.'' what?
*'''kɛg''' [kɛ́ɡ] ''pron. interrog.'' why?
*'''kɛrʒɛ''' [kɛ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' mister, sir. '''kr.''' ''abbrev.'' —Greek κύριος.
*'''kɛs''' [kɛ́s] ''pron. interrog.'' who?
*'''kəg''' [kəɡ] ''postp.'' among, with, between.
*'''kəglɛ''' [kə̀ɡ.lə] ''n.'' wheel.
*'''kəmmɛ''' [kə̀m.mə] ''n.'' cat.
*'''kəmpɛ''' [kə̀m.pə] ''n.'' corner.
*'''kəŋkɛg''' [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] ''pron.'' whyever.
*'''kəŋkɔg''' [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] ''pron.'' when, whenever.
*'''kəskɛs''' [kə̀s.kəs] ''pron.'' who, whoever.
*'''kətxɛdə''' [kə̀t.xə.də́] ''pron.'' what, whatever.
*'''kəʒʒɛ''' [kə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''pron. interrog.'' where?
*'''kəʒʒɛʒkɛ''' [kə̀ʒ.ʒəʒ.kɛ́] ''v.'' total, put together.
*'''kikɛ''' [kì.kə] ''pron.'' where, wherever.
*'''kilɛ''' [kì.lə] ''adj.'' far, distant.
*'''kiyɔθ''' [kì.jəθ] ''pron. interrog.'' how?
*'''koonʒe''' [kôːnd.ʒə] ''n.'' hill.
*'''kɔg''' [kɔ́ɡ] ''pron. interrog.'' when?
*'''kɔgmɛr''' [kɔ́ŋ.məɾ] ''n.'' gathering, convention.
*'''kɔle''' [kɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' the distance; the dreamtime.
*'''kɔnʃertɔ''' [kɔ̀nt.ʃəɾ.tɔ́], [kən.ʃéɾ.tə] ''n.'' concert. —Spanish ''concierto.''
*'''kɔŋidʒuvɛ''' [kɔ̀.ŋəd.ʒú.və] ''v.'' commune. (''aor:'' '''kɔvodva''') '''kɔŋidore''' ''n.'' communion.
*'''kɔŋŋɔdne''' [kɔ̀ŋ.ŋəd.né] ''n.'' organization, company.
*'''kɔɔnɛ''' [kɔ̂ːn] ''n.'' artist, artisan, maker.
*'''kɔtsye''' [kɔ́t.çə] ''n.'' car. —Spanish ''coche.''
*'''kr.''' ''abbrev. for'' '''kɛrʒɛ.'''
*'''kθɛmtɛ''' [kθɛ́mp.tə] ''n.'' creature. —Greek κτίσμα.
*'''kufre''' [kú.fəɾ] ''n.'' kitchen.
===L===
*'''laxɛ''' [lɑ̀.xə] ''n.'' lake.
*'''latɛn''' [lɑ̀.tən] ''adj.'' Hispanic.
*'''ləknɛ''' [lə̀k.nə] ''n.'' lamp. —Greek λύχνος.
*'''ləmde''' [lə̀m.də] ''n.'' light, torch. —Greek λαμπάς.
*'''ləŋkʃe''' [lə́ŋk.ʃə] ''n.'' doorbell.
*'''lihne''' [lîːn] ''n.'' moss, lichen. —Greek λειχήν.
*'''livɛ''' [lí.və] ''v.'' get, acquire. (''aor:'' '''lɛk, li-''')
*'''liʒɔnt''' [lì.ʒənt] ''n.'' lion —Greek λέων.
*'''lunn''' [lún] ''n.'' lantern.
===M===
*'''martruvɛ''' [mɑ́ɾ.tɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' testify. (''aor:'' '''marts-''') —Greek μαρτυρέω.
*'''meevɛ''' [mêːv] ''v.'' can, know how (''aor:'' '''mass''')
*'''mɛltɛ''' [mɛ́l.tə] ''n.'' honey.
*'''mɛŋʒvɛ''' [mɛ́ŋɡ.ʒvə] ''v.'' pay attention, mind. (''aor:'' '''mɛst, mist-''') '''məŋʒre''' ''n.'' attention.
*'''mɛʃɛ''' [mɛ̀.ʃə] ''adj.'' large.
*'''mɛθa''' [mɛ̀.θə] ''postp.'' with.
*'''məŋtɛ''' [mə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' certain, particular, individual.
*'''məʃrɛ''' [mə́ʃ.əɾ] ''adj.'' main, principal.
*'''məʃve''' [mə́ʃ.və] ''adj.'' short.
*'''miyoŋt''' [mì.jəŋt] ''n.'' cat, kitty.
*'''morɛ''' [mò.ɾə] ''adj.'' proper.
*'''mɔre''' [mɔ̀.ɾə] ''n.'' moss.
*'''mɔrʒe''' [mɔ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' sea.
*'''mɔst''' [mɔ́st] ''adv.'' soon, quickly.
===N===
*'''nadur''' [nɑ̀.dəɾ] ''n.'' nature. —Latin ''natura.''
*'''nənne''' [nə̀n.nə] ''n.'' language.
*'''ne''' [ne] ''adv.'' not.
*'''nɛ''' [nɛ] ''postp.'' in, within.
*'''nɛbre''' [nɛ́.vəɾ] ''n.'' heaven.
*'''nɛktxɛdə''' [nɛ́k.txə.də] ''adj.'' none whatever.
*'''nɛgməvɛ''' [nɛ́ŋ.mə.vɛ] ''v.'' enter. '''nɛgmɛr''' ''n.'' entry, admission.
*'''nɛmvɛ''' [nɛ́m.və] ''v.'' distribute, give out. (''aor:'' '''nis''') '''nɛmʃe''' ''n.'' part, portion.
*'''nɛvɛ''' [nɛ̀.və] ''conj.'' nor.
*'''nəlle''' [nə̀l.lə] ''n.'' claw.
*'''nəs''' [nəs] ''pron. 1pl.;'' ''adj.'' our.
*'''nəʃʃe''' [nə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' night.
*'''ninsvɛ''' [níns.və] ''v.'' approach. (''aor:'' '''ninst''')
*'''niŋʃe''' [níŋk.ʃə] ''adv.'' none.
*'''noɛ''' [nò.ə] ''adj.'' new.
*'''nortɛ''' [nóɾ.tə] ''n.'' smell, scent.
*'''noʃvɛ''' [nóʃ.və] ''v.'' smell, sniff. (''aor:'' '''norva''')
*'''nurivɛ''' [nú.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' scent. (''aor:'' '''nɛndrəva''')
===Ŋ===
*'''ŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ''' [ŋɛ́ʒ.ʒəs.vɛ] ''v.'' fit. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
===O===
*'''oge''' [ò.ɡə] ''n.'' prayer. '''ogive''' ''v.'' pray. (''aor:'' '''ogs''')
*'''ogre''' [óg.ɾə] ''n.'' praise.
*'''ole''' [ò.lə] ''n.'' hall. —Greek αὐλή.
*'''omər''' [ó.mər] ''n.'' day.
*'''ont''' [ònt] ''n.'' eye. '''ontʃo''' ''du.''
*'''ookoo''' [ôː.ko] ''n.'' alcohol. —Arabic الكحل.
*'''ooʒəbər''' [ǒː.ʒə.vəɾ] ''n.'' algebra. —Arabic الجبر.
===Ɔ===
*'''ɔfrɔt''' [ɔ́f.ɾət] ''adj.'' elegant, choice, select.
*'''ɔkʃɛr''' [ɔ́k.ʃəɾ] ''n.'' wisdom.
*'''ɔpera''' [ɔ́.pə.ɾɑ] ''n.'' opera. —Spanish ''ópera.''
*'''ɔrbɛ''' [ɔ̀ɾ.və] ''n.'' ceiling.
*'''ɔrivɛ''' [ɔ́.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' buy. (''aor:'' '''vorva''')
*'''ɔsɛ''' [ɔ̀.sə] ''n.'' hook.
*'''ɔsiʃʃe''' [ɔ̀.səʃ.ʃé] ''n.'' death.
*'''ɔʃivɛ''' [ɔ́.ʃə.vɛ] ''v.'' revive, refresh, enliven. (''aor:'' '''voʃva''')
*'''ɔʃlɛ''' [ɔ́ʃ.lə] ''n.'' alley.
===P===
*'''pədre''' [pə̀d.ɾə] ''n.'' rock. —Greek πέτρη.
*'''pərgɛ''' [pə̀ɾ.ɡə] ''n.'' castle. —Greek πύργος.
*'''plantʃoo''' [plɑ́nt.ʃo] ''v.'' wander. (''aor:'' '''plantos''') —Greek πλάνης.
*'''pləmme''' [plə̀m.mə] ''n.'' down, feathers.
*'''pləmmɛ''' [plə̀m.mə] ''n.'' pen.
*'''prəʃʃɛ''' [pɾə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''postp.'' around, about.
*'''primabera''' [prí.mə.vɛ.ɾə] ''n.'' spring. —Spanish ''primavera.''
*'''prisvɛ''' [pɾís.və] ''v.'' ask. (''aor:'' '''prɛsva''')
*'''prɔ''' [pɾɔ] ''postp.'' through.
*'''prɔsɛ''' [pɾɔ̀.sə] ''n.'' petition, request.
*'''pθənne''' [pθə̀n.nə] ''n.'' trail, footstep. —Greek πτέρνη.
===R===
*'''ree''' [ɾêː] ''n.'' matter, affair. '''reɔs''' ''pl.''
*'''reeʒ''' [ɾêːʒ] ''n.'' source, fount.
*'''restaurante''' [ɾés.təu̯.ɾɑn.tə] ''n.'' restaurant. —Spanish ''restaurante.''
*'''rɛʃe''' [ɾɛ̀.ʃə] ''n.'' king.
*'''rore''' [ɾó.ɾə] ''n.'' space, room.
*'''rɔgat''' [ɾɔ̀.ɡət] ''n.'' welcome.
*'''rɔmɔm''' [ɾɔ̀.məm] ''n.'' good favor, good will.
*'''rɔte''' [ɾɔ̀.tə] ''n.'' ball. '''rɔtaʃʃ''' ''n.'' balloon.
*'''rumkɛ''' [ɾúm.kə] ''adj.'' roomy, spacious.
===S===
*'''sɛlfivɛ''' [sɛ́l.fə.vɛ] ''v.'' help. (''aor:'' '''sɛlfva''')
*'''sɛŋɔ''' [sɛ̀.ŋə] ''adv.'' now.
*'''səŋtɛ''' [sə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' holy.
*'''sərʒe''' [sə̀ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' heart.
*'''səʒʒe''' [sə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''n.'' rank.
*'''sikvɛ''' [sík.və] ''v.'' rain. (''aor:'' '''sis''') '''sikre''' ''n.'' rain.
*'''sire''' [sí.rə] ''adj.'' blue-green.
*'''sivɛ''' [sí.və] ''v.'' control. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛss''')
*'''skɔtɛ''' [skɔ̀.tə] ''n.'' darkness, shade.
*'''slore''' [sló.ɾə] ''n.'' report, fame, news.
*'''sneevɛ''' [snêːv] ''v.'' know, be acquainted with. (''aor:'' '''snɔs, snus-''')
*'''sɔfre''' [sɔ́f.əɾ] ''n.'' bedroom.
*'''sɔme''' [sɔ̀.mə] ''n.'' land, earth, ground.
*'''sɔne''' [sɔ̀.nə] ''n.'' dog.
*'''sɔɔmɛ''' [sɔ̂ːm] ''n.'' psalm. —Greek ψαλμός.
*'''sɔɔmste''' [sɔ̂ːmste] ''n.'' psalmist.
*'''sɔrrɛ''' [sɔ́ɾ.ɾə] ''n.'' curse.
*'''sɔrt''' [sɔ́ɾt] ''n.'' loaf; dough.
*'''stəʃʃe''' [stə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' status, standing.
*'''stɔle''' [stɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' shirt. —Greek στολή.
*'''strɛfʒe''' [stɾɛ́f.ʒə] ''n.'' table.
*'''strɛŋgvɛ''' [stɾɛ́ŋɡ.və] ''v.'' stop motion, arrest. (''aor:'' '''stregva''')
*'''strɔbɛ''' [stɾɔ̀.və] ''n.'' building.
*'''syel''' [çèl] ''n.'' creature.
===Ʃ===
*'''ʃe''' [ʃe] ''pron. pers. 2sg.'' you. '''ʃəs''' ''gen.'' your.
*'''ʃɛlle''' [ʃɛ́l.lə] ''n.'' smile.
*'''ʃɛmbivɛ''' [ʃɛ́m.və.vɛ] ''v.'' bite. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ʃend''' [ʃénd] ''n.'' winter.
*'''ʃɛŋkɛ''' [ʃɛ́ŋ.kə] ''v.'' happen; become. (''aor:'' '''-ka''') '''ʃɛnkɛr''' ''n.'' birth. '''ʃɛnkre''' ''n.'' event.
*'''ʃɛrivɛ''' [ʃɛ́.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' rot. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛrsva''') '''ʃɛre''' ''n.'' rot, decay.
*'''ʃɛstvɛ''' [ʃɛ́st.və] ''v.'' stand. (''aor:'' '''stok''')
*'''ʃəmbɛ''' [ʃə̀m.və] ''n.'' tooth.
*'''ʃəŋtɛ''' [ʃə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' stressed, strained.
*'''ʃəŋgʒɛ''' [ʃə́ŋɡ.ʒə] ''n.'' ensign.
*'''ʃərtɛ''' [ʃə̀ɾ.tə] ''n.'' yard, garden.
*'''ʃire''' [ʃì.ɾə] ''n.'' hunger.
*'''ʃivɛ''' [ʃí.və] ''v.'' speak. (''aor:'' '''gest''')
*'''ʃkreevɛ''' [ʃkɾêːv] ''v.'' do, perform. (''aor:'' '''ʃkro''') '''dɔrt''' ''ppl.'' done, performed.
*'''ʃonɛ''' [ʃò.nə] ''n.'' song, music.
*'''ʃɔg''' [ʃɔ́ɡ] ''pron. pers. 1sg. nom.'' I. '''me''' ''acc.'' me. '''məs''' ''gen.'' my.
*'''ʃɔgɛ''' [ʃɔ̀.ɡə] ''n.'' soldier.
*'''ʃɔlive''' [ʃɔ́.lə.vɛ] ''v.'' gladden, make happy. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛlva''')
*'''ʃuyivε''' [ʃú.jə.vɛ] ''v.'' sing. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛʃɛɛos''')
===T===
*'''taksi''' [tɑ́k.sə] ''n.'' taxi. —Spanish ''taxi.''
*'''telefɔnɔ''' [tè.lə.fɔ́.nə], [tə.lé.fə.nɔ] ''n.'' telephone. —Spanish ''teléfono.''
*'''tɛg''' [tɛɡ] ''pron. dem.'' therefore
*'''təmme''' [tə̀m.mə] ''pro. dem.'' this, that. (''pl:'' '''toos''', ''gen:'' '''tɔs''', ''gen. pl.'' '''tirog''')
*'''tərfʒe''' [tə̀ɾf.ʒə] ''n.'' animal.
*'''təstɛs''' [tə̀s.təs] ''pron. dem.'' anyone.
*'''tren''' [tɾén] ''n.'' train, locomotive. —Spanish ''tren.''
===U===
*'''une''' [ù.nə] ''n.'' hnau, person, sapient creature
*'''unɛ''' [ù.nə] ''adj.'' empty.
*'''urive''' [ú.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' preach, lecture. '''ureere''' ''n.'' lecture, sermon.
===V===
*'''vee''' [vêː] ''n.'' hand. '''veeo''' ''du.'' '''veeos''' ''pl.''
*'''veevɛ''' [vêːv] ''v.'' lack. (''aor:'' '''ɔɔs''') '''veeʃʃe''' ''n.'' lack, need.
*'''veivɛ''' [vêjv] ''v.'' hunt. (''aor:'' '''voisa''') '''veivor''' ''n.'' the hunt.
*'''vɛ''' [vɛ] ''conj.'' or.
*'''vɛlrɔθ''' [vɛ́ld.ɾəθ] ''adv.'' rather.
*'''vɛntɛ''' [vɛ́n.tə] ''n.'' friend.
*'''vɛrve''' [vɛ́ɾ.və] ''adj.'' good. (''comp:'' '''vəʒrɛ''', ''sup:'' '''vəʒmɛ''') '''vɛrʒiʃʃe''' ''n.'' benefit. '''vɛrvomər''' ''interj.'' hello, good day. '''vɛrveene''' ''interj.'' hello, good morning.
*'''vɛʃrɛ''' [vɛ́ʃ.ɾə] ''adj.'' strong, intense.
*'''vɛʒʒivɛ''' [vɛ́ʒ.ʒə.vɛ] ''v.'' look at. (''aor:'' '''voʒis''')
*'''vərdɛ''' [və̀ɾ.də] ''n.'' word.
*'''viknɛ''' [vík.nə] ''adj.'' hunting.
*'''vinɛ''' [vì.nə] ''n.'' wine.
*'''viŋe''' [vì.ŋə] ''n.'' love.
===Y===
*'''yagvɛ''' [jɑ́ɡ.və] ''v.'' worship. (''aor:'' '''yast''', ''part:'' '''yagʃe''') '''yakθɛ''' ''ppl.'' worshipped. '''yagre''' ''n.'' worship.
*'''yeevɛ''' [jêːv] ''v.'' live. (''aor:'' '''gɛgsva''', ''part:'' '''yeeʃʃe''')
*'''yəmmuθ''' [jə̀m.məθ] ''conj.'' so as to, in order to, because
*'''yəʃʃo''' [jə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''conj.'' like. '''yəʃʃeenɛ''' ''adv.'' alike.
*'''yəʒʒɛ''' [jə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''pro. dem.'' here.
*'''Yoonɛ''' [jôːn] ''pr. n.'' John. —Greek Ιωαννης.
*'''yoosɛ''' [jôːs] ''n.'' child, youth, young person.
*'''yɔbivɛ''' [jɔ́.və.vɛ] ''v.'' fuck. '''yɔbe''' ''interj.'' fuck!
*'''yɔθɛ''' [jɔ̀.θə] ''n.'' life.
*'''yɔʒrə''' [jɔ́ʒ.ɾə] ''adj.'' free, public.
*'''yure''' [ʒù.ɾə] ''n.'' time, hour; season. '''yuros''' [ʒù.ɾəs] ''conj.'' until.
===Z===
*'''zvodve''' [zvód.və] ''n.'' sweet.
*'''zvoftɛ''' [zvóf.tə] ''n.'' pastry.
*'''zvosɔlle''' [zvò.səl.lé] ''n.'' cookie.
*'''zvosɔrt''' [zvò.səɾt] ''n.'' cake.
===Ʒ===
*'''ʒeʃɛ''' [ʒè.ʃə] ''n.'' wall. '''ʒeʃʃɛ''' ''adj.'' walled. '''ʒeʃivɛ''' ''v.'' to wall. '''ʒeʃrɛ''' ''adj.'' walled, enclosed.
*'''ʒevɛ''' [ʒé.və] ''n.'' God.
*'''ʒɛdkɛ''' [ʒɛ́d.kə] ''v.'' give. (''aor:'' '''dɔk, du-''')
*'''ʒɛstivɛ''' [ʒɛ́s.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' greet. (''aor:'' '''ʒɛstsa''')
*'''ʒɛʒkɛ''' [ʒɛ́ʒ.kə] ''v.'' put. (''aor:'' '''ʒɛk, ʒi-''')
*'''ʒifʃe''' [ʒíf.ʃə] ''n.'' master, sir, Mr. '''ʒfʃ.''' ''abbrev.''
*'''ʒike''' [ʒì.kə] ''n.'' place, location.
*'''ʒinte''' [ʒín.tə] ''n.'' miss, lady, Mrs. '''ʒnt.''' abbrev.
*'''ʒomb''' [ʒómb] ''adj.'' deep.
[[Category:Atlantic]]
[[Category:General lexica]]
Arda/Henaudute
611
50967
2009-12-08T03:46:30Z
Muke
1
infoboxing
{{infobox|name=Henaudute (Ἡναυδυτε)|pronounce=/hæːnaudute/|tu=[[Arda]]|species=Humans|in=[[../Yellow Empire/]]<br>(''Ῥαυραρ Ἡνατε'')<br>1400 AM|no=—|script=[[../Henaudute abugida/]]|tree=''[[Dele]]''<br> '''Henaudute'''|morph=Fusional|ms=Accusative|wo=VO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2001}}
===Subpages===
*[[Henaudute Lexicon]]
*[[Henaudute texts]]
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[List of rulers of the Yellow Empire]]
==Phonology==
The phonology of Henaudute is very similar to that of Ancient Greek, and for convenience is spelled with the same alphabet. For convenience it is transliterated to Latin characters in the Roman manner, with one exception, in that ''k'' is used for ''κ''.
===Consonants===
{|
! || Bilabial || Dental || Velar || Glottal
|-
! Voiceless stop
| '''π''' /p/ || '''τ''' /t/ || '''κ''' /k/ ||
|-
! Aspirated stop
| '''φ''' /pʰ/ || '''θ''' /tʰ/ || '''χ''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
! Voiced stop
| '''β''' /b/ || '''δ''' /d/ || '''γ''' /ɡ/ ||
|-
! Voiceless fricative
| || '''σ'''/'''ς''' /s/ || || '''῾''' /h/
|-
! Voiced fricative
| || '''ζ''' /z/ || ||
|-
! Nasal
| '''μ''' /m/ || '''ν''' /n/ || ('''γ''' [ŋ]) ||
|-
! Liquid
| || '''λ''' /l/ || ||
|-
! Tap
| || '''ρ''' /ɾ/ || ||
|}
==Morphology==
===Adjectives===
There are few if any true adjectives; most are participial forms.
Comparison of adjectives is formed by prefixation.
{|
| || ''ου'' || ''-θα'' || = '''ουθα'''
|-
| || old || <small>PART:T</small> || : "old"
|-
|-
| ''ἀμ-'' || ''ου'' || ''-θα'' || = '''ἀμουθα'''
|-
| <small>COMP</small> || old || <small>PART:T</small> || : "older"
|-
|-
| ''ἰσ-'' || ''ου'' || ''PART:T'' || = '''ἰσουθα'''
|-
| <small>SUP</small> || old || <small>ADJ:TAN</small> || : "oldest"
|}
===Gender===
There are three genders, '''ταν''' (''tan'', fire), '''λῡε''' (''lūe'', water), and '''γαρη''' (''garē'', earth).
*'''Ταν''' is, broadly, all terms of high animacy; this class includes people, animals, ''σταφθα'' (''staphtha'', self-propelled) processes such as fire, and complex systems, where "complex systems" are symptoms comprising simpler systems. An example is ''λαν'' (''lan'', the hand), which comprises ''νοθι'' (''nothi'', fingers).
*'''Λῡε,''' terms of low animacy, including simple systems, plants, collectives, verbal nouns, parts of ''ταν'' things, and ''ὑνταφθε'' (''huntaphthe'', non-propelled) processes such as rivers.
*'''Γαρη,''' inanimate terms, including parts of ''λῡε'' things, diminutives, augmentatives, mass nouns, words and letters.
[[Category:Dele languages]]
[[Category:Arda]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Template:Stub
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<div style="margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px 16px; border: 1pt solid #aaaaaa; width: 600">''This article is a [[FrathWiki:Find or fix a stub|stub]]. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so.''</div>
FrathWiki:About
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/* What FrathWiki shouldn't be */ added 2 points
''This page is a work in progress. For more suggestions on what we could or shouldn't be, leave a note on the [[FrathWiki talk:About|talk page]].''
==What FrathWiki is==
Welcome to FrathWiki. FrathWiki is a free encyclopedia for descriptions of constructed languages (''conlangs'') and cultures (''concultures''). Here are a few ways ''you'' can contribute:
* '''Present creations.''' Whether you have a detailed grammar or ethnography, a simple lexicon or guidebook, or just a short description and a link to a website, you can post it here.
* '''Work together.''' The WikiWiki format allows anyone to edit any page, meaning anyone can help, whether in all-out collaborative creation or just proofreading your text. Every page has its own ‘talk’ page where people can leave comments and constructive criticism.
* '''Teach others.''' FrathWiki also wants to be a resource for conlangers, conculturers, and worldbuilders. For this, we need people to contribute descriptions of topics in linguistics and worldbuilding for a creator's perspective.
Our models are sites like [[Wikipedia:Main page|Wikipedia]] and [[Wikibooks:Main page|Wikibooks]].
==What FrathWiki could be==
* ''A repository for conlang texts.'' (Is this practical?)
* ''A place to describe well-known creations such as Esperanto or Tolkien's worlds.'' (If there's a way to do this without transgressing copyright and trademark laws...)
::''See http://lambengolmor.wikicities.com/ for Tolkien''
==What FrathWiki Isn't==
*a whole site devoted to a particular person's conlangs and concultures
*a place to promote your auxlang (auxiliary language, meant for worldwide use)
Arda
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/* Links */
'''Arda''' is the name of the planet (or, in one model, the solar system) where [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-Earth]] is located. Actually, it is to be understood to be ''our'' world in a fictional mythological past.
===Links===
* [[Wikipedia:Arda|Arda]] — Wikipedia
----
'''Arda''' is also the name of a collaborative world project begun in August 2001 by members of the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list], and was named after Tolkien's Arda. The group is now mostly dormant.
===Languages of Arda===
* [[Aèndelan]] by ''[[User:vornskr|Paul Sherrill]]''
* [[Dele]] (protolanguage) by ''Aidan Grey''
* [[Fanglutsen]] by ''[[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]]''
* [[Gedheql]] by ''Tristan McLeay''
* [[Gotidospran]] by ''Basilius''
* [[Ha Bok]] by ''Mathias''
* [[Henaudute]] by ''[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]]''
* [[Miradéugë]] ''Elliott Lash''
* [[Seinundjé]] by ''Shreyas Sampat''
* [[Tannaamaadaadeele]] by ''Amber''
* [[Taxa]] (protolanguage) by ''Aidan Grey''
* [[Thishedharha]] by ''Damon M. Lord''
* [[Tiwu]] by ''Amanda Babcock''
* [[Xshashrandi]] by ''Dan Jones''
===Links===
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Arda-Lang/ Arda-Lang Yahoogroup]
----
{{msg:stub}}
[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Arda|*]]
Sirius
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I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs. [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
==Description==
A sort of interlang intended for furries.
*Homepage: [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Siriuslang Siriuslang] — Yahoo! Group
*Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
===Subpages===
*[[Sirius Lexicon]]
*[[Sirius Texts: Aesop]]
==Pronunciation and Spelling==
*The accent goes on the first syllable of the word.
===Vowels===
There are five vowels:
'''a e i o u'''
These may be pronounced as in Spanish or Italian, with the exception that ''a'' is a schwa ([[IPA]]: /ə/), as in the English word ''cut''.
''E'' and ''o'' may also be pronounced as /æ/ and /ɑ/ respectively (the vowels of American English "cat" and "paw").
===Consonants===
f h j k l m n ng p r s sh t th tz w y z
These are all pronounced with their English values, with two exceptions:
*''j'' is /ʒ/ as in “A''si''a”, (the same as in French)
*''tz'' is pronounced like /ts/, (the same as in German), but can also be pronounced as /z/ in “zoo”.
Sometimes consonants are written double: ''ff, ck, ll, rr, tt'' etc. This is generally just a reminder of the pronunciation; the letters are not pronounced double.
[I hope I can phase the double letters out. It may make it harder to spell if it is not regular.]
==Grammar==
===Question words===
The most important thing to be able to do is ask questions.
The basic question words are —
{|
| '''her?''' || ''who?''
|-
| '''het?''' || ''what?''
|-
| '''hoj?''' || ''where?''
|-
| '''ho?''' || ''when?''
|-
| '''he?''' || ''why?''
|-
| '''hiyu?''' || ''how?''
|-
| '''hashar?''' || ''how much?''
|}
Example:
*'''Het atsha?''' ''What's that?''
(You can use ''esti'' "to be" here, thus ''Het esti atsha?'' — but it isn't necessary to.)
===Articles===
Sirius does not use words for ''an'' or ''the''. This may be confusing at first; it may be easier to think of it as sounding like newspaper headlines (''Man dies in fire'').
===Pronouns===
Like Japanese, Sirius does not require [[pronoun]]s in most places, especially when context is enough. Instead you can use a name, species, title, or whatever.
Like English, Sirius pronouns have different forms for subject and object, but unlike English they are not marked for [[number]]; thus there is no difference between "I" and "we"; ''mi'' is used for either.
However, a distinction ''is'' made between character (IC) and out-of-character (OOC) pronouns. There are also possessive forms.
{| border=1 cellpadding=5
! !! I/we !! mine/ours !! you !! yours
|-
! IC
| meaw || morru || yeu || yorru
|-
! OOC
| me || mor || ye || yor
|}
==Lexicon==
===Basic words===
*''see'' [[Sirius Lexicon]]
===Technical words===
Sirius gets technical terms from Greek and Latin, just like English does.
Examples:
* "illuminate": Latin ''illuminare'' → Sirius '''illumin'''
* "universe": Latin ''universum'' → Sirius '''uniwers'''
* "dinosaur": Greek ''δεινοσαυρος'' (deinosauros) → Sirius '''dinsor''' (or ''tinsor'')
* "metamorphose": Greek ''μεταμορφόω'' (metamorphoō) → Sirius '''metamorf'''
Basic rules for deriving technical terms:
# drop off any grammatical endings at the end of the word, like the ''-us, -um, -a'' at the end of Latin nouns, or the -o- in Greek compounds
# there are several sounds that are not in Sirius, so the spelling should be changed: <!-- #*Greek and Latin ''b, d, g'' to '''p, t, k''' -->
#*Latin ''c'' to '''k''', and ''v'' to '''w'''.
#*Greek ''z, ph, th, kh'' to '''tz, f, th, h/k''' ('''h''' before a vowel, '''k''' elsewhere).
#*Greek ''ai, oi'' and Latin ''ae, oe'' to '''e'''.
#*Greek and Latin ''au'' to '''o'''.
#*Greek ''ei'' to '''i''' and ''ou'' to '''u'''.
#*Greek ''y'' to '''i'''.
[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Person
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/* Additional persons */
'''Grammatical person''', in [[linguistics]], is used for the [[grammar|grammatical]] categories a [[language]] uses to describe the relationship between the speaker and the persons or things she is talking about. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal [[pronoun]]s. It also frequently affects [[verb]]s, sometimes [[noun]]s, and [[genitive|possessive]] relationships as well.
[[English]] traditionally distinguishes three grammatical persons:
The personal [[pronoun]]s "''I''" and "''we''" are said to be in the '''first person'''. The speaker uses this in the singular to refer to himself; in the plural, to speak of a group of people of which he is a member.
The personal pronoun "''you''" is the '''second person''' pronoun. It refers to the person spoken to. ''You'' is used in both the singular and plural; the old second person singular pronoun, ''thou'', is archaic in modern English.
All other pronouns and all nouns are in the '''third person'''. This person is traditionally defined to be what is spoken of or anything that is not first or second person. People who are neither the speaker nor the person spoken to, and any inanimate objects, are referred to in the third person.
In [[Indo-European languages]], first, second, and third person pronouns are all marked for [[singular]] and [[plural]] forms, and perhaps [[dual]] forms as well. Some languages, especially in Western Europe, distinguish degrees of formality and informality. Common ways of doing this include using the second person plural pronoun as a singular in formal situations (as in [[French]]); or using an old third person noun, with its third person verb forms, as a second person form of address (as in [[Spanish]] with the word ''usted''). European languages that exhibit these features of contrasting formality and informality have a [[T-V distinction]], named for ''tu'' and ''vous'', the informal and formal second person pronouns in French. (Compare ''thou'' for archaic T-V distinctions in English).
Other languages use different classifying schemes, especially in the plural pronouns. One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between ''inclusive "we"'', a first person plural pronoun which includes the person addressed in the group of "us," and ''exclusive "we"'', which excludes the person addressed. These languages would use different pronouns, verb forms, or both to translate these two sentences:
*''We can go into the forest and have adventures.''
*''We mean to stop your evil scheme, Doctor Doom!''
Many of the [[Dravidian languages]] use these distinctions in grammatical person; they exist elsewhere as well.
Other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T-V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people she addresses. The [[Japanese|Japanese language]] has one well known such system; many [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]] have them as well.
In many languages, the [[verb]] takes a form dependent on this ''person'' and whether it is singular or [[number|plural]]. In [[English]], this happens with the verb "''to be''".
*I am (first-person singular)
*You are (second-person)
*He, she or it is (third-person singular)
*We are (first-person plural)
*They are (third-person plural)
When "first person", "second person", and "third person" are used as adjectives, they should be hyphenated.
==Additional persons==
The grammars of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons. The extra categories may be termed ''fourth person, fifth person,'' etc. Terms such as "fourth person" are not absolute but can refer depending on context to any of several phenomena.
Some languages, the most well-known examples being [[Wikipedia:Algonquian languages|Algonquian languages]], divide the category of third person into two parts: ''proximate'' for a more topical third person and ''[[Wikipedia:obviative|obviative]]'' for a less topical third person. The obviative is sometimes called the fourth person.
The term ''fourth person'' is also sometimes used for the category of indefinite or generic referents, that work like ''one'' in English phrases such as "one should be prepared", when the grammar treats them differently from ordinary third person forms.
See also [[conjugation]], [[grammar]].
----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Grammatical person|Grammatical person]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
Number
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In [[linguistics]], '''number''' is a [[grammar|grammatical]] category that specifies the quantity of a [[noun]] or affects the form of a [[verb]] or other part of speech depending on the quantity of the noun to which it refers. Grammatical number is distinct from the use of [[numeral]]s to specify the exact quantify of a noun; number is usually vague. The most common scheme is '''[[singular]]''' (one thing) contrasted with '''[[plural]]''' (many things). Other possibilities are '''[[dual]]''' number, expressing the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, '''[[trial]]''' number for three of a noun, '''[[paucal]]''' number for few but not one of a noun, or a '''[[collective]]''' number that expresses the whole class of the nouns (e.g., ''mankind'').
Languages that distinguish grammatical number commonly do so by [[inflection]]. Verbs and other parts of speech may be inflected to agree with the noun. English does this in a limited way: "he sleeps" but "I sleep"; "this chair" but "these chairs". Even in languages such as [[Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]] that do not mark common nouns for grammatical number, [[pronoun]]s usually have distinct singular and plural forms. Arguably this is not quite the same concept as grammatical number, since ''we'' is not the same as multiple instances of ''I''.
== English examples ==
[[Modern English]] is typical of languages that have singular and plural number. An English plural can correspond to a dual, trial, paucal, or plural in other languages. Here are some examples of irregular singular-plural pairs:
* ''foot'' (singular), ''feet'' (plural)
* ''mouse'' (singular), ''mice'' (plural)
* ''I'' (singular), ''we'' (plural)
And one regular example:
* ''encyclopedia'' (singular), ''encyclopedias'' (plural)
Non-borrowed English irregular nouns come in several forms:
Some voice a final fricative when in plural:
* ''knife'', ''knives'' (/f/ > /v/)
* ''mouth'', ''mouths'' (/T/ > /D/)
* ''house'', ''houses'', (unique plural, /s/ > /z/)
These plurals are distinct in pronunciation from the possessive. There is also a trend in some areas to regularize some of these nouns.
Survivors of the [[Old English]] weak masculine declination add ''-en'':
* ''ox'', ''oxen''
* ''auroch'', ''aurochen'' (archaic)
Other ''-en'' adders are irregular for different reasons:
* ''child'', ''children''
* ''eye'', ''eyen'' (rare)
* ''cow'', ''kine'' (rare)
* ''brother'', ''brethren'' (or ''brothers'')
Some nouns have no plural, or are identical when plural and singular:
* ''moose''
* ''sheep''
* ''fish'' (or ''fishes'')
* ''species''
Pronouns are irregular precisely because they are so common:
* ''I'', ''we''
* ''you''
* ''he she it'', ''they''
Some nouns are rather ''transparently irregular'' because they undergo the process of [[umlaut]]:
*''man'', ''men''
*''foot'', ''feet''
*''mouse'', ''mice''
There are several different kinds depending in the starting and ending vowel, but generally, they converge on /i/.
Most of these nouns are also umlauted in the other [[Germanic languages]].
The (regular) English noun plural marker, -s, has three variants:
* -/s/ next to a voiceless consonant other than a fricative
* -/z/ next to a voiced sound other than a fricative, or a vowel
* -/@z/ or -/Iz/ next to /s/, /z/, /S/, /Z/, /tS/ and /dZ/ (the choice of vowel depending on dialect)
== Other languages ==
[[Slovene]] is more complicated:
* ''babarija'' (''old wives tale'') (singular), ''babariji'' (two ''old wives tales'') (dual), ''babarije'' (three ''old wives tales'')
* ''hiša'' (''house'') (singular), ''hiši'' (two ''houses'') (dual), ''tri hiše'' (''three houses'') (plural), ''šest hiš'' (''six houses'') (plural)
* ''miš'' (''mouse'') (singular), ''miši'' (two or three ''mice'') (dual := plural)
* ''jaz'' (''I'') (singular), ''midva/midve'' (''we'') (dual + [Masculine/Feminine [[gender]]), ''mi/me'' (''we'') (plural [Ma/Fe gender])
* ''vrata'' (one ''door'') (singular), ''dvoje vrat'' (two ''doors'' (dual), ''tri vrata'' (three ''doors'' (plural), ['''plural noun''' with different or same form]
* ''babine'' (''afterbirth period'') (archaic meaning) (singular), ''babini'' (two ''afterbirth periods'') (dual), ''babine'' (three ''afterbirth periods''), ['''plural noun''' with different or same form]
* ''človeštvo'' (''mankind'') (singular), ''človeštvi'' (two ''mankind'') (dual), ''človeštva'' (three ''mankind''), ['''collective noun''' with different form]
** These and similar examples are very often used incorrectly, even in published or electronic dictionaries.
In [[Hebrew]], one can similarly say:
* ''sefer'' (''book'') (singular), ''sfarim'' (''books'') (plural)
* ''yom'' (''day'') (singular), ''yamim'' (''days'') (plural), but ''yomaim'' (two ''days'') (dual)
In terms of pronunciation, however, the majority of nouns (and adjectives) in [[French]] are not actually declined for number. The -s [[suffix]] is not actually pronounced unless the next word starts with a vowel (this is called [[liaison]]) and thus does not really show anything; the plural article or other word is the real indicator of plurality. However, plurals still exist in French because irregular nouns, such as those that end in -l such as ''cheval'' (horse) form plurals in a different way. ''Cheval'' is pronounced [S@val], ''chevaux'' is pronounced [S@vo], and this really shows number differences. The same is true for adjectives.
== Effect of number on verbs and other parts of speech ==
Not only nouns can be [[declension|declined]] by number. In many languages, adjectives are declined according to the number of the noun they modify. For example, in [[French]], one may say ''un arbre vert'' (a green tree), and ''des arbres verts'' ([some] green trees). The word ''vert'' (green), in the singular, becomes ''verts'' for the plural (unlike English ''green'', which remains ''green'').
In many languages, verbs are [[conjugation|conjugated]] by number as well. Using French as an example again, one says ''je vois'' (I see), but ''nous voyons'' (we see). The verb ''voir'' (to see) in the first person changes from ''vois'' in singular, to ''voyons'' in plural. In English this occurs in the third [[person]] (she runs, they run) but not first or second.
Normally verbs agree with their subject noun in number. But in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[gender|neuter]] plurals took a singular verb. In English, or at least British English, singular nouns collectively referring to people may take plural verbs, as ''the committee are meeting''; use of this varies by dialect and level of formality.
Other qualifiers may also agree in number. The English article ''the'' does not, the demonstratives ''this, that'' do, becoming ''these, those'', and the article ''a, an'' is omitted or changed to ''some'' in the plural. In French and German, the definite [[article]]s have gender distinctions in the singular but not the plural. In [[Portuguese]], the indefinite article ''um, uma'' has plural forms ''uns, umas''.
== See also ==
* [[grammar]]
* [[mass noun]]
* [[collective noun]]
* [[measure word]]
----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Grammatical number|Grammatical number]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
Swadesh list
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The Swadesh list is a list of about 207 words originally drawn up by [[Wikipedia:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]] for the purpose of [[Wikipedia:Glottochronology|glottochronology]].
* [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Swadesh template|Wiktionary:Swadesh template]] can be used to demonstrate the vocabulary of a conlang.
===List of conlang Swadesh lists===
*[[Ibran/Swadesh list|Ibran]]
----
{{msg:stub}}
[[Category:Lexica]]
FrathWiki:Find or fix a stub
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A stub is a page whose content is not fully fleshed out yet.
To mark a stub as a stub, add ''<nowiki>{{msg:stub}}</nowiki>'' to the page. It will display the following message—
{{msg:stub}}
—where '''stub''' will be a link to this page.
To find stubs to fix by adding content to them, see [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=MediaWiki:Stub list of pages bearing the stub message].
Help:Editing
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about categories, since someone asked. This page could use cleanup...
==Basic formatting==
* For more advanced formatting help see [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview|m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview]].
{| border=1 cellpadding=5
|width=50%| For ''italics'' enclose in two single quotes:
<nowiki>''italic words''</nowiki>
| ''italic words''
|-
| For '''bold''' enclose in three single quotes:
<nowiki>'''bold words'''</nowiki>
| '''bold words'''
|-
| For bulleted lists, add an asterisk * at the beginning of each line:
*Bullet one
*Bullet two
*Bullet three
|
*Bullet one
*Bullet two
*Bullet three
|-
| For a numbered list, add a # at the beginning of each line:
#Item one
#Item two
#Item three
|
#Item one
#Item two
#Item three
|-
| To make a link within the wiki (or to certain other wikis such as Wikipedia), enclose it in double brackets. Use a pipe to link to a different page than what is displayed.
<nowiki>* [[Esperanto]]</nowiki>
<nowiki>* [[User:Muke]]</nowiki>
<nowiki>* [[User:Muke|Muke]]</nowiki>
<nowiki>* [[Wikipedia:Lingua Franca Nova]]</nowiki>
|
* [[Esperanto]]
* [[User:Muke]]
* [[User:Muke|Muke]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lingua Franca Nova]]
(Red links are to nonexistent pages, blue links are to pages on other wikis.)
|-
| To add a page to a category, just add an ordinary link to the category anywhere on the page. The link will not be displayed inline—it'll show at the bottom of the page—and the page will appear in the category listing.
<nowiki>[[Category:Conlangs]]</nowiki>
If you actually want to link to the category, and not just put the page into it, add a colon to the beginning of the link:
<nowiki>[[:Category:Conlangs]]</nowiki>
|
|-
| To make a link to a website, enclose it in single brackets. It will be automatically numbered. To title a link instead, add the title after a space.
<nowiki>* [http://www.google.com]</nowiki>
<nowiki>* [http://www.google.com Google]</nowiki>
|
* [http://www.google.com]
* [http://www.google.com Google]
|}
----
==Tables==
Table formatting:
*'''<nowiki>{|</nowiki>''' begins a table
*'''<nowiki>|}</nowiki>''' ends it.
*Standard cells begin with '''|'''
*heading cells with '''!'''
*format options go at the beginning of the cell, separated by '''|'''
*'''|-''' starts a new row
Example table:
<nowiki>
{| border=1
! heading cell
|align=center| centered entry
| third column
|-
! second row heading
| entry two, noncentered
| third column, second row
|}
</nowiki>
It looks like this:
{| border=1
! heading cell
|align=center| centered entry
| third column
|-
! second row heading
| entry two, noncentered
| third column, second row
|}
The wiki format can also be entered with a whole row at once, allowing for example easy interlinears:
<nowiki>
{|
! nemšé || javmb || morjé-'f
|-
| part || deep || sea-GEN
|}
</nowiki>
displaying:
{|
! nemšé || javmb || morjé-'f
|-
| part || deep || sea-GEN
|}
The double pipes '''||''' delimit cells or headings (whether it will be one or the other inherits from the first cell on the line; start a new line to change types).
----
==Interwiki links==
You can make links to other wikis just like you make links to pages on this wiki. To make a link to another wiki, prefix the destination with the Wiki's keyword and a colon (:).
===Useful prefixes===
*Link to [[Wikipedia:Main page|Wikipedia]] with the prefix '''Wikipedia:''' (example: [[Wikipedia:Solresol]])
*Link to [[IBWiki:Ill Bethisad Wiki|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] with the prefix '''IBWiki:''' (example: [[IBWiki:Brithenig]])
*Link to [[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] with the prefix '''ConlangWiki:''' (example: [[ConlangWiki:Khangathyagon]])
''(To suggest a new wiki to link to, contact [[User:Muke|Muke]].)''
{{msg:stub}}
FrathWiki:!Popular articles
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<ol start=1><li><a href="/index.php?title=Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (601 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kosi" class='internal' title ="Kosi">Kosi</a> (265 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n" class='internal' title ="Sisiwön">Sisiwön</a> (174 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlantic" class='internal' title ="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (134 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Henaudute" class='internal' title ="Henaudute">Henaudute</a> (126 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Ibran/Swadesh_list" class='internal' title ="Ibran/Swadesh list">Ibran/Swadesh list</a> (113 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sirius" class='internal' title ="Sirius">Sirius</a> (104 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Trentish" class='internal' title ="Trentish">Trentish</a> (101 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sirius_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Sirius Lexicon">Sirius Lexicon</a> (99 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Ch-m-_Tlondor" class='internal' title ="Ch-m- Tlondor">Ch-m- Tlondor</a> (92 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Trentish_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Trentish Lexicon">Trentish Lexicon</a> (91 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Ibran" class='internal' title ="Ibran">Ibran</a> (80 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kasin" class='internal' title ="Kasin">Kasin</a> (80 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlanli%C5%8Bwa" class='internal' title ="Atlanliŋwa">Atlanliŋwa</a> (73 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Paternoster_in_Ibran" class='internal' title ="Paternoster in Ibran">Paternoster in Ibran</a> (71 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sample_Texts_of_Ch-m-_Tlondor" class='internal' title ="Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor">Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor</a> (48 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Swadesh_list" class='internal' title ="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> (37 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlanic_grammar" class='internal' title ="Atlanic grammar">Atlanic grammar</a> (36 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlantic_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Atlantic Lexicon">Atlantic Lexicon</a> (34 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Trentish_Morphology" class='internal' title ="Trentish Morphology">Trentish Morphology</a> (30 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Trentish_Phonology" class='internal' title ="Trentish Phonology">Trentish Phonology</a> (30 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kel" class='internal' title ="Kel">Kel</a> (30 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Number" class='internal' title ="Number">Number</a> (29 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Person" class='internal' title ="Person">Person</a> (27 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Aspect" class='internal' title ="Aspect">Aspect</a> (25 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Henaudute_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Henaudute Lexicon">Henaudute Lexicon</a> (25 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Arda" class='internal' title ="Arda">Arda</a> (24 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Etymology_of_Ch-m-_Tlondor_and_Related_Tongues" class='internal' title ="Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues">Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues</a> (24 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Âdlantki Lexicon">Âdlantki Lexicon</a> (22 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Tense" class='internal' title ="Tense">Tense</a> (21 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sirius_Texts:_Aesop" class='internal' title ="Sirius Texts: Aesop">Sirius Texts: Aesop</a> (20 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=New_Royce" class='internal' title ="New Royce">New Royce</a> (19 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Pronoun" class='internal' title ="Pronoun">Pronoun</a> (18 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Henaudute_ceremonial_calendar" class='internal' title ="Henaudute ceremonial calendar">Henaudute ceremonial calendar</a> (16 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki" class='internal' title ="Âdlantki">Âdlantki</a> (13 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Verb" class='internal' title ="Verb">Verb</a> (6 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=IPA" class='internal' title ="IPA">IPA</a> (6 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Somian" class='internal' title ="Somian">Somian</a> (6 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=English" class='internal' title ="English">English</a> (4 views)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sample_Texts" class='internal' title ="Sample Texts">Sample Texts</a> (4 views)</li>
</ol>
Swadesh list for Ibran
622
7209
2006-02-21T01:42:47Z
Muke
1
categ ibran
==Description==
[[Swadesh list]] for the [[Ibran]] language.
{| border=1 cellpadding=2
|-
|
|
!colspan=3| ''Roesan''
!colspan=2| ''Paysan''
|-
|i=No| №
!c=en| English
!c=01| [[IPA]]
!c=02| Latinizal
!c=03| Cirilizal
!c=04| IPA
!c=05| Orthography
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| ˈʝɛ
|c=02| ye
|c=03| ё
| ˈjɛ
| ye
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| you<br><small>(singular)</small>
|c=01| ˈty
|c=02| tu
|c=03| тү
| ˈty
| tu
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| ˈiː
|c=02| ill
|c=03| ī
| ˈiː
| ij
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| nɔˈzoːtrs
|c=02| nosautrs
|c=03| нозѡ̄търс
| nəˈzoːtrəs
| nosautrăs
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you<br><small>(plural)</small>
|c=01| vɔˈzoːtrs
|c=02| vosautrs
|c=03| возѡ̄търс
| vəˈzoːtrəs
| vosautrăs
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| ˈiːh
|c=02| ills
|c=03| і̄с
| ˈijəs
| ijăs
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| ˈçeht
|c=02| cétt
|c=03| шитт
| ˈçɛt
| cêt
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| ˈçiː
|c=02| cill
|c=03| ші̄
| ˈçiː
| cij
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| ˈçe
|c=02| cé
|c=03| ши
| ˈçe
| cé
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| ˈaj
|c=02| aill
|c=03| яј
| ˈaj
| àj
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| ˈcçɛ̃
|c=02| chen
|c=03| чен
| ˈcçɛ̃
| chen
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| ˈcçe
|c=02| ché
|c=03| чи
| ˈcçe
| ché
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| ˈũt
|c=02| uont
|c=03| унт
| ˈɔ̃d
| ond
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| ˈkʲɐ̃t
|c=02| cant
|c=03| ќант
| ˈkæ̃d
| quànd
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| ˈkõt
|c=02| cónt
|c=03| кѡнт
| ˈkɔ̃d
| quond
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| ˈnõ
|c=02| nón
|c=03| нѡн
| ˈnɔ̃
| non
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| ˈtuːl
|c=02| tuol
|c=03| тӯл
| ˈtuːl
| tuol
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| ˈmɔːts
|c=02| moets
|c=03| мо̄тс
| ˈmɔjtəs
| moetăs
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| ˈkʲajcç
|c=02| caich
|c=03| ќяјч
| ˈkajcç
| càich
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| ˈpuːks
|c=02| puocs
|c=03| пӯкс
| ˈpuːxəs
| puogăs
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| ˈoːtr
|c=02| autr
|c=03| ѡ̄тър
| ˈoːtrə
| autră
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| ˈỹ
|c=02| un
|c=03| үн
| ˈœ̃
| un
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| ˈduːh
|c=02| duos
|c=03| дӯс
| ˈduːs
| duos
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| ˈtreh
|c=02| trés
|c=03| трис
| ˈtres
| trés
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| ˈkʲatr
|c=02| catr
|c=03| ќятър
| ˈkætrə
| càtră
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| ˈçĩcç
|c=02| cinch
|c=03| шіњч
| ˈçɛ̃cç
| cinch
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| ˈɡrɐ̃t
|c=02| grant
|c=03| грант
| ˈxræ̃d
| grànd
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| ˈlɔ̃k
|c=02| loenc
|c=03| ло̄нк
| ˈlɔ̃ːx
| loeng
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| ˈlɑrk
|c=02| larc
|c=03| ларк
| ˈlɑrx
| larg
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| ˈʰpes
|c=02| spéss
|c=03| ’пиз
| ˈspes
| spéss
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pɛˈzɑl
|c=02| pesal
|c=03| пезал
| pəˈzɑl
| pesal
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| pɛˈtit
|c=02| petit
|c=03| петіт
| pəˈtit
| petit
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| ˈkʲort
|c=02| córt
|c=03| ќѡрт
| ˈkort
| córt
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| ˈʰtrɛjt
|c=02| streit
|c=03| ’трејт
| ˈstrɛjt
| streit
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| ˈmɑɡr
|c=02| magr
|c=03| магър
| ˈmɑxrə
| magră
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| ˈvʲyːn
|c=02| fiun’
|c=03| вү̈̄нъ
| ˈvyːnə
| fună
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man<br> <small> (male)</small>
|c=01| œːn
|c=02| heun’
|c=03| ө̄нъ
| ˈœːnə
| eună
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| pɛrˈzuːn
|c=02| persuon’
|c=03| перзӯнъ
| pərˈzuːnə
| persuonă
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child<br> <small> (a youth)</small>
|c=01| œːˈvɐ̃t
|c=02| eufant
|c=03| ө̄вант
| œːˈvɑ̃t
| eufant
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| maˈjer
|c=02| maillér
|c=03| мяјир
| məˈjer
| màjér
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| mɑˈril
|c=02| maril
|c=03| маріл
| məˈril
| maril
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| ˈmɑdr
|c=02| madr
|c=03| мадър
| ˈmɑdrə
| madră
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| ˈpɑdr
|c=02| padr
|c=03| падър
| ˈpɑdrə
| padră
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| bɛˈcçuːl
|c=02| bechuol
|c=03| бечӯл
| bəˈcçuːlə
| bêchuolă
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| ˈpʲicç
|c=02| pÿch
|c=03| пїч
| ˈpjɛcç
| piêch
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| ɔːˈʝiː
|c=02| oegill
|c=03| о̄жі̄
| əjˈʝijə
| oegijă
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| ˈcçɐ̃
|c=02| chan
|c=03| чан
| ˈcçæ̃
| chàn
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| pɛˈjil
|c=02| peïl
|c=03| пејіл
| pəˈjillə
| peïllă
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| zɛrˈpjɛ̃t
|c=02| serpient
|c=03| зерпёнт
| zərˈpjɛ̃t
| serpient
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| ˈvjɛrm
|c=02| vierm
|c=03| вёрм
| ˈvjɛrm
| vierm
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| ˈɑrbr
|c=02| arbr
|c=03| арбър
| ˈɑrbrə
| arbră
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| ˈboʰk
|c=02| bósc
|c=03| бѡкк
| ˈbɔk
| bôc
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick<br> <small> (of wood)</small>
|c=01| bɑˈʰtũː
|c=02| battuon
|c=03| баттӯн
| bəˈtuːn
| bâtuon
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| ˈvrœjt
|c=02| vroit
|c=03| врөјт
| ˈvrɔjt
| vroit
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| ˈʝyːn
|c=02| siun’
|c=03| жү̄нъ
| ˈʒyːnə
| siună
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| ˈœj
|c=02| hoill
|c=03| өј
| ˈhœjə
| heujă
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| raˈjiç
|c=02| raïz
|c=03| ряїш
| rəˈjiç
| raïz
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark<br> <small> (of tree)</small>
|c=01| ˈkwɛrç
|c=02| querz
|c=03| кўерш
| ˈkwɛrç
| querz
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| ˈvluːr
|c=02| vluor
|c=03| влӯр
| ˈvluːr
| vluor
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| ˈʝɛrb
|c=02| yerb
|c=03| жерб
| ˈjɛrbə
| yerbă
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| ˈkwɛrd
|c=02| querd
|c=03| кўерд
| ˈkwɛrdə
| querdă
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin<br> <small> (of a person)</small>
|c=01| ˈpiː
|c=02| pill
|c=03| пі̄
| ˈpiː
| pij
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat<br> <small> (as in flesh)</small>
|c=01| ˈcçarn
|c=02| charn
|c=03| чярн
| ˈcçærn
| chàrn
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| ˈzãːcç
|c=02| saench
|c=03| зя̄њч
| ˈzæ̃ːɟʝ
| saenģ
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| ˈœjs
|c=02| oiss
|c=03| өјз
| ˈɔjs
| oiss
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat<br> <small> (noun)</small>
|c=01| ˈɡraːç
|c=02| graez
|c=03| гря̄ш
| ˈxræːçə
| gràză
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| ˈœjf
|c=02| oif
|c=03| өјв
| ˈɔjvə
| oivă
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| ˈkwɛrn
|c=02| quern
|c=03| кўерн
| ˈkwɛrn
| quern
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| ˈkʲuː
|c=02| cuo
|c=03| ќӯ
| ˈkuːə
| cuoă
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather<br> <small> (rather not down)</small>
|c=01| ˈplym
|c=02| plum’
|c=03| плүмъ
| ˈplymə
| plumă
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| ˈpʲil
|c=02| pÿl
|c=03| пїл
| ˈpil
| pil
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| ˈcçap
|c=02| chap
|c=03| чяп
| ˈcçap
| chàp
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| aˈrʲil
|c=02| arÿl
|c=03| ярїл
| əˈrillə
| àrillă
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| ˈœjl
|c=02| oil
|c=03| өјл
| ˈɔjllə
| oillà
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| ˈnɑs
|c=02| nass
|c=03| наз
| ˈnɑz
| nas
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| ˈbuːcç
|c=02| buoch
|c=03| бӯч
| ˈbuːcçə
| buochă
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth<br> <small> (rather not molar)
|c=01| ˈɟʝɛ̃t
|c=02| dient
|c=03| дёнт
| ˈdʒɛ̃t
| dient
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| ˈlĩɡ
|c=02| ling
|c=03| лінг
| ˈlɛ̃xə
| lingă
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| ˈɔ̃ːɡl
|c=02| oengl
|c=03| о̄нгъл
| ˈɔ̃ːxlə
| oenglă
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| ˈpɛj
|c=02| pey
|c=03| пеј
| ˈpɛj
| pej
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| ˈcçoːb
|c=02| chaub
|c=03| чѡ̄б
| ˈcçoːbə
| chaubă
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| ʝɐˈnyl
|c=02| genul
|c=03| жънүл
| ʝəˈnullə
| jănullă
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| ˈmɐ̃
|c=02| man
|c=03| ман
| ˈmɑ̃
| man
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| ˈɑl
|c=02| al
|c=03| ал
| ˈɑlə
| ală
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| ˈvjɛ̃tr
|c=02| vientr
|c=03| вёнтър
| ˈvjɛ̃trə
| vientră
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| ˈtrip
|c=02| trip
|c=03| тріп
| ˈtripə
| tripă
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| ˈkʲœj
|c=02| coil
|c=03| ќөјл
| ˈkœj
| queuj
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| ˈʰcçin
|c=02| schin’
|c=03| ’чінъ
| ˈscçinə
| schină
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| ˈpɛjt
|c=02| peit
|c=03| пејт
| ˈpɛjt
| peit
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| ˈkwɛrt
|c=02| quert
|c=03| кўерт
| ˈkwɛrd
| querd
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| viˈɟʝal
|c=02| figial
|c=03| віџял
| vəˈdʒɑl
| figiàl
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| bɛˈvʲir
|c=02| bevÿr
|c=03| бевїр
| bəˈvir
| bevir
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| mɐ̃ˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| mangiar
|c=03| манџар
| mə̃ˈdʒɑr
| mangiar
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| mɔrˈɟʝir
|c=02| mordÿr
|c=03| мордїр
| mərˈdir
| mordir
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| çyˈcçɑr
|c=02| zuchar
|c=03| шүчар
| çəˈcçɑr
| zuchar
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| ʰkʲœˈpir
|c=02| squeupir
|c=03| ’ќөпір
| skəˈpir
| squeupir
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vaˈmʲir
|c=02| vamÿr
|c=03| вямїр
| vəˈmir
| vàmir
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow<br> <small> (as wind)</small>
|c=01| byˈvɑr
|c=02| bufar
|c=03| бүвар
| bəˈvɑr
| bufar
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| ɑlɛˈnɑr
|c=02| alenar
|c=03| аленар
| ɑləˈnɑr
| alenar
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| riˈjir
|c=02| riÿr
|c=03| ріїр
| riˈjir
| riïr
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| ˈvɛjr
|c=02| veir
|c=03| вејр
| ˈvɛjr
| veir
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| ˈœjr
|c=02| oir
|c=03| өјр
| ˈɔjr
| oir
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know<br> <small> (a fact)</small>
|c=01| zɑˈbʲir
|c=02| sabÿr
|c=03| забїр
| zəˈbir
| sabir
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pɛ̃ˈzɑr
|c=02| pensar
|c=03| пензар
| pə̃ˈzɑr
| pensar
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell<br> <small> (sense odor)</small>
|c=01| ɔlɔˈrɑr
|c=02| olorar
|c=03| олорар
| ɔləˈrɑr
| olorar
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| krɛˈmʲir
|c=02| cremÿr
|c=03| кремїр
| krəˈmir
| cremir
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dɔrˈmir
|c=02| dormir
|c=03| дормір
| dərˈmir
| dormir
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| viˈvʲir
|c=02| vivÿr
|c=03| вівїр
| vəˈvir
| vivir
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| maˈrir
|c=02| marir
|c=03| мярір
| məˈrir
| màrir
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| tyˈlɑr
|c=02| tular
|c=03| түлар
| təˈlɑr
| tular
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| bɑˈcçir
|c=02| batÿr
|c=03| батїр
| bəˈtir
| batir
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt<br> <small> (transitive)</small>
|c=01| cçaˈcçɑr
|c=02| chachar
|c=03| чячар
| cçəˈcçɑr
| chàchar
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| tryˈcçɑr
|c=02| truchar
|c=03| трүчар
| trəˈcçɑr
| truchar
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| taˈjɑr
|c=02| taillar
|c=03| тяјар
| təˈjɑr
| tàjar
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| vɛ̃ˈɟʝir
|c=02| fendÿr
|c=03| вендїр
| və̃ˈdir
| fendir
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab<br> <small> (or stick)</small>
|c=01| ʰtɔˈkʲɑr
|c=02| stocar
|c=03| ’тоќар
| stəˈkɑr
| stocar
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch<br> <small> (an itch)</small>
|c=01| rɑˈcçɑr
|c=02| rachar
|c=03| рачар
| rəˈcçɑr
| râchar
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| cçaˈvɑr
|c=02| chavar
|c=03| чявар
| cçəˈvɑr
| chàvar
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nɑˈlɑr
|c=02| nalar
|c=03| налар
| nəˈlɑr
| nalar
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vɔˈlɑr
|c=02| volar
|c=03| волар
| vəˈlɑr
| volar
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| mɑrˈkʲɑr
|c=02| marcar
|c=03| марќар
| mərˈkar
| marcar
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| vɛˈnir
|c=02| venir
|c=03| венір
| vəˈnir
| venir
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie<br> <small> (as on one's side)</small>
|c=01| ʝaːˈʝir
|c=02| yaegir
|c=03| жя̄жір
| jəjˈʝir
| yaezir
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| ˈzɛjr
|c=02| seir
|c=03| зејр
| zɛjr
| seir
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| ˈʰtɑr dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| star dereit
|c=03| ’тар дерејт
| ˈstɑr dəˈrɛjt
| star dereit
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn<br> <small> (change direction)</small>
|c=01| viˈrɑr
|c=02| virar
|c=03| вірар
| vəˈrɑr
| virar
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall<br> <small> (as in drop)</small>
|c=01| ˈçɛjr
|c=02| ceir
|c=03| шејр
| ˈçɛjr
| ceir
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| ˈdɑr
|c=02| dar
|c=03| дар
| ˈdɑr
| dar
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold<br> <small> (in one's hand)</small>
|c=01| tɛˈnʲir
|c=02| tenÿr
|c=03| тенїр
| təˈnir
| tenir
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| prɛˈmʲir
|c=02| premÿr
|c=03| премїр
| prəˈmir
| premir
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| vrɛˈtɑr
|c=02| vretar
|c=03| вретар
| vrəˈtɑr
| vretar
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lɑˈvɑr
|c=02| lavar
|c=03| лавар
| ləˈvɑr
| lavar
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| ɛçyˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| ezugiar
|c=03| ешүџар
| ɛçəˈdʒɑr
| ezugiar
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| tiˈrɑr
|c=02| tirar
|c=03| тірар
| təˈrɑr
| tirar
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| bɔˈtɑr
|c=02| botar
|c=03| ботар
| bəˈtɑr
| botar
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| lɐ̃ˈçɑr
|c=02| lanzar
|c=03| ланшар
| lə̃ˈçar
| lanzar
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| ʰtɑˈkʲɑr
|c=02| stacar
|c=03| ’таќар
| stəˈkɑr
| stacar
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| kʲaˈʝir
|c=02| casÿr
|c=03| ќязїр
| kəˈzir
| càsir
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| kʲoːˈplɑr
|c=02| cauplar
|c=03| ќѡ̄плар
| koːˈplɑr
| cauplar
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| diˈçir
|c=02| dicÿr
|c=03| дішїр
| dəˈçir
| dicir
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| cçɐ̃ˈtɑr
|c=02| chantar
|c=03| чантар
| cçə̃ˈtɑr
| chantar
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| ʝɔˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| jogiar
|c=03| жоџар
| ʝəˈdʒɑr
| jogiar
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| vlɔːˈtɑr
|c=02| vloetar
|c=03| вло̄тар
| vləjˈtɑr
| vloetar
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| kʲɔˈlɑr
|c=02| colar
|c=03| ќолар
| kəˈlɑr
| colar
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| ʝɛˈlɑr
|c=02| gelar
|c=03| желар
| ʝəˈlɑr
| gelar
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| kʲɔˈvlɑr
|c=02| covlar
|c=03| ќовлар
| kəˈvlɑr
| covlar
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| zaˈdiː
|c=02| sadill
|c=03| зяді̄
| zəˈdiː
| sadij
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| ˈlyn
|c=02| lun’
|c=03| лүнъ
| ˈlynə
| lună
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| ˈʰtiː
|c=02| still
|c=03| ’ті̄
| ˈstijə
| stijă
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| ˈɑk
|c=02| ac
|c=03| ак
| ˈɑx
| ag
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| plyˈvjɑr
|c=02| pluviar
|c=03| плүвјар
| pləˈvjɑr
| pluviar
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| ˈrif
|c=02| rif
|c=03| рів
| ˈriv
| rif
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| ˈlɑk
|c=02| lac
|c=03| лак
| ˈlɑx
| lag
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea<br> <small> (as in ocean)</small>
|c=01| ˈmɑr
|c=02| mar
|c=03| мар
| ˈmɑr
| mar
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| ˈzɑl
|c=02| sal
|c=03| зал
| ˈzɑl
| sal
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| ˈpjɛdr
|c=02| piedr
|c=03| пёдър
| ˈpjɛdrə
| piedră
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| ˈzɑvl
|c=02| savl
|c=03| завъл
| ˈzɑvlə
| savlă
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| ˈporbr
|c=02| pórbr
|c=03| пѡрбър
| ˈporvrə
| pórbră
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth<br> <small> (as in soil)</small>
|c=01| ˈcçɛr
|c=02| tier
|c=03| тёр
| ˈtʃɛr
| tier
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| ˈnyvl
|c=02| nuvl
|c=03| нүвъл
| ˈnyvlə
| nuvlă
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| ˈbrym
|c=02| brum’
|c=03| брүмъ
| ˈbrymə
| brumă
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| ˈçɛl
|c=02| cel
|c=03| шел
| ˈçɛl
| cel
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind<br> <small> (as in breeze)</small>
|c=01| ˈvjɛ̃t
|c=02| vient
|c=03| вёнт
| ˈvjɛ̃t
| vient
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| ˈnʲif
|c=02| nÿf
|c=03| нїв
| ˈniv
| nif
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| ˈɡlɑç
|c=02| glaz
|c=03| глаш
| ˈxlɑç
| glaz
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| ˈỹ
|c=02| hum
|c=03| ум
| ˈhœ̃
| hum
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| ˈœjk
|c=02| hoic
|c=03| өјк
| ˈhɔjx
| hoig
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ash
|c=01| ˈçɛ̃dr
|c=02| cendr
|c=03| шендър
| ˈçɛ̃drə
| cendră
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn<br> <small> (intransitive)</small>
|c=01| krɛˈmɑr
|c=02| cremar
|c=03| кремар
| krəˈmɑr
| cremar
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| cçaˈmĩ
|c=02| chamin
|c=03| чямін
| cçəˈmɛ̃
| chàmin
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| mɔ̃ˈtaɲ
|c=02| montanh
|c=03| монтяњ
| mə̃ˈtæɲə
| montànhă
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| ˈroʝ
|c=02| rój
|c=03| рѡж
| ˈroʝ
| rój
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| ˈvʲirt
|c=02| vÿrt
|c=03| вїрт
| ˈvird
| vird
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| ˈɟʝõː
|c=02| giaun
|c=03| џѡ̄н
| ˈdʒɔ̃ː
| giaun
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| ˈblɐ̃k
|c=02| blanc
|c=03| бланк
| ˈblɑ̃k
| blanc
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| ˈnʲir
|c=02| nÿr
|c=03| нїр
| ˈnir
| nir
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| ˈnɔːt
|c=02| noet
|c=03| но̄т
| ˈnɔjt
| noet
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day<br> <small> (daytime)</small>
|c=01| ˈʝɔrn
|c=02| jorn
|c=03| жорн
| ˈʝɔrn
| jorn
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| ˈaɲ
|c=02| anh
|c=03| яњ
| ˈæ̃
| ành
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| ˈcçoːt
|c=02| chaut
|c=03| чѡ̄т
| ˈcçoːd
| chaud
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| ˈvrɛjt
|c=02| vreit
|c=03| врејт
| ˈvrɛjd
| vreid
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| ˈplɛ̃
|c=02| plen
|c=03| плен
| ˈplɛ̃
| plen
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| ˈnœjf
|c=02| noif
|c=03| нөјв
| ˈnɔjv
| noif
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| ˈvjɛç
|c=02| viez
|c=03| вёш
| ˈvjɛç
| viez
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| ˈbœjn
|c=02| boin
|c=03| бөјн
| ˈbɔjn
| boin
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mɑˈril
|c=02| maril
|c=03| маріл
| məˈril
| maril
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten<br> <small> (as, a log)
|c=01| ˈpydr
|c=02| pudr
|c=03| пүдър
| ˈpydrə
| pudră
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| ˈlyrt
|c=02| lurt
|c=03| лүрт
| ˈlyrd
| lurd
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| dereit
|c=03| дерејт
| dəˈrɛjt
| dereit
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| rɔˈlõt
|c=02| rolónt
|c=03| ролѡнт
| rəˈlɔ̃d
| rolond
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| ɑˈɡʲyl
|c=02| agul
|c=03| аѓүл
| əˈxyl
| agul
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| ɛjhmyˈʝɑl
|c=02| eimmujal
|c=03| ејммүжал
| ˌɛməˈçal
| êmuzal
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| ˈdœːç
|c=02| deuz
|c=03| дө̄ш
| ˈdœːç
| deuz
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| mœˈjɑl
|c=02| meuillal
|c=03| мөјал
| məˈjɑl
| meujal
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry<br> <small> (adjective)</small>
|c=01| ˈʝek
|c=02| siéc
|c=03| жик
| ˈʃik
| şic
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right<br> <small> (correct)</small>
|c=01| kʲaˈrɛjt
|c=02| careit
|c=03| ќярејт
| kəˈrɛjt
| càreit
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| ˈprɔːç
|c=02| proez
|c=03| про̄ш
| ˈprɔjʃ
| proez
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| ˈlwɛ̃ʝ
|c=02| luenj
|c=03| лўенж
| ˈlwɛ̃ʝ
| luenj
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| dereit
|c=03| дерејт
| dəˈrɛjtə
| dereită
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| ˈʰcçɛr
|c=02| scher
|c=03| ’чер
| ˈscçɛrrə
| scherră
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| ˈɑ
|c=02| a
|c=03| а
| ˈɑ
| a
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| ˈɟʝĩs
|c=02| dÿns
|c=03| дїнс
| ˈdʒɛ̃s
| diens
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with<br> <small> (accompanying)</small>
|c=01| ˈdɐ̃p
|c=02| damp
|c=03| дамп
| ˈdɑ̃
| dam
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| ˈɛ
|c=02| e
|c=03| е
| ˈɛ
| e
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| ˈzɛ
|c=02| se
|c=03| зе
| ˈzɛ
| se
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| pɔrˈcçɛ
|c=02| porche
|c=03| порче
| pərˈcçɛ
| porche
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| ˈnwɛ̃
|c=02| nuém
|c=03| нўим
| ˈnwɛ̃
| nuém¹
|}
# could be ''nuem'' but the plural would still be ''nuémăs'' /ˈnweməs/ (opening the syllable allowing the full quality of the non-nasalized vowel). Alternatively could be ''nuem, nuems'' (/ˈnwɛ̃/, /ˈnwɛ̃s/).
[[Category:Swadesh lists|Ibran]]
[[Category:Ibran]]
Tense
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'''Tense''' is a method for dividing up the temporal space. The common categories are '''present''', '''past''', and '''future''', although sometimes more or fewer categories are expressed. Different tenses are not always formed in the same way as each other; for example English only distinguishes past and present morphologically, and uses auxiliary [[verb]]s such as ''will'' for the future.
Examples of tenses and tense systems:
*past/nonpast (English)
*past-present-future (Romance languages)
*distant past / within the past year / the past month / the past day / now / soon / later (Yagua)
----
{{msg:stub}}
[[Category:Grammar]]
FrathWiki:!Orphaned articles
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<ol start=1><li><a href="/index.php?title=Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a></li>
</ol>
FrathWiki:!Long articles
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<ol start=1><li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlantic_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Atlantic Lexicon">Atlantic Lexicon</a> (22532 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Ibran/Swadesh_list" class='internal' title ="Ibran/Swadesh list">Ibran/Swadesh list</a> (17727 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Henaudute" class='internal' title ="Henaudute">Henaudute</a> (13769 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Atlantic" class='internal' title ="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (3772 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sirius" class='internal' title ="Sirius">Sirius</a> (1593 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Main_Page" class='internal' title ="Main Page">Main Page</a> (1024 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Person" class='internal' title ="Person">Person</a> (855 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Tense" class='internal' title ="Tense">Tense</a> (627 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Number" class='internal' title ="Number">Number</a> (448 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Swadesh_list" class='internal' title ="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> (381 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Arda" class='internal' title ="Arda">Arda</a> (280 bytes)</li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Ibran" class='internal' title ="Ibran">Ibran</a> (196 bytes)</li>
</ol>
FrathWiki:!Dead-end pages
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<ol start=1><li><a href="/index.php?title=Henaudute_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Henaudute Lexicon">Henaudute Lexicon</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kasin" class='internal' title ="Kasin">Kasin</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kel" class='internal' title ="Kel">Kel</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Kosi" class='internal' title ="Kosi">Kosi</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n" class='internal' title ="Sisiwön">Sisiwön</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Somian" class='internal' title ="Somian">Somian</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=Trentish_Phonology" class='internal' title ="Trentish Phonology">Trentish Phonology</a></li>
<li><a href="/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki_Lexicon" class='internal' title ="Âdlantki Lexicon">Âdlantki Lexicon</a></li>
</ol>
IPA
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The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]].
'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
! !! colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="4"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan="3"| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan="2"| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !!
|-
| || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] || [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] || [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] || [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] || [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! align="left"| Nasal
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" align="center"| N/A
|-
! align="left"| Plosive
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8"| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
! align="left"| Affricate
| [[Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless interdental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced interdental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dz]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar affricate|kx]] || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|qχ]]
|-
! align="left"| Fricative
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
! align="left"| Approximant
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
|-
! align="left"| Trill
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
| || [[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]] || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
|-
! align="left"| Lateral fricative
| [[Voiceless dental lateral fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced dental lateral fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced palatal lateral fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced velar lateral fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
|-
! align="left"| Lateral approximant
| [[Dental lateral approximant|l̪]] || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Postalveolar lateral approximant|l̠]] || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]] ||
|}
'''Non-pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives
|-
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
|-
| [[Dental click|ǀ]] Dental || [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]] Dental/alveolar || [[Bilabial ejective|pʼ]] Bilabial
|-
| [[Alveolar click|ǃ]] (Post)alveolar || [[Palatal implosive|ʄ]] Palatal || [[Alveolar ejective|tʼ]] Dental/alveolar
|-
| ǂ Palatoalveolar <!-- palatoalveolar=alveolo-palatal? --> || [[Velar implosive|ɠ]] Velar || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar click|ǁ]] Lateral alveolar || [[Uvular implosive|ʛ]] Uvular || [[Alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] Alveolar fricative
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u
|-
| || || ɪ · ʏ || || ʊ
|-
| Close-mid || e · ø || || ɘ · ɵ || || ɤ · o
|-
| || || || ə
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ · œ || || ɜ · ɞ || || ʌ · ɔ
|-
| || æ || || ɐ
|-
| Open || a · ɶ || || || || ɑ · ɒ
|}
'''Other Symbols'''
{|
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
| w Voiced [[labial-velar approximant]]
|-
| ɥ Voiced [[labial-palatal approximant]]
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| ɺ [[Lateral alveolar flap]]
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
|-
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}
'''Suprasegmentals'''
{|
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
|-
| ˌ || Secondary stress
|-
| ː || Long || eː
|-
| ˑ || Half-long || eˑ
|-
| ˘ || Extra short || ĕ
|-
| . || Syllable break || ɹi.ækt
|-
| || Minor (foot) group
|-
| || Major (intonation) group
|-
| ‿ || Linking (absence of a break)
|}
'''Tones & Word Accents'''
{|
! Level !! Contour
|-
| e̋ or ˥
|-
| é ˦
|-
| ē ˧
|-
| è ˨
|-
| ȅ ˩
|}
'''Diacritics'''
{|
| ̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
| ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] || ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ || ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
|-
| ʰ || Aspirated tʰ dʰ || ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] || ̻ || Laminal t̻ d̻
|-
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized tʷ dʷ || ~ || Nasalized ẽ
|-
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ || ̚ || No audible release d̚
|-
| ¨ || Centralized ë || ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
|-
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = [[Voiced alveolar fricative]])
|}
[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
Sirius Lexicon
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Reverted edit of 218.80.208.18, changed back to last version by Muke
<small>< [[Sirius]]</small>
===Thematic Vocabulary===
====Bodily Actions====
*'''ash''' eat
*'''fi''' drink
*'''finktz''' walk
*'''fru''' jump, leap
*'''herf''' crawl
*'''het''' sit
*'''hish''' hold, grasp
*'''ikoi''' dance
*'''jestu''' gesture
*'''kasiar''' shave
*'''kin''' kill
*'''kiyu''' live
*'''kol''' lie (recline)
*'''kush''' kiss
*'''miartzi''' die
*'''no''' swim
*'''pli''' cry, weep
*'''pritzu''' wrestle
*'''rot''' shout, cry out, yell
*'''sfyutz''' spit
*'''shelra''' smile
*'''shemp''' bite
*'''sheck''' run
*'''shoff''' squat
*'''shosh''' taste
*'''skenj''' drown
*'''skish''' kick
*'''snowu''' breathe
*'''sortu''' laugh
*'''sternu''' sneeze
*'''sto''' stand
*'''strenk''' catch
*'''stresh''' climb
*'''strip''' swallow
*'''swif''' throw
*'''tzank''' touch
*'''tzush''' feel
*'''wemi''' vomit
*'''wiyu''' hunt, pursue
*'''yoff''' yiff
====Body parts and substances====
*'''ansh''' forehead
*'''anshir''' thumb, dewclaw
*'''eckan''' liver
*'''falma''' palm of hand, sole of foot, pawpad
*'''feji''' foot
*'''felna''' fur, skin, hair
*'''fern''' heel
*'''feski''' a hair
*'''finma''' fist
*'''flep''' blood vessel, vein
*'''flom''' feather
*'''foktz''' wound
*'''frust''' anus
*'''gen''' (or ''ken'') gene
*'''hafsha''' head
*'''harf''' wrist
*'''himatz''' fetus, embryo
*'''hofra''' feces
*'''horsku''' wing
*'''host''' bone
*'''hurf''' body
*'''i''' egg
*'''iarta''' iris
*'''iri''' ear
*'''jerni''' finger, toe; digit
*'''keni''' chin
*'''kowi''' paw ('''far-kowi''' hand, forepaw; '''feji-kowi''' footpaw)
*'''lapi''' lip
*'''miar''' meat, flesh
*'''moni''' neck
*'''mosht''' breast
*'''musk''' muscle
*'''mutz''' penis
*'''neckar''' kidney(s)
*'''nora''' nerve
*'''nost''' nose
*'''nuk''' claw, nail, talon
*'''nutz''' back ('''nutz-host''' backbone)
*'''ombla''' navel
*'''ontzi''' eye
*'''orkna''' organ
*'''ori''' buttocks
*'''orshi''' testicle(s)
*'''ostrack''' shell
*'''part''' beard, mane, secondary facial fur
*'''prakina''' arm
*'''preshna''' brain
*'''romna''' throat
*'''rotz''' abdomen, belly
*'''run''' waist
*'''runi''' leg
*'''rutz''' blood
*'''shenu''' cheek
*'''shnu''' knee
*'''shomp''' tooth
*'''shur''' intestines
*'''shwip''' vagina
*'''skelza''' skeleton
*'''skoftz''' shoulder
*'''snomna''' lung(s)
*'''sorj''' heart
*'''sorman''' urine
*'''sorn''' horn
*'''sost''' hip
*'''stomack''' stomach
*'''suji''' sweat, perspiration
*'''tackur''' tear
*'''tashu''' tongue
*'''thurok''' chest
*'''tomna''' tail
*'''uf''' face
*'''ur''' mouth
====Body terms====
*'''arik''' male (adj.), masculine
*'''ari-koni''' hermaphrodite
*'''ihik''' healthy
*'''klum''' pleasure
*'''kolna''' pain
*'''konik''' female (adj.), feminine
*'''mortz''' dead
*'''neshra''' neuter
*'''osh''' awake; be awake
*'''oshtza''' refreshed, zesty, perky
*'''poni''' disease, illness, sickness
*'''poshu''' fat, plump
*'''poktza''' mature, adult
*'''shenkar''' birth
*'''shenra''' sex, gender
*'''skreshi''' fever
*'''sof''' sleep
*'''strod''' tired, weary
*'''tzush''' sense, feel
*'''yuisha''' alive
====Buildings and institutions====
*'''ackar''' farm
*'''ambari''' stairs, staircase
*'''anaki''' prison, jail
*'''fonori''' fireplace
*'''ekliri''' church
*'''etra''' store, shop (n.)
*'''etra-shortz''' market, marketplace (literally shop-yard)
*'''fiark''' tower, castle
*'''hafili''' bar, tavern, pub
*'''hatzki''' cellar, basement
*'''hatzlomtze''' hotel, inn
*'''hefru''' attic
*'''jesh''' wall
*'''kefir''' bridge
*'''matra''' university
*'''molori''' mill
*'''orjistri''' elevator
*'''orp''' ceiling
*'''peplithi''' library
*'''proshori''' factory
*'''ruri''' room
*'''salp''' chimney
*'''shol''' school
*'''shortz''' yard, garden, park
*'''stekoni''' roof
*'''strop''' building
*'''thiyotzar''' theater
*'''tom''' house
*'''torl''' window
*'''toryu''' door
*'''uti''' floor
*'''yuhori''' hospital
====Colors, light, and seeing====
*'''afsfi''' reveal, uncover
*'''fens''' beautiful
*'''fersha''' display, show, exhibit
*'''forji''' inspect, examine
*'''ikna''' image, picture
*'''metu''' blemish, blot
*'''mormron''' ugly
*'''plock''' light
*'''plocki''' shine, radiate light
*'''plonk''' bright, vivid
*'''pluckow''' color
*'''skotz''' shade, shadow
*'''skontz''' dark, dim
*'''sorron''' ornament, decoration
*'''tzofi''' hide, conceal
*'''weji''' to see
*'''fi''' gray
*'''foffar''' purple
*'''hin''' dark blue
*'''horn''' black
*'''luk''' white
*'''narj''' orange
*'''ror''' red
*'''sath''' brown
*'''siar''' green
*'''sol''' yellow
To indicate a lighter color, add '''fol''' "pale" before, thus ''fol ror'' "pink", ''fol hin'' "light blue", etc.
====Communication====
*'''alfpetz''' alphabet
*'''antzeri''' an address
*'''esroy''' announce, proclaim
*'''esroyri''' an advertisement, announcement
*'''homloki''' admit, confess
*'''isti''' say
====Forms of matter====
*'''toln''' thing, object
====Function words====
*'''asha''' this
*'''atsha''' that
*'''e''' if
*'''esti''' to be
*'''etz''' (marks past tense)
*'''fantzi''' every, each
*'''hashar''' how much?, how many?
*'''he''' that (as in "I know that you are right"); why? for what reason?
*'''her''' who?
*'''hesh''' to have
*'''het''' what?
*'''hetzak''' any
*'''hi''' and
*'''hiyu''' how?
*'''ho''' together; when? at what time?
*'''hoj''' where? at/to what place?
*'''inu''' only, solely, exclusively
*'''maki''' to be able to, can
*'''ne''' not
*'''offaru''' to exist
*'''she''' also, too
*'''shen''' to become
*'''shkroy''' to do
*'''skul''' should, ought to
*'''teck''' apart, separately
*'''we''' or
*'''welraz''' but, however
*'''wishar''' maybe, perhaps, possibly
*'''tzo''' then (at this time)
*'''tzoj''' there (at/to this place)
*'''yoj''' here (in/to this place)
*'''yomza''' to cause, to make (as in "make someone happy")
====Matter-related actions====
*'''yoshoi''' dig
====Numbers====
* '''asifar''' zero (0)
* '''him''' half (½)
#'''in'''
#'''tu'''
#'''stri'''
#'''hetz'''
#'''fick'''
#'''west'''
#'''heft'''
#'''ust'''
#'''nyu'''
#'''jest'''
* 20 '''tuar''', 30 '''striar''', 40 '''hetzar''', 50 '''fickar''', 60 '''westar''', 70 '''heftar''', 80 '''ustar''', 90 '''nyuar'''
* '''satz''' hundred (100)
* '''ashal''' thousand (1,000)
* '''ashal-ashal''' million (1,000,000)
e.g., 357 = ''stri-satz fickar heft''
====People====
*'''ari''' man, adult male
*'''festra''' father
*'''fet''' boy, young male
*'''hafsha''' chief, leader
*'''hun''' son
*'''huarla''' girl, young female
*'''jishi''' master
*'''kam''' marriage
*'''kon''' woman, adult female
*'''krep''' baby, infant
*'''meal''' member (of a group)
*'''mostra''' mother
*'''nemfi''' spouse, husband or wife
*'''nenitz''' enemy
*'''prostra''' brother
*'''resh''' monarch, king
*'''rishna''' queen
*'''shonki''' soldier
*'''swerra''' sister
*'''thearm''' person, sapient being
*'''tokstra''' daughter
*'''tual''' slave
*'''wenitz''' friend
*'''wiri''' family
*'''yowiar''' child, young person
====[[Preposition]]s====
*'''a''' to, towards
*'''af''' about, on the topic of; from, out of, away from
*'''afshar''' after, later than; farther than, beyond
*'''es''' outside of
*'''fa''' on, on top of
*'''far''' in front of, before
*'''fe''' at
*'''fershar''' near, close to
*'''for''' before, earlier than
*'''frosh''' around
*'''fru''' through
*'''furo''' across, at/to the other side of
*'''ho''' between, among, amid
*'''hock''' during, while
*'''metz''' with, using, by means of
*'''na''' in, located inside of
*'''ne''' for, in exchange for
*'''nef''' instead of, rather than
*'''nemetz''' without
*'''of''' of
*'''offar''' above, over
*'''ofshar''' under, below, beneath
*'''ofjatz''' behind, in back of
*'''tzashar''' than, compared to
*'''welratz''' except for, besides, other than
*'''yommu''' because of; for, for the purpose of
*'''yusho''' like, similar to
====Species and types of animals====
*'''anki''' snake
*'''arna''' spider
*'''arta''' grasshopper
*'''aska''' lobster
*'''esa''' horse
*'''ewi''' sheep
*'''fasi''' butterfly
*'''fethik''' monkey, ape
*'''hafar''' goat
*'''harfna''' reptile
*'''hitz''' whale
*'''horkrak''' chicken
*'''hormi''' worm
*'''huck''' pig, swine
*'''ili''' virus
*'''iwi''' bird
*'''kow''' cow
*'''lintz''' lion
*'''mantzi''' mantis
*'''matz''' mosquito
*'''mintz''' cat
*'''molshna''' mammal
*'''muar''' mouse
*'''muri''' ant
*'''muwi''' fly (insect)
*'''olf''' fox
*'''ollu''' wolf
*'''or''' otter ('''riw-or''', river otter; '''mori-or''', sea otter)
*'''orna''' donkey
*'''ortz''' bear
*'''peshla''' bee
*'''prank''' frog
*'''pushi''' insect
*'''samna''' human
*'''sani''' rabbit, hare
*'''self''' cockroach
*'''sertza''' deer
*'''scorristar''' kangaroo
*'''shel''' turtle, tortoise
*'''shu''' fish
*'''skyura''' squirrel
*'''son''' dog
*'''sor''' lizard
*'''trontz''' dragon
*'''tweffij''' anthro or biped (including humans)
*'''tzeckar''' tiger
*'''tzorfsha''' animal (as in not plant)
====Species and types of plants====
*'''arent''' peanut
*'''batot''' potato
*'''eliwa''' olive
*'''erini''' banana
*'''fack''' lentil
*'''fear''' pea
*'''feark''' oak
*'''fel''' cork
*'''fefri''' pepper (black; i.e., not salt)
*'''fetzi''' pine
*'''fihi''' kelp, seaweed
*'''for''' onion
*'''frun''' plum
*'''halm''' bamboo
*'''hampet''' hemp, cannabis
*'''hial''' cabbage
*'''holith''' gourd (e.g. squash)
*'''hormar''' garlic
*'''kave''' coffee
*'''len''' flax
*'''mantrik''' tangerine, mandarin orange
*'''meshi''' grass
*'''meth''' mint
*'''mith''' corn (maize)
*'''mitza''' mushroom
*'''mol''' apple
*'''mork''' carrot
*'''narj''' orange
*'''pampsha''' cotton
*'''pap''' bean
*'''paprick''' pepper (hot/sweet/bell)
*'''potzri''' grape
*'''rimperi''' ginger
*'''rinshin''' ginseng
*'''sehi''' cucumber
*'''senofi''' mustard
*'''sik''' fig
*'''tatzil''' date (fruit)
*'''thretka''' lettuce
*'''uarn''' oat
====Time and sequence====
*'''most''' soon, quickly
====Tools and implements====
*'''rifta''' fan
Paternoster in Ibran
629
7208
2006-02-21T01:41:31Z
Muke
1
category ibran; texts
<small>[[Ibran]] >> Paternoster</small>
==Roesan==
===Latinizal===
''Matie 6:9-13''
*Padre noistr ché dijns les cels stas, sanctifegial sij tu nuém.
*Vijnģ tu rein. Faet sij tu vontal, dijns les cels cónt sor le tier.
*Da-nos oy noistr pan cotidian.
*E remijt-nos noistr diuts, cónt nosautrs anch noistr deutuérs remetiux.
*E ne nos mijt a tentación, meis deliur-nos de maril.
===Cirilizal===
''Матё 6:9-13''
*Падър нојттър чи дїнс лъ’шелс ’тас, занктівеџал зї тү нўим.
*Вїнџ тү рејн. Вя̄т зї тү вонтал, дїнс лъ’шелс кѡнт зор лъ тёр.
*Да-нос ој нојттър пан котіџан.
*Е ремїт-нос нојттър дү̈̄тс, кѡнт нозѡ̄търс ањч нојттър дөтўирс реметү̈̄с.
*Е не нос мїт а тенташѡн, мејс делү̄р-нос де маріл.
==Paysan==
''Matie 6:9-13''
* Padră noîtră ché diens lăs celăs stas, sanctifegiàl siă tu nuém.
* Vingiă tu rein. Faet siă tu vodăntal, diens lăs celăs quónd sobră lă tier.
* Da-nos hoy noîtră pan cotidian.
* E remit-nos noîtră dutăs, quónd nosautrăs anch noîtră deutuérs remetux.
* E ne nos mit a tentacion, meis deliură-nos de maril.
[[Category:Ibran]]
[[Category:Texts]]
User talk:Muke
630
49425
2009-09-27T15:45:48Z
Pazmivaniye
1333
/* Deletion when you can */
Muke, I have my own alphabet and a font that I created myself. Is there any way to use this font on Frathwiki pages (for native names)? (I am aware that, should there be a way to do this, many would not see it - but for those who have the font, it would be great, in addition to transliterations.)[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]
Thanks, Muke. Your advice on the above works perfectly! Just one more thing: how do you change the font size? Sorry to bother you again.
----
Muke, I don't get how to use the combining diacratics. How do they combine with other letters?
Still struggling. I'm trying to combine ◌̄ with an æ ligature and, after following yor advice - placing the combining diacratic after the æ, it still does not combine. What could I be doing wrong? I use Internet Explorer 7, if this helps.
[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]
UPDATE: I've found that the character I want exists anyway. When I use diacratics, I put, for instance, æ◌̄, but the ◌̄ seems to be treated as a letter in its own right. I can't delete the o without first deleting the diacratic (refuses to put cursor between them), which beats the object. Like I said, I've found the right character anyway, so it's no longer a problem, but you may be interested in the behaviour of the software.
----
Muke, This is Elliott from Conlang. I've been working on a Silindion wiki, I was wondering if you would have the time to comment on it, and maybe provide any formatting and or other advice? thanks.
----
==Trebor/Tables etc.==
LOL. This is Trebor Jung of Conlang. Is this Wiki for your own personal use or can anyone post stuff on their conlangs and/or conworlds? You can reply to me at treborjung at free dot fr.
Thanks.
:Anyone can feel free to post here. :x) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 11:32, 24 Jun 2004 (PDT)
Trebor again. How do you make tables in Wikipedia? I've seen examples but they look complicated... Thanks. 28 June 2004 14:55 EST
:If you know how, you can use HTML to make tables. Otherwise, there is a simpler wiki table markup described in brief at [[FrathWiki:How does one edit a page]], and a detailed description of a the table formats the wiki understands at [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables|MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables]]. If that's still not clear, you could mark what needs tabulated, and I could give working on it a shot. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 28 Jun 2004 (PDT)
Thanks. Please make tables at [[Kasin]] for consonants and vowels (please add place of articulation; you can delete the X-Sampa representation), and at [[Kosi]] for these: Consonants, Vowels, (again please add POA),
Cases, Possession, Demonstratives, Aspects, Moods, Voices, Derivation, and Lexicon
. Much appreciated!
----
I tried creating a table for [[Kosi|Kosi's]] vowels. How does it look? (Because I'm visually impaired I can't actually check it myself.) --Trebor, 29 June 2004, 18:00 EST
:It looks all right, except the purpose of the rounded / unrounded line confuses me — the way it lines up it shows "Unrounded" in the same column as "Mid", and "Rounded" in the same column as "Front" (so that i and e seem to be classed as front rounded vowels). I'd fix it now but I can't quite make out which cells "Rounded" and "Unrounded" are intended to head (it might need a little more reformatting). —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:30, 29 Jun 2004 (PDT)
Whoops. Here are [[Kosi|Kosi's]] vowels and their X-Sampa equivalents: i /i/, ü /y/, û /M/, u /u/, e /e/, ö /2/, y /@/, jo /jo/, ô /7/, o /o/, a /a/, ja /ja/. And could you also help me with tables for Kosi Cases, Possession, Demonstratives, Aspects, Moods, Voices, Derivation, and Lexicon (Lexicon headings: Kosi, Etymology, English; you can remove the brackets and < for the etymology. Also, could you make a vowel table and grammatical structures table at [[Kasin]]. Thanks! Or if you like, I'll try making tables and you can check them? --Trebor, 12:27 EST, 30 June 2004
:I'm working on them by and by. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 11:53, 30 Jun 2004 (PDT)
Oh, I see.
How come when I enter in an accent with Alt codes (e.g. o-trema alt+0246), the page goes out of forms mode without having saved my changes? Annoying. --Trebor, 19:24, 30 June 2004
:My guess is your number lock is off, thus instead of the alt-46 at the end it's reading it as alt-left and alt-right (go back a page, then go forward again) — if I do that in IE it will erase changes that I've made. If that's not the problem, I'm not sure offhand what else it could be. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:51, 30 Jun 2004 (PDT)
That's strange, I just tried alt+0246 and it worked. But my numb lock was on when I noticed this problem yesterday too (AFAIK)... --Trebor, 08:57 EST, 1 July 2004
== The wrong version loads ==
The [[Sisiwön]] article mentions it is a collaborative conlang. In the group for discussing it, Alex Fink mentioned he added to it, but he additions aren't on the page. I thot maybe the Recent Changes page might give a link to the new version, but it doesn't work. On the Recent Changes page I also noticed you added a Lexicon table to [[Kosi]], but it's not on that page. I went to edit the page, but the table formatting exists in the Edit This Page box, so why not in the actual article? This is very puzzling. --Trebor, 09:52 EST, 2 July 2004
:My guess is that your browser is loading from its cache instead of the server. Try a hard reload (usually shift-F5) when you view a page, and see if that helps. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:08, 2 Jul 2004 (PDT)
Even more puzzling, I edited [[Sisiwön]] and [[Kosi]], and the changes appeared in the articles :O --Trebor, 11:04, 2 July 2004 EST
== Problem with Table ==
[[Sisiwön]] has a consonant table but it won't show up properly in the article. Why won't it work? --Trebor, 21:17, 2 July 2004 EST
:It should be fixed now. The table had been begun with pipe then open-brace "|{", instead of open-brace then pipe "{|", so it wasn't interpreting it as a table. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 18:25, 2 Jul 2004 (PDT)
Hi Muke, I have a small request: Would you mind please deleting my [[User:Trebor|Trebor]] page as well as the [[Kasin]] page? Thanks. --Trebor
== Question ==
Hi Muke, here's a question to you...
A few days ago, I asked Grzegorz Jagodziński to comment on the Slavic soundchanges discussion on [[Talk:Slevan]]. However, when he tried to register (or to make an edit), he got the following answer: '''<nowiki>Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. You cannot create an account.</nowiki>''' As he assured me, his IP address is not an open proxy at all. His Internet connection is of such kind that his IP is hidden, and that instead the IP of his provider is shown. There's nothing he can do about that, and obviously he has nothing in common with disseminating spam. Is there anything that can be done? Oddly enough, he had no problem at all registering at Wikipedia.
Cheers, [[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 11:38, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)
:Hi! This is a feature I didn't know about, but apparently [[Wikipedia:m:Proxy blocking|Proxy blocking]] is on by default. I shut it off so Grzegorz should be able to login or make edits now. Any further problems, let me know. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:19, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)
::Thank you! --[[User:167.202.196.71|167.202.196.71]] 21:52, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)
== The Longman Defining Vocabulary ==
I sent this to you by email, but got no answer. Perhaps my
spam filter ate it?
Hi Muke,
Do you think [[User:Melroch/Longman_Defining_Vocabulary]]
would be OK on FrathWiki? Wordlists aren't copyrightable as
such, but this is based on some research obviously! I can
of course write to Longman and ask, but it should be noted
that it is cited in respectable academic pages like
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~kbarker/working_notes/ldoce-vocab.html this] and
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/roget-actions.html this]
(these are actually the same site). Note that the version of
the vocabulary at that page is put into an HTML table,
meaning that if you select-copy it the alphabetic order will
be destroyed...
To increase the usefulness of the vocabulary, and
the amount of independent work and so the fair-
use-factor I have added a version of the
vocabulary sorted by frequency.
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:31, 26 April 2006 (PDT)
:It can probably stand. (I got your mail but it appears that I neglected to respond.) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:25, 26 April 2006 (PDT)
::OK, then I'll move it from my user space to a regular page.
Do you think there is any category it would fit under? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:03, 27 April 2006 (PDT)
:I suppose [[:Category:Lexica]] unless something more ''à propos'' emerges. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:12, 27 April 2006 (PDT)
== The new Langmaker wiki ==
What about adding an interwiki link to the new Langmaker wiki
(and linking to it on the frontpage among the other wikis)?
http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:10, 30 April 2006 (PDT)
== Thanks ==
Just wanted to say thanks.
== Deletion please ==
Please delete [[Moynna ethnographical qestionnaire|this]] page. There is a typo in its title. --'''[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]''' <small>''([[User talk:Zlatiborica|talk]])''</small> 08:32, 12 July 2006 (PDT)
== Latin Pinyin ==
Hi! I've dropped some suggestions at [[Talk:Latin Pinyin]]. I ''really'' should get those Vulgar Latin pages I'm planning underway... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:38, 15 July 2006 (PDT)
== Unicode display again ==
Would it be possible to put a
body {
font-family: ''list of fonts from IPA class'';
font-family /**/:inherit;
}
definition into [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to make things more generally readable to MSIE users, or would it ruin other aspects of the main definition of <tt>body</tt>? I think it would be a Good Thing if it worked.
FWIW I think [[Template:IPA]] is still a good idea, not least 'coz I would like to have the main body in a serif font but IPA in sans in [[User:Melroch/monobook.css|my own style sheet]], though I haven't implemented it just yet, since I've abused [[Template:IPA]] in my [[Kijeb]] page to make sure {{IPA|ŋ}} is readable — something I hope to be able to remove. Besides the Vulgar latin page(s) I'm planning will be gibberish unless Unicode is clearly visible throughout, since there will of course be macrons, breves, underdots and "ogoneks" all over the place...
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:56, 15 July 2006 (PDT)
:Sure, go ahead and try it. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:03, 15 July 2006 (PDT)
::I did, and it seems to work — i.e. [User:Melroch/sandbox] looks OK in MSIE when I'm not logged in — but it begs the question in what order we should have the fonts in the list, as that order is the order of preference picked by browsers. May I suggest DejaVu Sans as first choice, as it is a relatively neutral sans that renders reasonably crisply, and AFAIK sans is the default choice of MediaWiki?
::BTW when not using my own style sheet FrathWiki shows in a rather small font size on my machine in all of Firefox, MSIE and Opera. Is that due to some setting in the wiki, or to some weirdness on my system?
::Would it be possible to make some kind of poll among registered users as to the default/common.css style issues?, as we don't want to scare new users or visitors away with poor readability.
::[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:48, 16 July 2006 (PDT)
::: Well, I'm not sure whether there's enough community among the users to gather enough to answer polls. What one could do is set up a page with snippets of CSS that people who might be interested in making particular changes can copy into their user stylesheet. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:30, 28 July 2006 (PDT)
== IPA character entry. ==
Have a look at this:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Helferlein/IPA_Typewriter/Versionen/0.1_release
I wonder if there might be a way to make it into a real wiki page?
As is you have to copy-paste it into a local file. Also it should of course have its labels translated into English -- I can do *that*, but I suck at JavaScript. I wonder if it could replace the current IPA character entry system on the edit page? It would take too much place probably, above the save/preview buttons and all!
To provide one 'phonemic' and one 'phonetic' version of the IPA template insertionlink seems a good idea to me, but the slashes/brackets should go inside the template:
<nowiki>{{IPA|/.../}}, {{IPA|[...]}}</nowiki>
which IMHO looks best if the IPA is displayed in another font than the surrounding text.
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:06, 28 July 2006 (PDT)
:It might be feasible to set up such a thing with the <nowiki><charinsert></nowiki> tag currently used, in conjunction with the "editintro" extension (i think it's in [[metawikipedia:Inputbox]]) to create a keyboard _above_ the edit box. As for making it a wiki page in itself, that would take a bit of engineering: as javascript isn't allowed in wiki pages itself, its function would have to be divided so that all the actual javascript would site in the site's js file. (But I, too, suck at Javascript, and couldn't implement this.) As for the other thing, the character inserts are put in from [[Mediawiki:Copyrightwarning]] and as a sysop you can feel free to improve it; as only I have touched the page so far I consider it rough and provisional. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:27, 28 July 2006 (PDT)
==Request for deletion==
Hi Muke; I'd appreciate it if you'd please delete [[Kosi_grammar]]. Thanks. [[User:Trebor|Trebor]] 19:01, 8 August 2006 (PDT)
== Screwed up pages by trying to rename one ==
Hi, Muke -- I think I've made a mess. I was trying to update the page "Neo-Khitanese" to reflect that I've given the lingo a proper name now and not just a placeholder. In trying to update the link to it on the "League of Lost Languages Page" I managed to create a page "Kilda Kelen" with no content; that's the name I want to rename the old "Neo-Khitanese" page. But since this blank "Kilda Kelen" now exists, I can't use the "move" command. And I don't know how to delete the rotten thing. Could you unbollux this for me when you get a chance? All I think needs to be done is to rename the page now listed as "Neo-Khitanese" as "Kilda Kelen". Many apologies!
-- Kuroda, 24 August '06
==Deleting categories==
Hi Muke -- due to my stupidity I erroneously created two wrong categories, but I seem to be unable to delete them. Is that supposed to be, or is there some special step that has to be taken to delete categories (as opposed to normal articles, which I can delete pretty easily)? Thanks -[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 20:09, 24 November 2006 (PST)
== Infobox ==
Hi, Muke. I have a problem. On my page: [http://wiki.frath.net/Tauro-Piscean_Republic Tauro-Piscean Republic] the Infobox won't work properly and all of its elements are scattered across the page.
What have I done wrong?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 07:46, 23 March 2008 (PDT)
== References and Quoting ==
I can't seem to get the referencing and footnote techniques to work for [[High German]]. Am I missing something?
[[User:Blackkdark]] June 3rd, 2008
:Somehow the extension that allows those hadn't been installed yet. (Just fixed that.) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 00:48, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
:: Thanks for fixing it, but now I don't know exactly how to use it for the site. At the end I have two direct quotes from a site, and I can't seem to get it to go down to references and insert them. Any ideas or such? --[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 00:11, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
::: It looks like [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=High_German&diff=prev&oldid=32335 your syntax may be wrong]. See [[wikipedia:Help:Footnotes]] for the way the tags are to be used. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 04:16, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
== Front page update ==
Hi. Me again!
Well, I had an idea to change the main page quite significantly, but I think it would make the site more efficient to use and more attractive.
It might take me a while to put my ideas together and pick the best design. I will do it as a separate page first to demonstrate, but how would you feel about this?
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 20:19, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
:Hi, feel free to make improvements. It is a wiki, after all. I'd suggest you post proposed changes to [[Talk:Main Page]] though so discussion can happen if anyone else is interested. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:33, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
:Check out [[New Main Page Demo|my demo page]]. I finished it, but I can of course make alterations. What do you think?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 17:48, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
== Editing of Pages ==
Hi,
I am wondering if I can rename and/or delete entire pages? '''Ilya''', one of my categories has undergone quite a few revisions and I would like to do some intense editing. Thanks. - [[User:Qang|Qang]]
== FrathWiki logo ==
For a bit of fun, I tried to create an alternative FrathWiki logo.
[[Image:Frathwiki2.png]]
I'm not ordering you to use it, but if you like it, I thought I'd offer it to you. If you're interested in it, but there are bits you don't like, tell me and I'll do my best to change it. I can also send you the original Photoshop file with layers.
It is based on the pyramid in the conlang flag. Part of it is deliberately missing (revealing a gold glow beneath to represent insight) akin to the Wikipedia puzzle piece. I thought the texture looked a bit Gothic (relating to the word 'Frath', which is Gothic in origin).
I have created the image in its entirety by myself, so there are no copyright issues.
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 15:37, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
:Interesting ideas. How about putting together a vote, to see what other people think? There may be others with ideas floating around as well that could be considered. Could probably start [[FrathWiki:Logo]] for the discussion. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:18, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
----
Mine is not the only logo. Somebody submitted this one to me:
http://anj8ca.blu.livefilestore.com/y1pklH7A_1mj7ZLEd1Dg5t5eGlB7QKWi6uc42uoKMWVxJrGLeO8vexLB20ciFWjBYwMlfRybvdME1M/frathwiki_logo%20copy.jpg
I really like it for its simplicity.
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 06:27, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
----
As you probably know, I've made quite a few changes round here recently. So I've made an article about why I made them and what I might be able to do in the future. There is a link to it on the Main Page. I hope you've liked all of the changes and that you don't think I'm getting too big for my boots. I do enjoy working on FrathWiki.
Also, I'm altering the version of my logo, so we should see that discussion resparked some time soon.
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 16:46, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
== Charinsert ==
You may have noticed Wikipedia has updated its charinsert box - divided into segments choosable from a drop-down. Is it possible to install that (or a suitable tweak of it) here? Each segment also has an updated glyph order that I find to be much more useful than the Unicode default.
Also, did you ever notice IPA is included twice, first at the top & then within the Latin range (this time with all the outdated/unofficial letters too)?
--[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 10:34, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
:Well, the character edit box is included from [[FrathWiki:Special character insertion]] and should be editable, if you can put together a better character arrangement... as far as the dropdown, that doesn't require installation... it's just a bit of javascript for [[Mediawiki:Monobook.js]]. The code depends on what the character sections end up being though, so if you want to make any changes it might be best to do that first (for now anyway; it ''can'' always be changed). —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:01, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
==Melroch and Common CSS==
Hi, Muke. The Common CSS has been changed by Melroch and everything is big. Also, I've checked out Melroch's sandbox and it contains the following strange messages:
-yes yes sir Melroch-
-yes no way Melroch-
-no no way Philip-
I'm concerned that the account has been hacked.
On a different note, there is a consensus that the logo should be replaced by Cedh Audmanh's plain version (second on this page: [[FrathWiki:Logo]]).
Thanks
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:14, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
:As far as the sandbox, it just seems to be a test of conditional templates. Not sure about the change to common.css; it seems to have had a greater effect in some browsers than others, so it might just have been insufficient testing. I've put the new logo in place. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:21, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
== Common CSS blooper ==
What have you done to the Common CSS? Everything's big!--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:09, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
: Sorry about that. My user CSS caused me not to see the real effect of what I had done! One million apologies! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:06, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
==Spammer alert==
:User: [[User:Dampen]]
:Page: [[Lamasery]]
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:User: [[User:Infiltrations]]
:Page: [[McVeigh]]
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:User: [[User:Shelvings]]
:Page: [[Bulkheads]]
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:User: [[User:Partakers]]
:Page: [[Beautified]]
'''Page/Picture Deletion'''
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Can you delete this page?
http://wiki.frath.net/Winvid
And these pictures?
http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Ni_kun_glai_di!.jpg
http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Untitled2.jpg
http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Winvid_Consonants.jpg
Thank you. - David
:I've deleted them. I hope you will offer more of your content to FrathWiki in the future. Good luck with your conlanging. --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 23:30, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
== Account Deletion ==
Hi there, again. This is a really good site. And I have had a lot of fun on it with me and my friends. I have always been interested in conlanguages and always will, but for now I don't really feel it's my thing (making them, I mean, I love to read about them though). So for now I think I need my account deleted. I will definitely still visit this site even after I do so. Maybe one day later I will make an account on this site again when I have more time. Thanks alot! --David 02:07, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
== I'm sure about deleting my account ==
Yes, I'm sure I want to delete my account. I meant I intend to look at things on the site. And if one day I decide to make a new account, I will. However now, I am trying to minimize my computer use. And I think for me the best way is to eliminate the cause. So, I'm sorry that I seem so insistent, because it's never a nice day when someone wants to delete their account, and it's nothing about the site itself, I am just trying really hard to spend more time doing other things...so, at that, I'm sorry for leaving, but I think for now this is what I need to do (sounds like I'm about to kill myself xD). Thanks for understanding. Good-bye. --David 03:12, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
== Merge needed ==
I've been organizing things a little, and found the pages [[A priori conlang]] and [[A priori]], which should probably be merged.
There is also [[A posteriori]], but the page [[A posteriori conlang]] has not yet been written. --[[User:Tropylium|<span class="IPA">Trɔpʏliʊm</span>]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 12:40, 23 June 2009 (UTC)
== Spambot invasion ==
Check the user creation log... --[[User:Tropylium|<span class="IPA">Trɔpʏliʊm</span>]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 11:07, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
== Deletion when you can ==
When you can, could you delete these pages?
I tried to put up a conlang but I decided it wasn't working out.
*[[Thalsevean]]
*[[Thalsevëan]]
*[[Main Page/Thalsevëan]]
Thanks --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]<sup>[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vündëo Achist (Shout Here)]]</sup> 00:39, 25 September 2009 (UTC)
:Done. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:51, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
::Thanks again! --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]<sup>[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vündëo Achist (Shout Here)]]</sup> 15:45, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
Nother/Trentish
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2010-01-10T22:48:26Z
Muke
1
formatizing; +pronoun table
{{infobox|name=Trentish (Nyalohn-sha)|pronounce=[ɲɑlonʃɑ]|tu=[[Nother]]|species=[[../Trents/]]|in=Pacific Northwest<br>[[../Timeline|19th century—]]|no=[No data]|script=[[Trentish Phonology#Orthography|Latin alphabet]]|tree=''[[../Coalescence languages/]]''<br> '''Trentish'''|morph=Polysynthetic|ms=Accusative|wo=OV|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2001}}
''A priori'' conlang for a race of [[ent]]like creatures (''trents'', Trentish: ''qlumeu'') in [[Nother]].
==History==
Not recorded before 1800s.
===Geographic distribution===
North America; largest populations in Pacific Northwest.
==Sounds==
''Main article: [[Trentish Phonology]]''
==Writing system==
Trentish is written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]].
{|
| A || B || D || Dʼ || E || G || I || K || L || Λ̅ || M || N || NG || NY || O || Ö || P || Q || R || S || T || Tʼ || U || Ü || W || X || Y
|-
| a || b || d || dʼ || e || g || i || k || l || ƛ || m || n || ng || ny || o || ö || p || q || r || s || t || tʼ || u || ü || w || x || y
|}
The digraphs ''ng'' and ''ny'' are sometimes written with single characters, and are considered individual "letters" for the purposes of sorting. Other digraphs such as ''tʼh'' and ''sh'' are not counted as letters.
The capital of letter ''ƛ'' is supposed to be <small>CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH OVERLINE</small>.
==Grammar==
''Main article: [[Trentish Morphology]]''
===Pronouns===
Trentish third-person pronouns inflect for spatial relationships. Not only is nearness to the speaker or hearer marked, but also the referent's height or elevation relative to the speaker. A higher or lower elevation is also used metaphorically to represent degrees of respect; one speaks to an elder or superior as one would to one "above", or to a child or inferior as one would to one "below".
{|
!bgcolor=lightgrey| First person
|colspan=6 align="center"| ''nyü'' /ɲy/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Second person
|colspan=6 align="center"| ''lusyi'' /lusji/
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Third person
!colspan=2| Above
!colspan=2| Equal
!colspan=2| Below
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Near speaker
| ''qohnohgoh'' || /ʔonoko/ || ''öt'' || /øtʼ/ || ''gr'' || /kʌ/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Near hearer
| ''kohtwülr'' || /kʼotʷylʌ/ || ''pnyr'' || /pʼɲʌ/ || ''lr'' || /lʌ/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Distant
| ''xan'' || /xɑn/ || ''xini'' || /xini/ || ''xr'' || /xʌ/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Reflexive
|colspan=6 align="center"| ''xa'' /xɑ/
|}
'''Problems'''
* ''Where does the ''/pʼɲ/'' in ''pnyr'' come from? Is that a normal Trentish initial consonant cluster? Does it get pronounced that way? (I think it would turn to ''nnyr [ɲɲʌ]'' in a connected word.)''
==Vocabulary==
''Main article: [[Trentish Lexicon]]''
===Sample texts===
*[http://frath.net/pdf/trent-relay7.pdf Trentish leg of the 7th CONLANG Translation Relay] (PDF, 49K)
*:The text is that which is was in the official relay, but the interlinear and the English translation are new, the originals being lost (at least until the full 7th Relay gets put online). The Trentish text has been respelled to match current orthography, but not otherwise corrected.
==External links==
* [http://frath.net/language/trentish.shtml Old website]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Pronoun
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36003
2008-08-20T10:33:49Z
Rivendale
279
A '''pronoun''' is a noun with a specific type of reference, but without a fixed referent. For example, "I" means specifically the person speaking, which is true whoever happens to ''be'' speaking, but the actual person "I" refers to depends on context.
There are several kinds of pronouns:
*'''personal''' pronouns: I, you, we
*'''possessive''' pronouns: mine, yours, ours (as opposed to possessive adjectives: my, your, our)
*'''demonstrative''' pronouns: this, that, those (as opposed to demonstrative adjectives: this car, that house, those people).
*'''reflexive''' pronouns: myself, herself, themselves
*'''relative''' pronouns: that, which, who
*'''interogative''' pronouns: who, when, what
*'''indefinate''' pronouns: some, a few, many
'''Personal pronouns'''
Personal pronouns are most commonly used to replace proper nouns. If you imagine a sentence without pronouns, it could sound cluttered.Compare these two sentences:
'''I saw ''John'' today and asked ''John'' if ''John'' prefers sugar in ''John's'' tea.'''<br/>'''I saw John today and asked ''him'' if ''he'' prefers sugar in ''his'' tea.'''
The latter sounds much more natural. But notice that there are 3 different forms relating to '''John'''. The first, '''him''' is ''objective'' or ''accusative'' form, since '''John''' is the object of the verb ''ask''. The second is ''nominative'', since '''if''' introduces a new clause, therefore John is the ''subject'', and the third, '''his''' is simply possessive.
Many personal pronouns change their form according to where they are in the sentence, commonly known as '''Case'''. This differs from language to language. However, some retain their form no matter where. A good comparison is the pronoun '''you''', in German (familiar form) and English:
*Nominative/subjective: '''you-du'''
*Accusative/objective: '''you-dich'''
*Dative: '''to you/dir'''
Example sentences:
*'''''You'' are beautiful. ''Du'' bist schön.'''
*'''I saw ''you''. Ich sah ''dich'''''.
*'''I gave it ''to you''. Ich gab es ''dir'''''.
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[[Category:Grammar]]
Nother/Trentish lexicon
633