FrathWiki:Upload log

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  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Upload log</title>
    <id>1</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3365</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-29T16:17:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded &quot;Qanao_Abugida.png&quot;: Oops, misspelling...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Below is a list of the most recent file uploads.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;16:17, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanao_Abugida.png|Qanao_Abugida.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Oops, misspelling...)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:16, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Oops, misspelling...)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:21, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanao_Abugida.png|Qanao_Abugida.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Qana&amp;#39;öžjinatos native script)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:18, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Qana&amp;#39;öžjinaet written in native script)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;06:56, 29 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Grammar_of_Saxon_English.pdf|Grammar_of_Saxon_English.pdf]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(PDF of &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005.  )&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;05:28, 20 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Add society, views on Earth)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;18:59, 8 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Updated 2004-11-08)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;04:50, 1 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:12, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png|Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb small letter aŋma)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:49, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png|Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb small letter pē)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:12, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png|Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb small letter śādī)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:08, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png|Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb capital letter śādī.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:31, 24 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Conflag_med.png|Conflag_med.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Conlang Flag)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:22, 28 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Trentish-tlambda.png|Trentish-tlambda.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Trentish letter tlambda)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Deletion log</title>
    <id>2</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3366</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-30T18:18:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>deleted &quot;Romance languages&quot;: [Spam]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Below is a list of the most recent deletions.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;18:18, 30 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Romance languages&quot; &lt;em&gt;(&amp;#91;Spam])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:40, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Qanaer language&quot; &lt;em&gt;(deleted on request of creator)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:40, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Qanaer grammar&quot; &lt;em&gt;(deleted on request of creator)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:39, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Qanaer lexicon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Deleted on request of creator)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12:39, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Av.definition&quot; &lt;em&gt;(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what&amp;#39;s the relevance?))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12:38, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Php.definition&quot; &lt;em&gt;(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what&amp;#39;s the relevance?))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12:38, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Linux.definition&quot; &lt;em&gt;(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what&amp;#39;s the relevance?))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:52, 16 Aug 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Image:Trentish-tlambda.png&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Don&amp;#39;t need this anymore.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:39, 11 Aug 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;User talk:Talk:Atlanliŋwa&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Mistaken URL)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;20:45, 29 Jul 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] restored &quot;FrathWiki:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;19:42, 30 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Sirius/Lexicon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(content was: &amp;#39;#REDIRECT &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Sirius_Lexicon]]&amp;#39;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:02, 25 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Trentish/Morphology&quot; &lt;em&gt;(moved to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Trentish_Morphology]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:02, 25 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Trentish/Lexicon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(moved to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Trentish_Lexicon]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;21:14, 12 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License&quot; &lt;em&gt;(changing from GFDL to CC)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Protection log</title>
    <id>3</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3367</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-31T19:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>protected [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;19:54, 31 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] protected [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;19:32, 12 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] protected [[FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License]]&lt;/li&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Block log</title>
    <id>4</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3368</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-15T15:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>blocked &quot;82.194.62.9&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours: Spamming [[Trentish Phonology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;15:29, 15 Mar 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;82.194.62.9&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spamming &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Trentish Phonology]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;18:19, 30 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;213.227.245.99&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Blocked for spamming porn on &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Romance languages]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:08, 24 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;80.68.242.97&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spamming the front page.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;22:56, 17 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;221.192.169.230&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spammage.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;23:29, 7 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;60.55.58.50&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spammage.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;14:13, 27 Dec 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;60.55.58.64&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spammage.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page</title>
    <id>5</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48136</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T15:18:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add [[Conlang terminology]] link (migrating it from the increasingly annoying Conlang Wikia)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/News banner}}


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

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| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

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{{:Main Page/Introduction}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Topics&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Natural languages]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Conlangs]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Conscripts]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Conworlds]]
:[[Conlang comparison]]
:[[Conlang terminology]]
:[[Our Father|Lord's Prayer translations]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Conlang relays]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
:[[Learners_shortlist|Conlang Learners Project]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Templates for use in articles]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki @ Yahoo]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki in other languages 

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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/Other languages}}
|-
&lt;!--</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Aboutpage</title>
    <id>8</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3372</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:4}}:About</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia</title>
    <id>9</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3373</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:27:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">About {{SITENAME}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext</title>
    <id>14</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3378</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:28:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your [[{{ns:-1}}:Watchlist|watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Administrators</title>
    <id>15</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3379</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:4}}:Administrators</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Allmessages</title>
    <id>18</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3382</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:06:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All messages</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning</title>
    <id>89</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25262</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-09T06:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modularizing special character insertion</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{FrathWiki:Special character insertion}}

&lt;hr&gt;
==== Copyright ====
Please note that all contributions to FrathWiki are considered to be released under the Creative Commons &quot;by-sa&quot; license (see $1 for details).
If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed
at will, then don't submit it here.&lt;br&gt;
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a
public domain or similar free resource.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt;
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Edithelppage</title>
    <id>130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3494</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{ns:12}}:Editing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:12}}:Editing</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Emailforlost</title>
    <id>136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3500</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Fileuploaded</title>
    <id>169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3533</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">File uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia</title>
    <id>171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3535</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-11T22:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>not a free encyclopedia yet</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">From FrathWiki.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Gnunote</title>
    <id>173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3537</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-31T19:50:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm nc</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;br&gt;
&lt;!-- Creative Commons License --&gt;
Article texts are licensed under a &lt;a rel=&quot;license&quot; href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/&quot;&gt;Creative Commons License&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;!-- /Creative Commons License --&gt;


&lt;!--

&lt;rdf:RDF xmlns=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/&quot;
    xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot;
    xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot;&gt;
&lt;Work rdf:about=&quot;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;license rdf:resource=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/Work&gt;

&lt;License rdf:about=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/&quot;&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/License&gt;

&lt;/rdf:RDF&gt;

--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Helppage</title>
    <id>180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3544</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{ns:12}}:Contents</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:12}}:Contents</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Histlegend</title>
    <id>184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3548</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:03:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Login</title>
    <id>241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3605</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-26T18:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>log in → log in / create account</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Log in / Create account</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Newarticletext</title>
    <id>315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3679</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:08:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet.
To create the page, start typing in the box below 
(see the [[Help:Editing|help page]] for more info).
If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Nogomatch</title>
    <id>338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5222</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-09T20:52:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>wikimarkup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Do you want to &lt;b&gt;[[$1|create an article with this title]]&lt;/b&gt;?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitesupport</title>
    <id>480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3844</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-19T16:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Donations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Donations</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Uploadtext</title>
    <id>554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3918</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-23T21:03:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''STOP!''' Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the [[Project:Image use policy|image use policy]]. To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded images]]. Uploads and deletions are logged on the [[Project:Upload log|upload log]]. Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system's standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' or '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:file.png|alt text]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' or '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Media:file.ogg]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' for sounds. Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Userlogin</title>
    <id>557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3921</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-14T03:48:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Log in -&gt; Create an account or log in</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Create an account or log in</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Most wanted articles</title>
    <id>603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3968</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-05T05:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Indo-European languages&quot;&gt;Indo-European languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Indo-European_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;6 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Mood&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Mood&quot;&gt;Mood&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Mood&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;4 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Spanish&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Spanish&quot;&gt;Spanish&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Spanish&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;4 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Linguistics&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Linguistics&quot;&gt;Linguistics&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Linguistics&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;4 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Noun&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Noun&quot;&gt;Noun&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Noun&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Ancient Greek&quot;&gt;Ancient Greek&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Ancient_Greek&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kirumb&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Kirumb&quot;&gt;Kirumb&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Kirumb&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=French&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;French&quot;&gt;French&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=French&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Germanic_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Germanic languages&quot;&gt;Germanic languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Germanic_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=List_of_language_families&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;List of language families&quot;&gt;List of language families&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=List_of_language_families&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Grammar&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Grammar&quot;&gt;Grammar&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Grammar&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Satem&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Satem&quot;&gt;Satem&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Satem&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Nother&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Nother&quot;&gt;Nother&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Nother&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Japanese&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Japanese&quot;&gt;Japanese&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Japanese&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Language&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Language&quot;&gt;Language&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Language&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Language_families_and_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Language families and languages&quot;&gt;Language families and languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Language_families_and_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantia&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Atlantia&quot;&gt;Atlantia&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Atlantia&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Gender&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Gender&quot;&gt;Gender&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Gender&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Chinese&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Chinese&quot;&gt;Chinese&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Chinese&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Hadwan_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Hadwan languages&quot;&gt;Hadwan languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Hadwan_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Voice&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Voice&quot;&gt;Voice&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Voice&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Conjugation&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Conjugation&quot;&gt;Conjugation&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Conjugation&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Russian&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Russian&quot;&gt;Russian&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Russian&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:All pages by title</title>
    <id>604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-29T21:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&amp;amp;from=Arda&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Allpages&quot;&gt;Arda&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; to &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Âdlantki Lexicon&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Atlantic</title>
    <id>605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46380</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T21:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Examples */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Atlantic''' (''Ədlantkɛ,'' /ə̀dlɑnkɛ́/) is an Indo-European language spoken primarily by the demihumans of Atlantia (''Ədləntɛ''), a Mediterranean island in the [[Nother]] happentrack.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;|Atlantic (''Ədlantkɛ'')
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|[[Atlantia]] (''Ədləntɛ'')
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timespan:
| Modern day
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| —
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[List of language families|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[List of language families|classification]]:
|''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kirumb]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Âdlantki]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Atlantic'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Author:
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|}

==History==
''Atlantic'' is the name given to the [[Âdlantki]] language after about the late 1500s.  The division is largely arbitrary, as the difference between the two stages of the language is not substantial.  The largest difference is in the smoothing of original diphthongs; the most noticeable difference is the lowering of final vowels.  

==Classification and influences==
Atlantic is a [[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]] language in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family.  Besides its inherited lexicon, Atlantic derives borrowed vocabulary for acrolectal terms from [[Ancient Greek]], modern terms from [[Spanish]], and newer technical terms from [[Modern English]].

==Geographic distribution==
The original homeland of the Atlantic-speakers is [[Atlantia]], though in later years overcrowding of the island led to the formation of substantial communities in nearby countries (Spain, Morocco, and Algeria), and later in the United States and Canada.

==Sounds==
The Atlantic language has twelve vowels: eight short and four long. 
{| cellpadding=5
! !! front !! central !! back	
|-
! high 
| i || || u 
|-
! close-mid 
| e ee || || o oo
|-
! open-mid 
| ɛ ɛɛ || ə || ɔ ɔɔ
|-
! low 
| || a /ɑ/
|}

Consonants are as follows: 

{|  cellpadding=5
! nasal 
| m 
|colspan=4 align=center| n
| ŋ 
|-
! vl stop
| p
|colspan=4 align=center| t
| k
|-
! vd stop
|       
|colspan=4 align=center| d
| g
|-
! vl fric
| f || θ || s || ʃ || sy /ç/ || x	
|-
! vd fric 
| v b /v/ || || z || ʒ y /ʒ/
|-
! sonorant
| || l || r /ɾ/ || y /j/ 
|}

''H'' is silent.  ''Y'' is pronounced as /ʒ/ after a consonant or before /i/ and /u/.

Accentuation consists of a high or low pitch accent on the first mora of a word. 
:''ont'' /ònt/ &quot;eye&quot; 
:''sɔrrɛ'' /sɔ́ɾɾə/ &quot;curse&quot; 

For historical reasons, most verbs have high pitch.

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Atlantic nouns inflect only for number.  

The singular is the unmarked form.

For words ending in ''-ɛ'', the plural is formed by adding ''-s'', thus ''-ɛs''.   For words ending in ''-e'', the plural is formed by removing the ''-e'' and adding ''-ɔs''.  The plural of all other words is formed by appending ''-ɔs'' to the singular.  

Exceptions exist, such as words in original long ''-ee'':  ''vee'' &quot;hand&quot;, whose plural is ''veeos''.  Words whose ''-ee'' is secondary, such as ''ree'' &quot;matter, affair&quot;, (earlier ''roye'') have a regular plural such as ''reɔs''.

A few words, mainly body parts, have a special dual in ''-o''.

===Verbs===

Conjugating Atlantic verbs isn't too difficult: the endings are added regularly, with little change. The hard part is in remembering what conjugation a form takes, as well as the different stems each verb has. 

The finite forms of the verb belong to one of three different stems: the progressive, the aorist, and the durative. 

The '''progressive''' refers to an action in progress, and usually translates English plain or progressive verbs, such as ''enter'' or ''are eating.'' '''Aorist''' forms refer to an event as a whole, usually a completed one, and generally translates English past forms, like ''walked,'' or forms used in series of verbs: for example, in ''wants to go,'' &quot;go&quot; would be translated by the aorist. The '''durative''' is mostly falling out of use, except in verbs concerning thoughts and opinions: ''think, believe, know, want, like'' are usually represented by duratives in Atlantic. 

The conjugations are labelled by characteristic consonants in the first person singular: '''votic''' have ''v'', and '''kappatic''' have ''k''.

====Progressive endings====
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''v / k'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| -vɛ &lt;br&gt; -kɛ || -bdə || -(ə)ndə	
|-
! 2nd
| -rɛ || || -bɛ
|-
! 3rd 
| -tɛ || || -(ə)ŋtɛ
|}
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''simple'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| ''0'' || -bdə || -ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -r || || -b
|-
! 3rd
| -t || || -ŋt	
|}

====Aorist endings====
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''v / k'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| -va &lt;br&gt; -k || -bdə || -(ə)ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -rɔ || || -dɔ
|-
! 3rd
| -tɔ || || -(ə)ŋtɔ
|}
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''simple'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| ''0'' || -bdə || -ndə
|-
! 2nd 
| -r || || -d
|-
! 3rd
| -t || || -ŋt
|}

====An example====
“fisvɛ” — to write.
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
!colspan=4 style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;| Progressive stem ''fis-''
|-
!colspan=4| 
|- bgcolor=lightgrey 
! !! sg. !! du. !! pl.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| fisvɛ
| fisbdə
| fisəndə
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| fisrɛ
| —
| fisbe
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| fistɛ
| —
| fisəŋtɛ
|-
!colspan=4 style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;| Aorist stem ''fes-''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey 
! !! sg. !! du. !! pl.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| fesva
| fesbdə
| fesəndə
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| fesrɔ
| —
| fesdɔ
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| festɔ
| —
| fesəŋtɔ
|}

==Vocabulary==
*''Main article: [[Atlantic Lexicon]]''
*[http://frath.net/pdf/atl-lex5.pdf The lexicon as a PDF file, 176K], dated 2 May 2004

==Writing system==
The Atlantic alphabet is descended from a variety of the [http://www.frath.net/pdf/krmb-alphabet.pdf Kirumb alphabet] (PDF, 117K).  As this is not convenient for computer entry, various transliterations exist, the most common being the IPA-influenced one used on this page, and a Windows-character-set-friendly one that is used over email.

==Examples==
*[http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring3/atlantic/ Atlantic leg of CONLANG relay 9]
**[http://frath.net/pdf/atl-relay9.pdf Relay 9 with Atlantic alphabet] (PDF, 97K)

[[Category:Atlantic]]
[[Category:Nother]]
[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Copyrights</title>
    <id>607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3987</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-05T22:54:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>unless otherwise stated,...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/ http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif]
&lt;br&gt;Unless otherwise stated, this work is licensed under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons License].


You are free:
*to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
*to make derivative works
*to make commercial use of the work

Under the following conditions:
*'''Attribution.''' You must give the original author credit.
*'''Share Alike.''' If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.

For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.

Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the author.

&lt;small&gt;Simple-language explanation of license is by [http://creativecommons.org Creative Commons]&lt;/small&gt;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran</title>
    <id>608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29122</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T19:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ibran''' (Paysan: ''Ivrană'', Roesan: ''Івріанъ''), a Romance language still in progress.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;|Ibran (''Ivrană / Івріанъ'')
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
| [[New Ibria]]; France
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Region:
| Southeast France
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| —
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[Language families and languages|classification]]:
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Italic languages|Italic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Romance languages|Romance]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Western Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Langues d'oc&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Ibran'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Author:
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 
|}

==Classification==
Ibran is a western Romance language.  It was originally conceived as a sort of truncated [[Spanish]], but further revisions pushed it further towards [[French]], so now it is somewhere in between.

==Geographic distribution==
Originally spoken in southeast France, Ibran migrated to the New World where it is now more widely spoken than in its homeland.

===Dialects===
Ibran has two main dialects: ''Roesan,'' the dialect of [[New Royce]] (''Noif Roes'') and ''paysan,'' the European dialect.  The language in New Ibria is not monolithic, though Roesan is the basis of “standard” language.

==Writing system==
Sometime recently a [[Cyrillic]] orthography (''cirilizal'') was officially instituted in New Royce, though the old [[Latin]] orthography (''latinizal'') is still found in common use (and is the only script used in Europe).

The mapping of Cyrillic American Ibran to Latin European Ibran is not 1:1; the phonemic inventories are different and spellings differ.

==Subpages==
*[[Ibran sound changes]]
*[[Ibran/Paternoster|Paternoster]]
*[[Ibran/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]

==External links==
''The information on these pages may be out of date.''
*[http://frath.net/language/nuif.shtml Ibran homepage] (old)
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_ibran.htm  Ibran profile on langmaker.com]
*[http://nik_taylor.tripod.com/relay/ibran.html Ibran leg of the Sixth CONLANG Translation Relay]

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke</title>
    <id>609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22680</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-01T22:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Ph7Vnt|Ph7Vnt]] ([[User_talk:Ph7Vnt|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Non-admin Muke|Non-admin Muke]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Muke Tever,''' ''[mailto:wikimaster@frath.net wikimaster@frath.net]''
&lt;br&gt;(or the less imposing [mailto:muke@frath.net muke@frath.net])

http://www.frath.net/ 

My conlangs:
*[[Âdlantki]]
*[[Atlantic]]
*[[Dunamy]]
*[[Henaudute]]
*[[Ibran]]
*[[Kirumb]]
*[[Rami]]
*[[Sirius]]
*[[Skeskatai]]
*[[Trentish]]

[[User:Muke/Spelling|Semiserious notes on a spelling reform]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Atlantic/Lexicon</title>
    <id>610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43990</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-10T03:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Ʃ */ oop.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#Ɛ|Ɛ]] [[#Ə|Ə]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#X|X]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#Ŋ|Ŋ]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ɔ|Ɔ]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#Ʃ|Ʃ]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] [[#Ʒ|Ʒ]]
|}

===A===
*'''abɛ''' [ɑ̀.və] ''adj. indecl.'' second; other.
*'''absɛ''' [ɑ́p.sə] ''n.'' the depths of the sea; the most intense or profound part. —Greek ἀβυσσός.
*'''adə''' [ɑ.də] ''postp.'' to, towards.
*'''afɔrivɛ''' [ɑ̀.fə.ɾí.və] ''v.'' uncover. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''afrere''' [ɑ́f.ɾə.ɾe] ''n.'' uncovering, revelation.
*'''afʃɛr''' [ɑ́f.ʃəɾ] ''adj.'' after, farther.  '''aftam''' ''adj.'' last, farthest.
*'''afɔ''' [ɑ.fə] ''postp.'' from.
*'''afɔlivɛ''' [ɑ̀.fə.lí.və] ''v.'' unfold, open.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''agməvɛ''' [ɑ̀ŋ.mə.vɛ́] ''v.'' arrive. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''agməre''' ''n.'' arrival.
*'''Alpes''' [ôː.pəs] ''n.'' the Alps.
*'''Amerika''' [ɑ̀.mə.ɾí.kə] ''n.'' America.  '''Amerikɛk''' ''adj.'' American.
*'''amne''' [ɑ́m.nə] ''n.'' name.  '''amnifisre''' ''n.'' autograph, signature.
*'''an-''' [ɑ̀n] ''pref.'' again, re-.
*'''aŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ''' [ɑ̀.ŋəʒ.ʒɛ́s.və] ''v.'' adapt. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''aŋɛʒʒɛsre''' ''n.'' adaptation.
*'''arklɛ''' [ɑ́rk.lə] ''n.'' farmer.
*'''aʃɛnkre''' [ɑ̀.ʃən.kɾé] ''n.'' accident.
*'''aʃvɛ''' [ɑ́ʃ.və] ''v.'' eat.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''aʃre''' ''n.'' eating, meal.
*'''aθɔŋtivɛ''' [ɑ̀θ.əŋ.tí.və] ''v.'' direct, aim, address.  '''aθɔŋtire''' ''n.'' address, direction.
*'''Australia''' [ɑ̌u̯s.tɾə.li.ə] ''n.'' Australia.  —Spanish ''Australia.''
*'''autɔbus''' [ɑ̂u̯.tə.bus] ''n.'' bus.  —Spanish ''autobús.''

===B===
*'''balkonɛ''' [vɑ̀l.kə.nɛ́] ''n.'' balcony.  —Italian ''balcone.''
*'''banana''' [vɑ̀.nə.nɑ] ''n.'' banana. —Spanish ''banana.''
*'''baŋkɔ''' [vɑ́ŋ.kə] ''n.'' bank.  —Spanish ''banco.''
*'''beevɛ''' [vêːv] ''v.'' proclaim.  (''aor:'' '''bok''')
*'''bɛr''' [vɛ́ɾ] ''v.'' carry. (''aor:'' '''bɛss''')  '''bərtɛ''' ''ppl.'' carried, borne.
*'''bɛkəglɛ''' [vɛ̀.kəɡ.lɛ́] ''n.'' bicycle.
*'''bɛsɔrt''' [vɛ̀.sɔɾt] ''n.'' cracker.
*'''bəble''' [və̀v.lə] ''n.'' book.  —Greek βύβλος.
*'''bərkʃɛ''' [və̀ɾk.ʃə] ''adj.'' sharp.
*'''bəʃʃe''' [və́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' nature, habit, custom.
*'''bisikleta''' [ví.sək.le.tə] ''n.'' bicycle.  —Spanish ''bicicleta.''
*'''blɛvɛ''' [vlɛ̀.və] ''n.'' flower.
*'''bləgrɛ''' [vlə̀ɡ.əɾ] ''adj.'' shiny.
*'''bləŋne''' [vlə́ŋ.nə] ''n.'' blight.  '''bləŋdrɛ''' ''adj.'' blighted.
*'''blɔkivɛ''' [vlɔ́.kə.vɛ] ''v.'' shine. (''aor:'' '''bɔɔkisva''')  '''blɔkʃɔʃʃ''' ''adj.'' shining.
*'''blukɛ''' [vlù.kə] ''n.'' shine, incandescence.
*'''boonʒe''' [vôːnd.ʒə] ''n.'' bathroom, restroom.
*'''bɔŋɛ''' [vɔ̀.ŋə] ''n.'' sick person.
*'''briʃvɛ''' [vɾíʃ.və] ''v.'' do, fashion, make.  (''aor:'' '''brɛʃva''')  '''əstɛ''' ''ppl.'' done, made.  '''briʃʃe''' ''n.'' creator.
*'''brostər''' [vròs.təɾ] ''n.'' brother.  '''brotre''' ''n.'' fraternity, brotherhood.

===D===
*'''dənnɛ''' [də̀n.nə] ''n.'' bench.
*'''dɔmɛ''' [dɔ̀.mə] ''n.'' house.
*'''dɔɔlɛ''' [dɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' window.
*'''dɔɔnɛ''' [dɔ̌ːn] ''n.'' thing.
*'''dɔrt''' ''ppl. of'' '''ʃkreevɛ.'''
*'''dɔrʒo''' [dɔ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' door.  '''dɔrʒɔs''' ''pl.''
*'''dramte''' [dɾɑ́mp.tə] ''n.'' drama, play.  —Greek δρᾶμα.
*'''dveegvɛ''' [dvêː.ɡvə] ''v.'' include. (''aor:'' '''-va''')

===E===
*'''eene''' [êːn] ''n.'' morning.
*'''eevɛ''' [êːv] ''v.'' praise.  (''aor:'' '''ogva''')
*'''exne''' [éx.nə] ''n.'' shame.  —Greek αἰσχύνη.
*'''elektrɔnik''' [é.lək.tɾɔ.nək] ''adj.'' electronic.  —Spanish ''electrónico.''
*'''ellɛ''' [él.lə] ''n.'' cat, feline.  —Greek αἴλουρος.
*'''emne''' [ém.nə] ''n.'' anger, wrath.
*'''ensalada''' [ént.sə.lɑ.də] ''n.'' salad.  —Spanish ''ensalada.''

===Ɛ===
*'''ɛɛʒ''' [ɛ̂ʒ] ''adj.'' profound, deep.
*'''ɛgʒɛsvɛ''' [ɛ́ɡ.ʒəs.vɛ] ''v.'' terminate. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ɛxrəstɔ''' [ɛ́x.ɾəs.tɔ] ''interj.'' thanks, thank you.  —Greek εὐχαριστέω.
*'''ɛliʒoo''' [ɛ́.lə.ʒoː] ''v.'' be gracious, show mercy.  —Greek ἔλεος.
*'''ɛlpsvɛ''' [ɛ́lp.svə] ''v.'' hope for, expect. (''aor:'' '''ɛlps''') —Greek ἐλπίζω.
*'''ɛlvɛ''' [ɛ́l.və] ''n.'' oil.  —Greek ἔλαιϝον.
*'''ɛmʒɛn''' [ɛ́m.ʒən] ''n.'' arrangement, order.
*'''ɛnsvɛ''' [ɛ́ns.və] ''v.'' reach. (''aor:'' '''ɛnst''')
*'''Ɛŋglɛk''' [ɛ́ŋ.ɡlɛk] ''adj.'' English.
*'''ɛr''' [ɛɾ] ''v.'' am.
{| cellpadding=5 align=center
! !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1p
| ɛr || ɛsvɛdə || ɛmmɛdə
|-
! 2p
|  ɛsɛ || || ɛzvɛ
|-
! 3p
|  ɛst ||  || ɛrtɛ
|}
*'''ɛʃ''' [ɛ́ʃ] ''v.'' say.  (''aor:'' '''ɛst''')  
{| cellpadding=5 align=center
! !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1p
| ɛʃ ||  iʃvɛdə  ||  iʃmɛdə
|-
! 2p
|  ɛst  || ||  izvɛ
|-
! 3p
|  ɛst ||  || istɛ
|}
*'''ɛtʃɛsvɛ''' [ɛ́t.ʃəs.vɛ] ''v.'' supply. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Ɛvrupɛ''' [ɛ́v.ɾə.pɛ] ''n.'' Europe.  '''Ɛvrupɛk''' ''adj.'' European.  —Greek Εὐρώπη.

===Ə===
*'''əbbɛrvɛ''' [ə̀v.vər.vɛ́] ''v.'' discard, leave behind, drop.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Ədləntɛ''' [ə́d.lən.tɛ] ''n.'' Atlantia.  —Greek Ἄτλας.
*'''əfkerʒe''' [ə̀f.kəɾ.ʒé] ''n.'' due and proper time.  —Greek εὐκαιρία.
*'''əxrɛstʃe''' [ə́x.ɾəst.ʃe] ''n.'' thanksgiving. —Greek εὐχαριστία.
*'''əlve''' [ə̀l.və] ''n.'' overcast sky.
*'''əmbɔ''' [ə̀m.və] ''adj.'' both.
*'''əmres''' [ə̀mb.ɾəs] ''adv.'' daily.
*'''ənde''' [ə̀n.də] ''n.'' water.
*'''əntɛ''' [ə̀n.tə] ''n.'' year.
*'''əŋgeevɛ''' [ə̀ŋ.ɡe.vɛ́] ''v.'' attempt.  (aor: '''əŋgoosa''')
*'''əŋkɛ''' [ə̀ŋ.kə] ''n.'' hook.
*'''əpveevɛ''' [ə̀p.ve.vɛ́] ''v.'' sprout. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ərrɛ''' [ə̀ɾ.ɾə] ''n.'' field, farm.
*'''əʃgɛmvɛ''' [ə̀ʃ.ɡəm.vɛ́] ''v.'' overstep, transgress, trespass. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''əʃgəʃʃe''' ''n.'' transgress, trespass.
*'''əŋʃɛ''' [ə̀ŋk.ʃə] ''n.'' goal, target, destination.
*'''əstɛ''' ''ppl. of'' '''briʃvɛ.'''

===F===
*'''’f''' ''suff.'' genitive marker.
*'''fɛlʒe''' [fɛ́l.ʒə] ''v.'' fill. (''aor:'' '''plɛk, pli-''')
*'''fɛrɛ''' [fɛ̀.ɾə] ''adj.'' close, nigh. (''comp:'' '''fɛrɔʃrɛ''', ''sup:'' '''fɛrɔtmɛ''')
*'''fɛrfooʃre''' [fɛ́ɾ.foʃ.ɾe] ''n.'' perfection. '''fɛrfooʃras''' ''adv.'' perfectly.
*'''fɛtɛ''' [fɛ̀.tə] ''n.'' bread.  '''fɛtivɛ''' ''v.'' bake. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''fɛtostər''' ''n.'' baker.
*'''fəŋtɛ''' [fə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' all.
*'''fəssɛ''' [fə̀s.sə] ''adj.'' beautiful.
*'''fəstre''' [fə̀s.təɾ] ''n.'' father.
*'''filvɛ''' [fíl.və] ''v.'' read. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''firvɛ''' [fíɾ.və] ''v.'' try. (''aor:'' '''fɛrva''')  '''fire''' ''n.'' try, attempt.
*'''fisvɛ''' [fís.və] ''v.'' write. (''aor:'' '''fesva''')  '''fisre''' ''n.'' writing, inscription.  '''fistre''' ''n.'' author.
*'''foobɛ''' [fôːv] ''adj.'' many.
*'''fool''' [fôːl] ''n.'' plain, field.
*'''footam''' [fôː.təm] ''adj.'' most.
*'''fostər''' [fós.təɾ] ''n.'' food.
*'''fɔɔdɔ''' [fɔ̂.də] ''n.'' estate.  —Spanish ''feudo.''
*'''fɔɔlɛ''' [fɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' bottle, flask.
*'''furtmɛ''' [fúɾ.mə] ''adj.'' first; earliest.

===G===
*'''gɛdvɛ''' [ɡɛ́d.və] ''v.'' want. (''aor:'' '''gest''')
*'''gɛmvɛ''' [ɡɛ́m.və] ''v.'' come. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''gatɛ''' ''ppl.'' come, arrived.
*'''gəfʃe''' [ɡə́f.ʃə] ''n.'' host.  '''gəftɔʃʃ''' ''n.'' hosting, booking.  '''gəftɛt''' ''ppl. of'' '''gɔftivɛ.'''
*'''gəʃʃe''' [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' stranger.
*'''gəʃʃe''' [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' step.
*'''glumɛ''' [ɡlù.mə] ''n.'' joy.  '''glumkɛ''' ''adj.'' happy, joyful.
*'''goone''' [gôːn] ''n.'' woe, grief.
*'''gɔdʒɛl''' [ɡɔ́d.ʒəl] ''n.'' measure, quality.
*'''gɔftive''' [ɡɔ́f.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' be a host, entertain. (''aor:'' '''gɔftos''')  '''gəftɛt''' ''ppl.'' hosted, booked.  '''gɔfteere''' ''n.'' entertainment.
*'''-gve''' ''suff.'' place name suffix.

===H===
*'''halɛɛ''' [ɑ́.lɛ]  ''interj.''  hello!
*'''hamartʃe''' [ɑ̀.məɾt.ʃé] ''n.'' sin. —Greek ἁμαρτία.
*'''he''' [e] ''pron. pers. 3p.''  '''həs''' ''gen.''
*'''hɛkrɛ''' [ɛ́k.əɾ] ''n.'' law.
*'''hɛnɛ''' [ɛ̀.nə] ''n.'' old.
*'''hɛʃvɛ''' [ɛ́ʃ.və] ''v.'' have, own. (''aor:'' '''hɛst''')  '''hɛʃre''' ''n.'' possession, ownership.
*'''hɛθ''' [ɛθ] ''adj.'' such.
*'''həmmɛ''' [ə̀m.mə] ''n.'' setup.
*'''hmerɛ''' [mé.ɾə] ''adj.'' wonderful.
*'''hoone''' [ɔ̂ːn] ''n.'' sun.
*'''hɔdne''' [ɔ́d.nə] ''n.'' office, post.  '''hɔdnor''' ''n.'' office, study.
*'''hɔmlodʒe''' [ɔ́mb.ləd.ʒe] ''n.'' confession, acknowledgement.  —Greek ὁμολογία.
*'''hɔmɛ''' [ɔ̀.mə] ''adj.'' same.
*'''hɔŋtivɛ''' [ɔ́ŋ.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' send. (''aor:'' '''hɛrʃva''')  '''hɔŋtire''' ''n.'' mission.  '''hɔŋʃte''' ''n.'' mail, post.
*'''hɔɔlɛ''' [ɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' seat, chair.
*'''hurləgɛɛ''' [úɾ.lə.gɛː] ''n.'' clock.  —Greek ὡρολόγιον.

===X===
*'''xɔle''' [xɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' school.  —Greek σχολή.

===I===
*'''idʒuvɛ''' [íd.ʒə.vɛ] ''v.'' kythe, communicate telepathically. (''aor:'' '''vodva''')
*'''ifʃɛ''' [íf.ʃə] ''adj.'' social, friendly.
*'''ikɛ''' [ì.kə] ''n.'' cure, remedy.  '''ikstre''' ''n.'' healer, doctor.
*'''igivɛ''' [í.ɡə.vɛ] ''v.'' heal. (''aor:'' '''ikva''')
*'''imfekʃɔn''' [ím.fək.ʃɔn] ''n.'' infection. —Spanish ''infección.''
*'''imne''' [ím.nə] ''n.'' spirit.
*'''inɛ''' [ì.nə] ''adj. num.'' one.  '''inɔθ''' [ì.nəθ] ''adv.'' only.
*'''Iroland''' [ì.ɾə.lɑ́nd] ''n.'' Ireland.
*'''irvɛ''' [íɾ.və] ''v.'' revere. (''aor:'' '''is''', ''part:'' '''irʃe''')
*'''isvɛ''' [ís.və] ''v.'' bring. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Italia''' [ì.tə.lí.ə] ''n.'' Italy.

===K===
*'''kaʃɛs''' [kɑ̀.ʃəs] ''pron. interrog.'' how much?
*'''katlɛmte''' [kɑ́t.ləmp.te] ''n.'' hotel, inn.  —Greek κατάλυμα.
*'''kɛ''' [kɛ] ''conj.'' and (between nouns).
*'''kɛdə''' [kɛ́.də] ''pron. interrog.'' what?
*'''kɛg''' [kɛ́ɡ] ''pron. interrog.'' why?
*'''kɛrʒɛ''' [kɛ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' mister, sir.  '''kr.''' ''abbrev.''  —Greek κύριος.
*'''kɛs''' [kɛ́s] ''pron. interrog.'' who?
*'''kəg''' [kəɡ] ''postp.'' among, with, between.
*'''kəglɛ''' [kə̀ɡ.lə] ''n.'' wheel.
*'''kəmmɛ''' [kə̀m.mə] ''n.'' cat.
*'''kəmpɛ''' [kə̀m.pə] ''n.'' corner.
*'''kəŋkɛg''' [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] ''pron.'' whyever.
*'''kəŋkɔg''' [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] ''pron.'' when, whenever.
*'''kəskɛs''' [kə̀s.kəs] ''pron.'' who, whoever.
*'''kətxɛdə''' [kə̀t.xə.də́] ''pron.'' what, whatever.
*'''kəʒʒɛ''' [kə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''pron. interrog.'' where?
*'''kəʒʒɛʒkɛ''' [kə̀ʒ.ʒəʒ.kɛ́] ''v.'' total, put together.
*'''kikɛ''' [kì.kə] ''pron.'' where, wherever.
*'''kilɛ''' [kì.lə] ''adj.'' far, distant.
*'''kiyɔθ''' [kì.jəθ] ''pron. interrog.'' how?
*'''koonʒe''' [kôːnd.ʒə] ''n.'' hill.
*'''kɔg''' [kɔ́ɡ] ''pron. interrog.''  when?
*'''kɔgmɛr''' [kɔ́ŋ.məɾ] ''n.'' gathering, convention.
*'''kɔle''' [kɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' the distance; the dreamtime.
*'''kɔnʃertɔ''' [kɔ̀nt.ʃəɾ.tɔ́], [kən.ʃéɾ.tə] ''n.'' concert.  —Spanish ''concierto.''
*'''kɔŋidʒuvɛ''' [kɔ̀.ŋəd.ʒú.və] ''v.'' commune.  (''aor:'' '''kɔvodva''')  '''kɔŋidore''' ''n.'' communion.
*'''kɔŋŋɔdne''' [kɔ̀ŋ.ŋəd.né] ''n.'' organization, company.
*'''kɔɔnɛ''' [kɔ̂ːn] ''n.'' artist, artisan, maker.
*'''kɔtsye''' [kɔ́t.çə] ''n.'' car.  —Spanish ''coche.''
*'''kr.''' ''abbrev. for'' '''kɛrʒɛ.'''
*'''kθɛmtɛ''' [kθɛ́mp.tə] ''n.'' creature.  —Greek κτίσμα.
*'''kufre''' [kú.fəɾ] ''n.'' kitchen.

===L===
*'''laxɛ''' [lɑ̀.xə] ''n.'' lake.
*'''latɛn''' [lɑ̀.tən] ''adj.'' Hispanic.
*'''ləknɛ''' [lə̀k.nə] ''n.'' lamp.  —Greek λύχνος.
*'''ləmde''' [lə̀m.də] ''n.'' light, torch.  —Greek λαμπάς.
*'''ləŋkʃe''' [lə́ŋk.ʃə] ''n.'' doorbell.
*'''lihne''' [lîːn] ''n.'' moss, lichen.  —Greek λειχήν.
*'''livɛ''' [lí.və] ''v.'' get, acquire. (''aor:'' '''lɛk, li-''')
*'''liʒɔnt''' [lì.ʒənt] ''n.'' lion  —Greek λέων.
*'''lunn''' [lún] ''n.'' lantern.

===M===
*'''martruvɛ''' [mɑ́ɾ.tɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' testify. (''aor:'' '''marts-''')  —Greek μαρτυρέω.
*'''meevɛ''' [mêːv] ''v.'' can, know how (''aor:'' '''mass''')
*'''mɛltɛ''' [mɛ́l.tə] ''n.'' honey.
*'''mɛŋʒvɛ''' [mɛ́ŋɡ.ʒvə] ''v.'' pay attention, mind.  (''aor:'' '''mɛst, mist-''')  '''məŋʒre''' ''n.'' attention.
*'''mɛʃɛ''' [mɛ̀.ʃə] ''adj.'' large.
*'''mɛθa''' [mɛ̀.θə] ''postp.'' with.
*'''məŋtɛ''' [mə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' certain, particular, individual.
*'''məʃrɛ''' [mə́ʃ.əɾ] ''adj.'' main, principal.
*'''məʃve''' [mə́ʃ.və] ''adj.'' short.
*'''miyoŋt''' [mì.jəŋt] ''n.'' cat, kitty.
*'''morɛ''' [mò.ɾə] ''adj.'' proper.
*'''mɔre''' [mɔ̀.ɾə] ''n.'' moss.
*'''mɔrʒe''' [mɔ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' sea.
*'''mɔst''' [mɔ́st] ''adv.'' soon, quickly.

===N===
*'''nadur''' [nɑ̀.dəɾ] ''n.'' nature.  —Latin ''natura.''
*'''nənne''' [nə̀n.nə] ''n.'' language.
*'''ne''' [ne] ''adv.'' not.
*'''nɛ''' [nɛ] ''postp.'' in, within.
*'''nɛbre''' [nɛ́.vəɾ] ''n.'' heaven.
*'''nɛktxɛdə''' [nɛ́k.txə.də] ''adj.'' none whatever.
*'''nɛgməvɛ''' [nɛ́ŋ.mə.vɛ] ''v.'' enter.  '''nɛgmɛr''' ''n.'' entry, admission.
*'''nɛmvɛ''' [nɛ́m.və] ''v.'' distribute, give out. (''aor:'' '''nis''') '''nɛmʃe''' ''n.'' part, portion.
*'''nɛvɛ''' [nɛ̀.və] ''conj.'' nor.
*'''nəlle''' [nə̀l.lə] ''n.'' claw.
*'''nəs''' [nəs] ''pron. 1pl.;''  ''adj.'' our.
*'''nəʃʃe''' [nə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' night.
*'''ninsvɛ''' [níns.və] ''v.'' approach. (''aor:'' '''ninst''')
*'''niŋʃe''' [níŋk.ʃə] ''adv.'' none.
*'''noɛ''' [nò.ə] ''adj.'' new.
*'''nortɛ''' [nóɾ.tə] ''n.'' smell, scent.
*'''noʃvɛ''' [nóʃ.və] ''v.'' smell, sniff. (''aor:'' '''norva''')
*'''nurivɛ''' [nú.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' scent. (''aor:'' '''nɛndrəva''')

===Ŋ===
*'''ŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ''' [ŋɛ́ʒ.ʒəs.vɛ] ''v.'' fit. (''aor:'' '''-va''')

===O===
*'''oge''' [ò.ɡə] ''n.'' prayer.  '''ogive''' ''v.'' pray. (''aor:'' '''ogs''')
*'''ogre''' [óg.ɾə] ''n.'' praise.
*'''ole''' [ò.lə] ''n.'' hall.  —Greek αὐλή.
*'''omər''' [ó.mər] ''n.'' day.
*'''ont''' [ònt] ''n.'' eye.  '''ontʃo''' ''du.''
*'''ookoo''' [ôː.ko] ''n.'' alcohol.  —Arabic الكحل.
*'''ooʒəbər''' [ǒː.ʒə.vəɾ] ''n.'' algebra.  —Arabic الجبر.

===Ɔ===
*'''ɔfrɔt''' [ɔ́f.ɾət] ''adj.'' elegant, choice, select.
*'''ɔkʃɛr''' [ɔ́k.ʃəɾ] ''n.'' wisdom.
*'''ɔpera''' [ɔ́.pə.ɾɑ] ''n.'' opera.  —Spanish ''ópera.''
*'''ɔrbɛ''' [ɔ̀ɾ.və] ''n.'' ceiling.
*'''ɔrivɛ''' [ɔ́.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' buy. (''aor:'' '''vorva''')
*'''ɔsɛ''' [ɔ̀.sə] ''n.'' hook.
*'''ɔsiʃʃe''' [ɔ̀.səʃ.ʃé] ''n.'' death.
*'''ɔʃivɛ''' [ɔ́.ʃə.vɛ] ''v.'' revive, refresh, enliven. (''aor:'' '''voʃva''')
*'''ɔʃlɛ''' [ɔ́ʃ.lə] ''n.'' alley.

===P===
*'''pədre''' [pə̀d.ɾə] ''n.'' rock.  —Greek πέτρη.
*'''pərgɛ''' [pə̀ɾ.ɡə] ''n.'' castle.  —Greek πύργος.
*'''plantʃoo''' [plɑ́nt.ʃo] ''v.'' wander.  (''aor:'' '''plantos''')  —Greek πλάνης.
*'''pləmme''' [plə̀m.mə] ''n.'' down, feathers.
*'''pləmmɛ''' [plə̀m.mə] ''n.'' pen.
*'''prəʃʃɛ''' [pɾə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''postp.'' around, about.
*'''primabera''' [prí.mə.vɛ.ɾə] ''n.'' spring.  —Spanish ''primavera.''
*'''prisvɛ''' [pɾís.və] ''v.'' ask. (''aor:'' '''prɛsva''')
*'''prɔ''' [pɾɔ] ''postp.'' through.
*'''prɔsɛ''' [pɾɔ̀.sə] ''n.'' petition, request.
*'''pθənne''' [pθə̀n.nə] ''n.'' trail, footstep.  —Greek πτέρνη.

===R===
*'''ree''' [ɾêː] ''n.'' matter, affair.  '''reɔs''' ''pl.''
*'''reeʒ''' [ɾêːʒ] ''n.'' source, fount.
*'''restaurante''' [ɾés.təu̯.ɾɑn.tə] ''n.'' restaurant.  —Spanish ''restaurante.''
*'''rɛʃe''' [ɾɛ̀.ʃə] ''n.'' king.
*'''rore''' [ɾó.ɾə] ''n.'' space, room.
*'''rɔgat''' [ɾɔ̀.ɡət] ''n.'' welcome.
*'''rɔmɔm''' [ɾɔ̀.məm] ''n.'' good favor, good will.
*'''rɔte''' [ɾɔ̀.tə] ''n.'' ball.  '''rɔtaʃʃ''' ''n.'' balloon.
*'''rumkɛ''' [ɾúm.kə] ''adj.'' roomy, spacious.

===S===
*'''sɛlfivɛ''' [sɛ́l.fə.vɛ] ''v.'' help.  (''aor:'' '''sɛlfva''')
*'''sɛŋɔ''' [sɛ̀.ŋə] ''adv.'' now.
*'''səŋtɛ''' [sə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' holy.
*'''sərʒe''' [sə̀ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' heart.
*'''səʒʒe''' [sə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''n.'' rank.
*'''sikvɛ''' [sík.və] ''v.'' rain. (''aor:'' '''sis''')  '''sikre''' ''n.'' rain.
*'''sire''' [sí.rə] ''adj.'' blue-green. 
*'''sivɛ''' [sí.və] ''v.'' control. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛss''')
*'''skɔtɛ''' [skɔ̀.tə] ''n.'' darkness, shade.
*'''slore''' [sló.ɾə] ''n.'' report, fame, news.
*'''sneevɛ''' [snêːv] ''v.'' know, be acquainted with.  (''aor:'' '''snɔs, snus-''')
*'''sɔfre''' [sɔ́f.əɾ] ''n.'' bedroom.
*'''sɔme''' [sɔ̀.mə] ''n.'' land, earth, ground.
*'''sɔne''' [sɔ̀.nə] ''n.'' dog.
*'''sɔɔmɛ''' [sɔ̂ːm] ''n.'' psalm.  —Greek ψαλμός.
*'''sɔɔmste''' [sɔ̂ːmste] ''n.'' psalmist.
*'''sɔrrɛ''' [sɔ́ɾ.ɾə] ''n.'' curse.
*'''sɔrt''' [sɔ́ɾt] ''n.'' loaf; dough.
*'''stəʃʃe''' [stə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' status, standing.
*'''stɔle''' [stɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' shirt.  —Greek στολή.
*'''strɛfʒe''' [stɾɛ́f.ʒə] ''n.'' table.
*'''strɛŋgvɛ''' [stɾɛ́ŋɡ.və] ''v.'' stop motion, arrest.  (''aor:'' '''stregva''')
*'''strɔbɛ''' [stɾɔ̀.və] ''n.'' building.
*'''syel''' [çèl] ''n.'' creature.

===Ʃ===
*'''ʃe''' [ʃe] ''pron. pers. 2sg.'' you. '''ʃəs''' ''gen.'' your.
*'''ʃɛlle''' [ʃɛ́l.lə] ''n.'' smile.
*'''ʃɛmbivɛ''' [ʃɛ́m.və.vɛ] ''v.'' bite.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ʃend''' [ʃénd] ''n.'' winter.
*'''ʃɛŋkɛ''' [ʃɛ́ŋ.kə] ''v.'' happen; become. (''aor:'' '''-ka''')  '''ʃɛnkɛr''' ''n.'' birth.  '''ʃɛnkre''' ''n.'' event. 
*'''ʃɛrivɛ''' [ʃɛ́.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' rot. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛrsva''')  '''ʃɛre''' ''n.'' rot, decay.
*'''ʃɛstvɛ''' [ʃɛ́st.və] ''v.'' stand. (''aor:'' '''stok''')
*'''ʃəmbɛ''' [ʃə̀m.və] ''n.'' tooth.
*'''ʃəŋtɛ''' [ʃə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' stressed, strained.
*'''ʃəŋgʒɛ''' [ʃə́ŋɡ.ʒə] ''n.'' ensign.
*'''ʃərtɛ''' [ʃə̀ɾ.tə] ''n.'' yard, garden.
*'''ʃire''' [ʃì.ɾə] ''n.'' hunger.
*'''ʃivɛ''' [ʃí.və] ''v.'' speak. (''aor:'' '''gest''')
*'''ʃkreevɛ''' [ʃkɾêːv] ''v.'' do, perform. (''aor:'' '''ʃkro''')  '''dɔrt''' ''ppl.'' done, performed.
*'''ʃonɛ''' [ʃò.nə] ''n.'' song, music.
*'''ʃɔg''' [ʃɔ́ɡ] ''pron. pers. 1sg. nom.'' I. '''me''' ''acc.'' me. '''məs''' ''gen.'' my.
*'''ʃɔgɛ''' [ʃɔ̀.ɡə] ''n.'' soldier.
*'''ʃɔlive''' [ʃɔ́.lə.vɛ] ''v.'' gladden, make happy. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛlva''')
*'''ʃuyivε''' [ʃú.jə.vɛ] ''v.'' sing.  (''aor:'' '''ʃɛʃɛɛos''')

===T===
*'''taksi''' [tɑ́k.sə] ''n.'' taxi.  —Spanish ''taxi.''
*'''telefɔnɔ''' [tè.lə.fɔ́.nə], [tə.lé.fə.nɔ] ''n.'' telephone.  —Spanish ''teléfono.''
*'''tɛg''' [tɛɡ] ''pron. dem.'' therefore
*'''təmme''' [tə̀m.mə] ''pro. dem.'' this, that. (''pl:'' '''toos''', ''gen:'' '''tɔs''', ''gen. pl.'' '''tirog''')
*'''tərfʒe''' [tə̀ɾf.ʒə] ''n.'' animal.
*'''təstɛs''' [tə̀s.təs] ''pron. dem.'' anyone.
*'''tren''' [tɾén] ''n.'' train, locomotive.  —Spanish ''tren.''

===U===
*'''une''' [ù.nə] ''n.'' hnau, person, sapient creature
*'''unɛ''' [ù.nə] ''adj.'' empty.
*'''urive''' [ú.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' preach, lecture.  '''ureere''' ''n.'' lecture, sermon.

===V===
*'''vee''' [vêː] ''n.'' hand.  '''veeo''' ''du.''  '''veeos''' ''pl.''
*'''veevɛ''' [vêːv] ''v.'' lack. (''aor:'' '''ɔɔs''')  '''veeʃʃe''' ''n.'' lack, need.
*'''veivɛ''' [vêjv] ''v.'' hunt. (''aor:'' '''voisa''')  '''veivor''' ''n.'' the hunt.
*'''vɛ''' [vɛ] ''conj.'' or.
*'''vɛlrɔθ''' [vɛ́ld.ɾəθ] ''adv.'' rather.
*'''vɛntɛ''' [vɛ́n.tə] ''n.'' friend.
*'''vɛrve''' [vɛ́ɾ.və] ''adj.'' good.  (''comp:'' '''vəʒrɛ''', ''sup:'' '''vəʒmɛ''')  '''vɛrʒiʃʃe''' ''n.'' benefit.  '''vɛrvomər''' ''interj.'' hello, good day.  '''vɛrveene''' ''interj.''  hello, good morning.
*'''vɛʃrɛ''' [vɛ́ʃ.ɾə] ''adj.'' strong, intense.
*'''vɛʒʒivɛ''' [vɛ́ʒ.ʒə.vɛ] ''v.'' look at. (''aor:'' '''voʒis''')
*'''vərdɛ''' [və̀ɾ.də] ''n.'' word.
*'''viknɛ''' [vík.nə] ''adj.'' hunting.
*'''vinɛ''' [vì.nə] ''n.'' wine.
*'''viŋe''' [vì.ŋə] ''n.'' love.

===Y===
*'''yagvɛ''' [jɑ́ɡ.və] ''v.'' worship. (''aor:'' '''yast''', ''part:'' '''yagʃe''')  '''yakθɛ''' ''ppl.'' worshipped.  '''yagre''' ''n.'' worship.
*'''yeevɛ''' [jêːv] ''v.'' live. (''aor:'' '''gɛgsva''', ''part:'' '''yeeʃʃe''')
*'''yəmmuθ''' [jə̀m.məθ] ''conj.'' so as to, in order to, because
*'''yəʃʃo''' [jə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''conj.'' like.  '''yəʃʃeenɛ''' ''adv.'' alike.
*'''yəʒʒɛ''' [jə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''pro. dem.'' here.
*'''Yoonɛ''' [jôːn] ''pr. n.'' John.  —Greek Ιωαννης.
*'''yoosɛ''' [jôːs] ''n.'' child, youth, young person. 
*'''yɔbivɛ''' [jɔ́.və.vɛ] ''v.'' fuck.  '''yɔbe''' ''interj.'' fuck!
*'''yɔθɛ''' [jɔ̀.θə] ''n.'' life.
*'''yɔʒrə''' [jɔ́ʒ.ɾə] ''adj.'' free, public.
*'''yure''' [ʒù.ɾə] ''n.'' time, hour; season.  '''yuros''' [ʒù.ɾəs] ''conj.'' until.

===Z===
*'''zvodve''' [zvód.və] ''n.'' sweet.
*'''zvoftɛ''' [zvóf.tə] ''n.'' pastry.
*'''zvosɔlle''' [zvò.səl.lé] ''n.'' cookie.
*'''zvosɔrt''' [zvò.səɾt] ''n.'' cake.

===Ʒ===
*'''ʒeʃɛ''' [ʒè.ʃə] ''n.'' wall.  '''ʒeʃʃɛ''' ''adj.'' walled.  '''ʒeʃivɛ''' ''v.'' to wall.  '''ʒeʃrɛ''' ''adj.'' walled, enclosed. 
*'''ʒevɛ''' [ʒé.və] ''n.'' God.
*'''ʒɛdkɛ''' [ʒɛ́d.kə] ''v.'' give. (''aor:'' '''dɔk, du-''')
*'''ʒɛstivɛ''' [ʒɛ́s.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' greet. (''aor:'' '''ʒɛstsa''')
*'''ʒɛʒkɛ''' [ʒɛ́ʒ.kə] ''v.'' put.  (''aor:'' '''ʒɛk, ʒi-''')
*'''ʒifʃe''' [ʒíf.ʃə] ''n.'' master, sir, Mr.  '''ʒfʃ.''' ''abbrev.''
*'''ʒike''' [ʒì.kə] ''n.'' place, location.
*'''ʒinte''' [ʒín.tə] ''n.'' miss, lady, Mrs.  '''ʒnt.''' abbrev.
*'''ʒomb''' [ʒómb] ''adj.'' deep.

[[Category:Atlantic]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henaudute</title>
    <id>611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29119</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T19:54:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Description==
Henaudute (''Ἡναυδυτε'') is a [[Dele]] language, spoken on [[Arda]].

*Timespan: beginning from 1400s ''anno mundi'' ≈ classical times
*Setting: [[Arda:Yellow Empire|Yellow Empire]] (''Ῥαυραρ Ἡνατε'')

*Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

===Subpages===
*[[Henaudute Lexicon]]
*[[Henaudute texts]]
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[List of rulers of the Yellow Empire]]

==Phonology==
The phonology of Henaudute is very similar to that of Ancient Greek, and for convenience is spelled with the same alphabet.  For convenience it is transliterated to Latin characters in the Roman manner, with one exception, in that ''k'' is used for ''κ''.

===Consonants===
{|
! || Bilabial || Dental || Velar || Glottal
|-
! Voiceless stop 
| '''π''' /p/ || '''τ''' /t/ || '''κ''' /k/ ||
|-
! Aspirated stop
| '''φ''' /pʰ/ || '''θ''' /tʰ/ || '''χ''' /kʰ/ || 
|-
! Voiced stop
| '''β''' /b/ || '''δ''' /d/ || '''γ''' /ɡ/ ||
|-
! Voiceless fricative
|       || '''σ'''/'''ς''' /s/ ||  || '''῾''' /h/
|-
! Voiced fricative
|       || '''ζ''' /z/ ||  ||
|-
! Nasal
|  '''μ''' /m/ || '''ν''' /n/ || ('''γ''' [ŋ]) ||
|-
! Liquid
|         || '''λ''' /l/ || || 
|-
! Tap 
|         || '''ρ''' /ɾ/ || ||
|}


==Morphology==
===Adjectives===
There are few if any true adjectives; most are participial forms.

Comparison of adjectives is formed by prefixation.

{|
| || ''ου'' || ''-θα'' || = '''ουθα'''
|-
| || old ||  &lt;small&gt;PART:T&lt;/small&gt; || :  &quot;old&quot;
|-
|-
| ''ἀμ-'' || ''ου'' || ''-θα'' || =  '''ἀμουθα'''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;COMP&lt;/small&gt; || old || &lt;small&gt;PART:T&lt;/small&gt;  || : &quot;older&quot;
|-
|-
| ''ἰσ-'' || ''ου'' || ''PART:T'' || = '''ἰσουθα'''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;SUP&lt;/small&gt; || old || &lt;small&gt;ADJ:TAN&lt;/small&gt; || : &quot;oldest&quot;
|}

===Gender===
There are three genders, '''ταν''' (''tan'', fire), '''λῡε''' (''lūe'', water), and '''γαρη''' (''garē'', earth). 

*'''Ταν''' is, broadly, all terms of high animacy; this class includes people, animals, ''σταφθα'' (''staphtha'', self-propelled) processes such as fire, and complex systems, where &quot;complex systems&quot; are symptoms comprising simpler systems.  An example is ''λαν'' (''lan'', the hand), which comprises ''νοθι'' (''nothi'', fingers).
*'''Λῡε,''' terms of low animacy, including simple systems, plants, collectives, verbal nouns, parts of ''ταν'' things, and ''ὑνταφθε'' (''huntaphthe'', non-propelled) processes such as rivers.
*'''Γαρη,''' inanimate terms, including parts of ''λῡε'' things, diminutives, augmentatives, mass nouns, words and letters.

[[Category:Dele languages]]
[[Category:Arda]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Stub</title>
    <id>612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14563</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T04:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px 16px; border: 1pt solid #aaaaaa; width: 600&quot;&gt;''This article is a [[FrathWiki:Find or fix a stub|stub]].  If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:About</title>
    <id>613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15069</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-03T02:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leon math</username>
        <id>270</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* What FrathWiki shouldn't be */  added 2 points</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This page is a work in progress.  For more suggestions on what we could or shouldn't be, leave a note on the [[FrathWiki talk:About|talk page]].''

==What FrathWiki is==
Welcome to FrathWiki.  FrathWiki is a free encyclopedia for descriptions of constructed languages (''conlangs'') and cultures (''concultures'').  Here are a few ways ''you'' can contribute:

* '''Present creations.''' Whether you have a detailed grammar or ethnography, a simple lexicon or guidebook, or just a short description and a link to a website, you can post it here.  

* '''Work together.''' The WikiWiki format allows anyone to edit any page, meaning anyone can help, whether in all-out collaborative creation or just proofreading your text.  Every page has its own ‘talk’ page where people can leave comments and constructive criticism.

* '''Teach others.'''  FrathWiki also wants to be a resource for conlangers, conculturers, and worldbuilders.  For this, we need people to contribute descriptions of topics in linguistics and worldbuilding for a creator's perspective.

Our models are sites like [[Wikipedia:Main page|Wikipedia]] and [[Wikibooks:Main page|Wikibooks]].

==What FrathWiki could be==
* ''A repository for conlang texts.'' (Is this practical?)
* ''A place to describe well-known creations such as Esperanto or Tolkien's worlds.'' (If there's a way to do this without transgressing copyright and trademark laws...)
::''See http://lambengolmor.wikicities.com/ for Tolkien''

==What FrathWiki Isn't==
*a whole site devoted to a particular person's conlangs and concultures
*a place to promote your auxlang (auxiliary language, meant for worldwide use)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arda</title>
    <id>614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11209</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Links */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arda''' is the name of the planet (or, in one model, the solar system) where [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-Earth]] is located.  Actually, it is to be understood to be ''our'' world in a fictional mythological past. 

===Links===
* [[Wikipedia:Arda|Arda]] — Wikipedia

----

'''Arda''' is also the name of a collaborative world project begun in August 2001 by members of the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list], and was named after Tolkien's Arda.  The group is now mostly dormant.

===Languages of Arda===
* [[Aèndelan]] by  ''[[User:vornskr|Paul Sherrill]]''
* [[Dele]] (protolanguage) by ''Aidan Grey''
* [[Fanglutsen]] by ''[[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]]''
* [[Gedheql]] by ''Tristan McLeay''
* [[Gotidospran]] by ''Basilius''
* [[Ha Bok]] by ''Mathias''
* [[Henaudute]] by ''[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]]''
* [[Miradéugë]] ''Elliott Lash''
* [[Seinundjé]] by ''Shreyas Sampat''
* [[Tannaamaadaadeele]] by ''Amber''
* [[Taxa]] (protolanguage) by ''Aidan Grey''
* [[Thishedharha]] by ''Damon M. Lord''
* [[Tiwu]] by ''Amanda Babcock''
* [[Xshashrandi]] by ''Dan Jones''

===Links===
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Arda-Lang/ Arda-Lang Yahoogroup]

----
{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Arda|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirius</title>
    <id>615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29241</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:37:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Description==
A sort of interlang intended for furries.
*Homepage: [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Siriuslang Siriuslang] — Yahoo! Group

*Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

===Subpages===
*[[Sirius Lexicon]]
*[[Sirius Texts: Aesop]]

==Pronunciation and Spelling==
*The accent goes on the first syllable of the word.

===Vowels===
There are five vowels:
'''a e i o u'''
These may be pronounced as in Spanish or Italian, with the exception that ''a'' is a schwa ([[IPA]]: /ə/), as in the English word ''cut''.

''E'' and ''o'' may also be pronounced as /æ/ and /ɑ/ respectively (the vowels of American English &quot;cat&quot; and &quot;paw&quot;).

===Consonants===
f h j k l m n ng p r s sh t th tz w y z

These are all pronounced with their English values, with two exceptions:

*''j'' is /ʒ/ as in “A''si''a”, (the same as in French)
*''tz'' is pronounced like /ts/, (the same as in German), but can also be pronounced as /z/ in “zoo”.

Sometimes consonants are written double: ''ff, ck, ll, rr, tt'' etc.  This is generally just a reminder of the pronunciation; the letters are not pronounced double.  

[I hope I can phase the double letters out.  It may make it harder to spell if it is not regular.]

==Grammar==
===Question words===
The most important thing to be able to do is ask questions.  

The basic question words are —

{|
| '''her?''' || ''who?''
|-
| '''het?''' || ''what?''
|-
| '''hoj?''' || ''where?''
|-
| '''ho?''' || ''when?''
|-
| '''he?''' || ''why?''
|- 
| '''hiyu?''' || ''how?''
|- 
| '''hashar?''' || ''how much?''
|}

Example:
*'''Het atsha?''' ''What's that?''

(You can use ''esti'' &quot;to be&quot; here, thus ''Het esti atsha?'' — but it isn't necessary to.)

===Articles===
Sirius does not use words for ''an'' or ''the''.  This may be confusing at first; it may be easier to think of it as sounding like newspaper headlines (''Man dies in fire'').

===Pronouns===
Like Japanese, Sirius does not require [[pronoun]]s in most places, especially when context is enough.  Instead you can use a name, species, title, or whatever.  

Like English, Sirius pronouns have different forms for subject and object, but unlike English they are not marked for [[number]]; thus there is no difference between &quot;I&quot; and &quot;we&quot;; ''mi'' is used for either. 

However, a distinction ''is'' made between character (IC) and out-of-character (OOC) pronouns.  There are also possessive forms.

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
! !! I/we !! mine/ours !! you !! yours
|-
! IC
| meaw || morru || yeu || yorru
|-
! OOC
| me || mor || ye || yor
|}

==Lexicon==
===Basic words===
*''see'' [[Sirius Lexicon]]

===Technical words===
Sirius gets technical terms from Greek and Latin, just like English does.

Examples:
* &quot;illuminate&quot;: Latin ''illuminare'' → Sirius '''illumin'''
* &quot;universe&quot;: Latin ''universum'' → Sirius '''uniwers'''
* &quot;dinosaur&quot;: Greek ''δεινοσαυρος'' (deinosauros) → Sirius '''dinsor''' (or ''tinsor'')
* &quot;metamorphose&quot;: Greek ''μεταμορφόω'' (metamorphoō) → Sirius '''metamorf'''

Basic rules for deriving technical terms:  
# drop off any grammatical endings at the end of the word, like the ''-us, -um, -a'' at the end of Latin nouns, or the -o- in Greek compounds
# there are several sounds that are not in Sirius, so the spelling should be changed: &lt;!-- #*Greek and Latin ''b, d, g'' to '''p, t, k''' --&gt;
#*Latin ''c'' to '''k''', and ''v'' to '''w'''.
#*Greek ''z, ph, th, kh'' to '''tz, f, th, h/k''' ('''h''' before a vowel, '''k''' elsewhere).
#*Greek ''ai, oi'' and Latin ''ae, oe'' to '''e'''.
#*Greek and Latin ''au'' to '''o'''.
#*Greek ''ei'' to '''i''' and ''ou'' to '''u'''.
#*Greek ''y'' to '''i'''.

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Person</title>
    <id>616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8403</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-14T20:56:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Additional persons */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Grammatical person''', in [[linguistics]], is used for the [[grammar|grammatical]] categories a [[language]] uses to describe the relationship between the speaker and the persons or things she is talking about.   Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal [[pronoun]]s.  It also frequently affects [[verb]]s, sometimes [[noun]]s, and [[genitive|possessive]] relationships as well.   

[[English]] traditionally distinguishes three grammatical persons:

The personal [[pronoun]]s &quot;''I''&quot; and &quot;''we''&quot; are said to be in the '''first person'''.  The speaker uses this in the singular to refer to himself; in the plural, to speak of a group of people of which he is a member.

The personal pronoun &quot;''you''&quot; is the '''second person''' pronoun. It refers to the person spoken to.  ''You'' is used in both the singular and plural; the old second person singular pronoun, ''thou'', is archaic in modern English.

All other pronouns and all nouns are in the '''third person'''. This person is traditionally defined to be what is spoken of or anything that is not first or second person.  People who are neither the speaker nor the person spoken to, and any inanimate objects, are referred to in the third person.

In [[Indo-European languages]], first, second, and third person pronouns are all marked for [[singular]] and [[plural]] forms, and perhaps [[dual]] forms as well.  Some languages, especially in Western Europe, distinguish degrees of formality and informality.  Common ways of doing this include using the second person plural pronoun as a singular in formal situations (as in [[French]]); or using an old third person noun, with its third person verb forms, as a second person form of address (as in [[Spanish]] with the word ''usted'').  European languages that exhibit these features of contrasting formality and informality have a [[T-V distinction]], named for ''tu'' and ''vous'', the informal and formal second person pronouns in French.  (Compare ''thou'' for archaic T-V distinctions in English).

Other languages use different classifying schemes, especially in the plural pronouns.  One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between ''inclusive &quot;we&quot;'', a first person plural pronoun which includes the person addressed in the group of &quot;us,&quot; and ''exclusive &quot;we&quot;'', which excludes the person addressed.  These languages would use different pronouns, verb forms, or both to translate these two sentences:

*''We can go into the forest and have adventures.''
*''We mean to stop your evil scheme, Doctor Doom!''

Many of the [[Dravidian languages]] use these distinctions in grammatical person; they exist elsewhere as well.

Other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T-V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people she addresses.  The [[Japanese|Japanese language]] has one well known such system; many [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]] have them as well.  

In many languages, the [[verb]] takes a form dependent on this ''person'' and whether it is singular or [[number|plural]]. In [[English]], this happens with the verb &quot;''to be''&quot;.

*I am (first-person singular)
*You are (second-person)
*He, she or it is (third-person singular)
*We are (first-person plural)
*They are (third-person plural)

When &quot;first person&quot;, &quot;second person&quot;, and &quot;third person&quot; are used as adjectives, they should be hyphenated.

==Additional persons==

The grammars of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons.  The extra categories may be termed ''fourth person, fifth person,'' etc.  Terms such as &quot;fourth person&quot; are not absolute but can refer depending on context to any of several phenomena.

Some languages, the most well-known examples being [[Wikipedia:Algonquian languages|Algonquian languages]], divide the category of third person into two parts: ''proximate'' for a more topical third person and ''[[Wikipedia:obviative|obviative]]'' for a less topical third person.  The obviative is sometimes called the fourth person.   

The term ''fourth person'' is also sometimes used for the category of indefinite or generic referents, that work like ''one'' in English phrases such as &quot;one should be prepared&quot;, when the grammar treats them differently from ordinary third person forms.


See also [[conjugation]], [[grammar]].

----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Grammatical person|Grammatical person]]


[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Number</title>
    <id>617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48951</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T16:19:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link specific numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[linguistics]], '''number''' is a [[grammar|grammatical]] category that specifies the quantity of a [[noun]] or affects the form of a [[verb]] or other part of speech depending on the quantity of the noun to which it refers. Grammatical number is distinct from the use of [[numeral]]s to specify the exact quantify of a noun; number is usually vague. The most common scheme is '''[[singular]]''' (one thing) contrasted with '''[[plural]]''' (many things). Other possibilities are '''[[dual]]''' number, expressing the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, '''[[trial]]''' number for three of a noun, '''[[paucal]]''' number for few but not one of a noun, or a '''[[collective]]''' number that expresses the whole class of the nouns (e.g., ''mankind'').

Languages that distinguish grammatical number commonly do so by [[inflection]]. Verbs and other parts of speech may be inflected to agree with the noun. English does this in a limited way: &quot;he sleeps&quot; but &quot;I sleep&quot;; &quot;this chair&quot; but &quot;these chairs&quot;. Even in languages such as [[Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]] that do not mark common nouns for grammatical number, [[pronoun]]s usually have distinct singular and plural forms. Arguably this is not quite the same concept as grammatical number, since ''we'' is not the same as multiple instances of ''I''.

== English examples ==

[[Modern English]] is typical of languages that have singular and plural number. An English plural can correspond to a dual, trial, paucal, or plural in other languages. Here are some examples of irregular singular-plural pairs:

* ''foot'' (singular), ''feet'' (plural) 
* ''mouse'' (singular), ''mice'' (plural)
* ''I'' (singular), ''we'' (plural)

And one regular example:

* ''encyclopedia'' (singular), ''encyclopedias'' (plural)

Non-borrowed English irregular nouns come in several forms:

Some voice a final fricative when in plural: 
* ''knife'', ''knives'' (/f/ &gt; /v/)
* ''mouth'', ''mouths'' (/T/ &gt; /D/)
* ''house'', ''houses'', (unique plural, /s/ &gt; /z/)
These plurals are distinct in pronunciation from the possessive. There is also a trend in some areas to regularize some of these nouns.

Survivors of the [[Old English]] weak masculine declination add ''-en'':
* ''ox'', ''oxen''
* ''auroch'', ''aurochen'' (archaic)

Other ''-en'' adders are irregular for different reasons:

* ''child'', ''children''
* ''eye'', ''eyen'' (rare)
* ''cow'', ''kine'' (rare)
* ''brother'', ''brethren'' (or ''brothers'')

Some nouns have no plural, or are identical when plural and singular:

* ''moose''
* ''sheep''
* ''fish'' (or ''fishes'')
* ''species''

Pronouns are irregular precisely because they are so common:
* ''I'', ''we''
* ''you''
* ''he she it'', ''they''

Some nouns are rather ''transparently irregular'' because they undergo the process of [[umlaut]]:

*''man'', ''men''
*''foot'', ''feet''
*''mouse'', ''mice''

There are several different kinds depending in the starting and ending vowel, but generally, they converge on /i/.

Most of these nouns are also umlauted in the other [[Germanic languages]].

The (regular) English noun plural marker, -s, has three variants:
* -/s/ next to a voiceless consonant other than a fricative
* -/z/ next to a voiced sound other than a fricative, or a vowel
* -/@z/ or -/Iz/ next to /s/, /z/, /S/, /Z/, /tS/ and /dZ/ (the choice of vowel depending on dialect)

== Other languages ==

[[Slovene]] is more complicated:

* ''babarija'' (''old wives tale'') (singular), ''babariji'' (two ''old wives tales'') (dual), ''babarije'' (three ''old wives tales'')
* ''hi&amp;#353;a'' (''house'') (singular), ''hi&amp;#353;i'' (two ''houses'') (dual), ''tri hi&amp;#353;e'' (''three houses'') (plural), ''&amp;#353;est hi&amp;#353;'' (''six houses'') (plural)
* ''mi&amp;#353;'' (''mouse'') (singular), ''mi&amp;#353;i'' (two or three ''mice'') (dual := plural)
* ''jaz'' (''I'') (singular), ''midva/midve'' (''we'') (dual + [Masculine/Feminine [[gender]]), ''mi/me'' (''we'') (plural [Ma/Fe gender])
* ''vrata'' (one ''door'') (singular), ''dvoje vrat'' (two ''doors'' (dual), ''tri vrata'' (three ''doors'' (plural), ['''plural noun''' with different or same form]
* ''babine'' (''afterbirth period'') (archaic meaning) (singular), ''babini'' (two ''afterbirth periods'') (dual), ''babine'' (three ''afterbirth periods''), ['''plural noun''' with different or same form]
* ''&amp;#269;love&amp;#353;tvo'' (''mankind'') (singular), ''&amp;#269;love&amp;#353;tvi'' (two ''mankind'') (dual), ''&amp;#269;love&amp;#353;tva'' (three ''mankind''), ['''collective noun''' with different form]
** These and similar examples are very often used incorrectly, even in published or electronic dictionaries.

In [[Hebrew]], one can similarly say:

* ''sefer'' (''book'') (singular), ''sfarim'' (''books'') (plural)
* ''yom'' (''day'') (singular), ''yamim'' (''days'') (plural), but ''yomaim'' (two ''days'') (dual)

In terms of pronunciation, however, the majority of nouns (and adjectives) in [[French]] are not actually declined for number. The -s [[suffix]] is not actually pronounced unless the next word starts with a vowel (this is called [[liaison]]) and thus does not really show anything; the plural article or other word is the real indicator of plurality. However, plurals still exist in French because irregular nouns, such as those that end in -l such as ''cheval'' (horse) form plurals in a different way. ''Cheval'' is pronounced [S@val], ''chevaux'' is pronounced [S@vo], and this really shows number differences. The same is true for adjectives.

== Effect of number on verbs and other parts of speech ==

Not only nouns can be [[declension|declined]] by number. In many languages, adjectives are declined according to the number of the noun they modify. For example, in [[French]], one may say ''un arbre vert'' (a green tree), and ''des arbres verts'' ([some] green trees). The word ''vert'' (green), in the singular, becomes ''verts'' for the plural (unlike English ''green'', which remains ''green'').

In many languages, verbs are [[conjugation|conjugated]] by number as well. Using French as an example again, one says ''je vois'' (I see), but ''nous voyons'' (we see). The verb ''voir'' (to see) in the first person changes from ''vois'' in singular, to ''voyons'' in plural. In English this occurs in the third [[person]] (she runs, they run) but not first or second.

Normally verbs agree with their subject noun in number. But in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[gender|neuter]] plurals took a singular verb. In English, or at least British English, singular nouns collectively referring to people may take plural verbs, as ''the committee are meeting''; use of this varies by dialect and level of formality.

Other qualifiers may also agree in number. The English article ''the'' does not, the demonstratives ''this, that'' do, becoming ''these, those'', and the article ''a, an'' is omitted or changed to ''some'' in the plural. In French and German, the definite [[article]]s have gender distinctions in the singular but not the plural. In [[Portuguese]], the indefinite article ''um, uma'' has plural forms ''uns, umas''.

== See also ==

* [[grammar]]
* [[mass noun]]
* [[collective noun]]
* [[measure word]]

----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Grammatical number|Grammatical number]]

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list</title>
    <id>618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47564</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Swadesh list is a list of about 207 words originally drawn up by [[Wikipedia:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]] for the purpose of [[Wikipedia:Glottochronology|glottochronology]].


* [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Swadesh template|Wiktionary:Swadesh template]] can be used to demonstrate the vocabulary of a conlang.

===List of conlang Swadesh lists===
*[[Ibran/Swadesh list|Ibran]]

----

{{msg:stub}}
[[Category:Lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Find or fix a stub</title>
    <id>619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22370</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:26:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A stub is a page whose content is not fully fleshed out yet.  

To mark a stub as a stub, add ''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{msg:stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' to the page. It will display the following message—

{{msg:stub}}  

—where '''stub''' will be a link to this page.  

To find stubs to fix by adding content to them, see [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=MediaWiki:Stub list of pages bearing the stub message].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Editing</title>
    <id>620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34839</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-02T12:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>about categories, since someone asked.  This page could use cleanup...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Basic formatting==

* For more advanced formatting help see [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview|m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview]].

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
|width=50%| For ''italics'' enclose in two single quotes:
  &lt;nowiki&gt;''italic words''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| ''italic words''
|-
| For '''bold''' enclose in three single quotes:  
  &lt;nowiki&gt;'''bold words'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| '''bold words'''
|-
| For bulleted lists, add an asterisk * at the beginning of each line:
  *Bullet one
  *Bullet two
  *Bullet three
|
*Bullet one
*Bullet two
*Bullet three
|-
| For a numbered list, add a # at the beginning of each line:
  #Item one
  #Item two
  #Item three
| 
#Item one
#Item two
#Item three
|-
| To make a link within the wiki (or to certain other wikis such as Wikipedia), enclose it in double brackets.  Use a pipe to link to a different page than what is displayed.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[Esperanto]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[User:Muke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[User:Muke|Muke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[Wikipedia:Lingua Franca Nova]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
* [[Esperanto]]
* [[User:Muke]]
* [[User:Muke|Muke]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lingua Franca Nova]]
(Red links are to nonexistent pages, blue links are to pages on other wikis.)
|-
| To add a page to a category, just add an ordinary link to the category anywhere on the page.  The link will not be displayed inline—it'll show at the bottom of the page—and the page will appear in the category listing.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Conlangs]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

If you actually want to link to the category, and not just put the page into it, add a colon to the beginning of the link:

  &lt;nowiki&gt;[[:Category:Conlangs]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|

|-
| To make a link to a website, enclose it in single brackets.  It will be automatically numbered.  To title a link instead, add the title after a space.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [http://www.google.com]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [http://www.google.com Google]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
* [http://www.google.com]
* [http://www.google.com Google]
|}
----

==Tables==

Table formatting: 
*'''&lt;nowiki&gt;{|&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' begins a table
*'''&lt;nowiki&gt;|}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ends it.  
*Standard cells begin with '''|''' 
*heading cells with '''!''' 
*format options go at the beginning of the cell, separated by '''|'''
*'''|-''' starts a new row

Example table:
  &lt;nowiki&gt;
  {| border=1
  ! heading cell
  |align=center| centered entry
  | third column
  |-
  ! second row heading
  | entry two, noncentered
  | third column, second row
  |}
  &lt;/nowiki&gt;
It looks like this:

{| border=1
! heading cell
|align=center| centered entry
| third column
|-
! second row heading
| entry two, noncentered
| third column, second row
|}

The wiki format can also be entered with a whole row at once, allowing for example easy interlinears:
  &lt;nowiki&gt;
  {| 
  ! nemšé || javmb || morjé-'f
  |-
  | part  || deep  || sea-GEN
  |}
  &lt;/nowiki&gt;
displaying:

{| 
! nemšé || javmb || morjé-'f
|-
| part  || deep  || sea-GEN
|}

The double pipes '''||''' delimit cells or headings (whether it will be one or the other inherits from the first cell on the line; start a new line to change types).

----

==Interwiki links==
You can make links to other wikis just like you make links to pages on this wiki.  To make a link to another wiki, prefix the destination with the Wiki's keyword and a colon (:).

===Useful prefixes===
*Link to [[Wikipedia:Main page|Wikipedia]] with the prefix '''Wikipedia:''' (example: [[Wikipedia:Solresol]])
*Link to [[IBWiki:Ill Bethisad Wiki|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] with the prefix '''IBWiki:''' (example: [[IBWiki:Brithenig]])
*Link to [[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] with the prefix '''ConlangWiki:''' (example: [[ConlangWiki:Khangathyagon]])

''(To suggest a new wiki to link to, contact [[User:Muke|Muke]].)''

{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Popular articles</title>
    <id>621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3978</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-23T04:09:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Main Page&quot;&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt; (601 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kosi&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kosi&quot;&gt;Kosi&lt;/a&gt; (265 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sisiwön&quot;&gt;Sisiwön&lt;/a&gt; (174 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic&quot;&gt;Atlantic&lt;/a&gt; (134 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute&quot;&gt;Henaudute&lt;/a&gt; (126 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran/Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran/Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Ibran/Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (113 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius&quot;&gt;Sirius&lt;/a&gt; (104 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish&quot;&gt;Trentish&lt;/a&gt; (101 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius Lexicon&quot;&gt;Sirius Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (99 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ch-m-_Tlondor&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ch-m- Tlondor&quot;&gt;Ch-m- Tlondor&lt;/a&gt; (92 views)&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list for Ibran</title>
    <id>622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7209</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T01:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ ibran</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Description==
[[Swadesh list]] for the [[Ibran]] language.

{| border=1 cellpadding=2
|-
| 
|
!colspan=3| ''Roesan''
!colspan=2| ''Paysan''
|-
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  English
!c=01|  [[IPA]] 
!c=02|  Latinizal
!c=03|  Cirilizal
!c=04|  IPA
!c=05|  Orthography
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| ˈʝɛ
|c=02| ye
|c=03| ё
| ˈjɛ
| ye
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈty
|c=02| tu
|c=03| тү
| ˈty
| tu
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| ˈiː
|c=02| ill
|c=03| ī
| ˈiː
| ij
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| nɔˈzoːtrs
|c=02| nosautrs
|c=03| нозѡ̄търс
| nəˈzoːtrəs
| nosautrăs
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| vɔˈzoːtrs
|c=02| vosautrs
|c=03| возѡ̄търс
| vəˈzoːtrəs
| vosautrăs
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| ˈiːh
|c=02| ills
|c=03| і̄с
| ˈijəs
| ijăs
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| ˈçeht
|c=02| cétt
|c=03| шитт
| ˈçɛt
| cêt
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| ˈçiː
|c=02| cill
|c=03| ші̄
| ˈçiː
| cij
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| ˈçe
|c=02| cé
|c=03| ши
| ˈçe
| cé
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| ˈaj
|c=02| aill
|c=03| яј
| ˈaj
| àj
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| ˈcçɛ̃
|c=02| chen
|c=03| чен
| ˈcçɛ̃
| chen
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| ˈcçe
|c=02| ché
|c=03| чи
| ˈcçe
| ché
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| ˈũt
|c=02| uont
|c=03| унт
| ˈɔ̃d
| ond
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| ˈkʲɐ̃t
|c=02| cant
|c=03| ќант
| ˈkæ̃d
| quànd
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| ˈkõt
|c=02| cónt
|c=03| кѡнт
| ˈkɔ̃d
| quond
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| ˈnõ
|c=02| nón
|c=03| нѡн
| ˈnɔ̃
| non
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| ˈtuːl
|c=02| tuol
|c=03| тӯл
| ˈtuːl
| tuol
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| ˈmɔːts
|c=02| moets
|c=03| мо̄тс
| ˈmɔjtəs
| moetăs
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| ˈkʲajcç
|c=02| caich
|c=03| ќяјч
| ˈkajcç
| càich
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| ˈpuːks
|c=02| puocs
|c=03| пӯкс
| ˈpuːxəs
| puogăs
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| ˈoːtr
|c=02| autr
|c=03| ѡ̄тър
| ˈoːtrə
| autră
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| ˈỹ
|c=02| un
|c=03| үн
| ˈœ̃
| un
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| ˈduːh
|c=02| duos
|c=03| дӯс
| ˈduːs
| duos
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| ˈtreh
|c=02| trés
|c=03| трис
| ˈtres
| trés
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| ˈkʲatr
|c=02| catr
|c=03| ќятър
| ˈkætrə
| càtră
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| ˈçĩcç
|c=02| cinch
|c=03| шіњч
| ˈçɛ̃cç
| cinch
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| ˈɡrɐ̃t
|c=02| grant
|c=03| грант
| ˈxræ̃d
| grànd
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| ˈlɔ̃k
|c=02| loenc
|c=03| ло̄нк
| ˈlɔ̃ːx
| loeng
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| ˈlɑrk
|c=02| larc
|c=03| ларк
| ˈlɑrx
| larg
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| ˈʰpes
|c=02| spéss
|c=03| ’пиз
| ˈspes
| spéss
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pɛˈzɑl
|c=02| pesal
|c=03| пезал
| pəˈzɑl
| pesal
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| pɛˈtit
|c=02| petit
|c=03| петіт
| pəˈtit
| petit
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| ˈkʲort
|c=02| córt
|c=03| ќѡрт
| ˈkort
| córt
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| ˈʰtrɛjt
|c=02| streit
|c=03| ’трејт
| ˈstrɛjt
| streit
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| ˈmɑɡr
|c=02| magr
|c=03| магър
| ˈmɑxrə
| magră
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| ˈvʲyːn
|c=02| fiun’
|c=03| вү̈̄нъ
| ˈvyːnə
| fună
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| œːn
|c=02| heun’
|c=03| ө̄нъ
| ˈœːnə
| eună
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| pɛrˈzuːn
|c=02| persuon’
|c=03| перзӯнъ
| pərˈzuːnə
| persuonă
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| œːˈvɐ̃t
|c=02| eufant
|c=03| ө̄вант
| œːˈvɑ̃t
| eufant
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| maˈjer
|c=02| maillér
|c=03| мяјир
| məˈjer
| màjér
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| mɑˈril
|c=02| maril
|c=03| маріл
| məˈril
| maril
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| ˈmɑdr
|c=02| madr
|c=03| мадър
| ˈmɑdrə
| madră
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| ˈpɑdr
|c=02| padr
|c=03| падър
| ˈpɑdrə
| padră
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| bɛˈcçuːl
|c=02| bechuol
|c=03| бечӯл
| bəˈcçuːlə
| bêchuolă
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| ˈpʲicç
|c=02| pÿch
|c=03| пїч
| ˈpjɛcç
| piêch
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| ɔːˈʝiː
|c=02| oegill
|c=03| о̄жі̄
| əjˈʝijə
| oegijă
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| ˈcçɐ̃
|c=02| chan
|c=03| чан
| ˈcçæ̃
| chàn
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| pɛˈjil
|c=02| peïl
|c=03| пејіл
| pəˈjillə
| peïllă
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| zɛrˈpjɛ̃t
|c=02| serpient
|c=03| зерпёнт
| zərˈpjɛ̃t
| serpient
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| ˈvjɛrm
|c=02| vierm
|c=03| вёрм
| ˈvjɛrm
| vierm
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| ˈɑrbr
|c=02| arbr
|c=03| арбър
| ˈɑrbrə
| arbră
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| ˈboʰk
|c=02| bósc
|c=03| бѡкк
| ˈbɔk
| bôc
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| bɑˈʰtũː
|c=02| battuon
|c=03| баттӯн
| bəˈtuːn
| bâtuon
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| ˈvrœjt
|c=02| vroit
|c=03| врөјт
| ˈvrɔjt
| vroit
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| ˈʝyːn
|c=02| siun’
|c=03| жү̄нъ
| ˈʒyːnə
| siună
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| ˈœj
|c=02| hoill
|c=03| өј
| ˈhœjə
| heujă
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| raˈjiç
|c=02| raïz
|c=03| ряїш
| rəˈjiç
| raïz
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈkwɛrç
|c=02| querz
|c=03| кўерш
| ˈkwɛrç
| querz
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| ˈvluːr
|c=02| vluor
|c=03| влӯр
| ˈvluːr
| vluor
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| ˈʝɛrb
|c=02| yerb
|c=03| жерб
| ˈjɛrbə
| yerbă
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| ˈkwɛrd
|c=02| querd
|c=03| кўерд
| ˈkwɛrdə
| querdă
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈpiː
|c=02| pill
|c=03| пі̄
| ˈpiː
| pij
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈcçarn
|c=02| charn
|c=03| чярн
| ˈcçærn
| chàrn
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| ˈzãːcç
|c=02| saench
|c=03| зя̄њч
| ˈzæ̃ːɟʝ
| saenģ
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| ˈœjs
|c=02| oiss
|c=03| өјз
| ˈɔjs
| oiss
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈɡraːç
|c=02| graez
|c=03| гря̄ш
| ˈxræːçə
| gràză
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| ˈœjf
|c=02| oif
|c=03| өјв
| ˈɔjvə
| oivă
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| ˈkwɛrn
|c=02| quern
|c=03| кўерн
| ˈkwɛrn
| quern
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| ˈkʲuː
|c=02| cuo
|c=03| ќӯ
| ˈkuːə
| cuoă
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈplym
|c=02| plum’
|c=03| плүмъ
| ˈplymə
| plumă
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| ˈpʲil
|c=02| pÿl
|c=03| пїл
| ˈpil
| pil
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| ˈcçap
|c=02| chap
|c=03| чяп
| ˈcçap
| chàp
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| aˈrʲil
|c=02| arÿl
|c=03| ярїл
| əˈrillə
| àrillă
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| ˈœjl
|c=02| oil
|c=03| өјл
| ˈɔjllə
| oillà
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| ˈnɑs
|c=02| nass
|c=03| наз
| ˈnɑz
| nas
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| ˈbuːcç
|c=02| buoch
|c=03| бӯч
| ˈbuːcçə
| buochă
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| ˈɟʝɛ̃t
|c=02| dient
|c=03| дёнт
| ˈdʒɛ̃t
| dient
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| ˈlĩɡ
|c=02| ling
|c=03| лінг
| ˈlɛ̃xə
| lingă
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| ˈɔ̃ːɡl
|c=02| oengl
|c=03| о̄нгъл
| ˈɔ̃ːxlə
| oenglă
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| ˈpɛj
|c=02| pey
|c=03| пеј
| ˈpɛj
| pej
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| ˈcçoːb
|c=02| chaub
|c=03| чѡ̄б
| ˈcçoːbə
| chaubă
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| ʝɐˈnyl
|c=02| genul
|c=03| жънүл
| ʝəˈnullə
| jănullă
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| ˈmɐ̃
|c=02| man
|c=03| ман
| ˈmɑ̃
| man
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| ˈɑl
|c=02| al
|c=03| ал
| ˈɑlə
| ală
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| ˈvjɛ̃tr
|c=02| vientr
|c=03| вёнтър
| ˈvjɛ̃trə
| vientră
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| ˈtrip
|c=02| trip
|c=03| тріп
| ˈtripə
| tripă
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| ˈkʲœj
|c=02| coil
|c=03| ќөјл
| ˈkœj
| queuj
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| ˈʰcçin
|c=02| schin’
|c=03| ’чінъ
| ˈscçinə
| schină
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| ˈpɛjt
|c=02| peit
|c=03| пејт
| ˈpɛjt
| peit
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| ˈkwɛrt
|c=02| quert
|c=03| кўерт
| ˈkwɛrd
| querd
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| viˈɟʝal
|c=02| figial
|c=03| віџял
| vəˈdʒɑl
| figiàl
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| bɛˈvʲir
|c=02| bevÿr
|c=03| бевїр
| bəˈvir
| bevir
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| mɐ̃ˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| mangiar
|c=03| манџар
| mə̃ˈdʒɑr
| mangiar
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| mɔrˈɟʝir
|c=02| mordÿr
|c=03| мордїр
| mərˈdir
| mordir
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| çyˈcçɑr
|c=02| zuchar
|c=03| шүчар
| çəˈcçɑr
| zuchar
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| ʰkʲœˈpir
|c=02| squeupir
|c=03| ’ќөпір
| skəˈpir
| squeupir
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vaˈmʲir
|c=02| vamÿr
|c=03| вямїр
| vəˈmir
| vàmir
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| byˈvɑr
|c=02| bufar
|c=03| бүвар
| bəˈvɑr
| bufar
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| ɑlɛˈnɑr
|c=02| alenar
|c=03| аленар
| ɑləˈnɑr
| alenar
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| riˈjir
|c=02| riÿr
|c=03| ріїр
| riˈjir
| riïr
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| ˈvɛjr
|c=02| veir
|c=03| вејр
| ˈvɛjr
| veir
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| ˈœjr
|c=02| oir
|c=03| өјр
| ˈɔjr
| oir
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| zɑˈbʲir
|c=02| sabÿr
|c=03| забїр
| zəˈbir
| sabir
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pɛ̃ˈzɑr
|c=02| pensar
|c=03| пензар
| pə̃ˈzɑr
| pensar
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ɔlɔˈrɑr
|c=02| olorar
|c=03| олорар
| ɔləˈrɑr
| olorar
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| krɛˈmʲir
|c=02| cremÿr
|c=03| кремїр
| krəˈmir
| cremir
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dɔrˈmir
|c=02| dormir
|c=03| дормір
| dərˈmir
| dormir
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| viˈvʲir
|c=02| vivÿr
|c=03| вівїр
| vəˈvir
| vivir
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| maˈrir
|c=02| marir
|c=03| мярір
| məˈrir
| màrir
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| tyˈlɑr
|c=02| tular
|c=03| түлар
| təˈlɑr
| tular
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| bɑˈcçir
|c=02| batÿr
|c=03| батїр
| bəˈtir
| batir
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| cçaˈcçɑr
|c=02| chachar
|c=03| чячар
| cçəˈcçɑr
| chàchar
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| tryˈcçɑr
|c=02| truchar
|c=03| трүчар
| trəˈcçɑr
| truchar
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| taˈjɑr
|c=02| taillar
|c=03| тяјар
| təˈjɑr
| tàjar
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| vɛ̃ˈɟʝir
|c=02| fendÿr
|c=03| вендїр
| və̃ˈdir
| fendir
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ʰtɔˈkʲɑr
|c=02| stocar
|c=03| ’тоќар
| stəˈkɑr
| stocar
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| rɑˈcçɑr
|c=02| rachar
|c=03| рачар
| rəˈcçɑr
| râchar
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| cçaˈvɑr
|c=02| chavar
|c=03| чявар
| cçəˈvɑr
| chàvar
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nɑˈlɑr
|c=02| nalar
|c=03| налар
| nəˈlɑr
| nalar
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vɔˈlɑr
|c=02| volar
|c=03| волар
| vəˈlɑr
| volar
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| mɑrˈkʲɑr
|c=02| marcar
|c=03| марќар
| mərˈkar
| marcar
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| vɛˈnir
|c=02| venir
|c=03| венір
| vəˈnir
| venir
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ʝaːˈʝir
|c=02| yaegir
|c=03| жя̄жір
| jəjˈʝir
| yaezir
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| ˈzɛjr
|c=02| seir
|c=03| зејр
| zɛjr
| seir
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| ˈʰtɑr dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| star dereit
|c=03| ’тар дерејт
| ˈstɑr dəˈrɛjt
| star dereit
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| viˈrɑr
|c=02| virar
|c=03| вірар
| vəˈrɑr
| virar
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈçɛjr
|c=02| ceir
|c=03| шејр
| ˈçɛjr
| ceir
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| ˈdɑr
|c=02| dar
|c=03| дар
| ˈdɑr
| dar
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| tɛˈnʲir
|c=02| tenÿr
|c=03| тенїр
| təˈnir
| tenir
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| prɛˈmʲir
|c=02| premÿr
|c=03| премїр
| prəˈmir
| premir
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| vrɛˈtɑr
|c=02| vretar
|c=03| вретар
| vrəˈtɑr
| vretar
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lɑˈvɑr
|c=02| lavar
|c=03| лавар
| ləˈvɑr
| lavar
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| ɛçyˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| ezugiar
|c=03| ешүџар
| ɛçəˈdʒɑr
| ezugiar
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| tiˈrɑr
|c=02| tirar
|c=03| тірар
| təˈrɑr
| tirar
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| bɔˈtɑr
|c=02| botar
|c=03| ботар
| bəˈtɑr
| botar
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| lɐ̃ˈçɑr
|c=02| lanzar
|c=03| ланшар
| lə̃ˈçar
| lanzar
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| ʰtɑˈkʲɑr
|c=02| stacar
|c=03| ’таќар
| stəˈkɑr
| stacar
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| kʲaˈʝir
|c=02| casÿr
|c=03| ќязїр
| kəˈzir
| càsir
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| kʲoːˈplɑr
|c=02| cauplar
|c=03| ќѡ̄плар
| koːˈplɑr
| cauplar
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| diˈçir
|c=02| dicÿr
|c=03| дішїр
| dəˈçir
| dicir
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| cçɐ̃ˈtɑr
|c=02| chantar
|c=03| чантар
| cçə̃ˈtɑr
| chantar
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| ʝɔˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| jogiar
|c=03| жоџар
| ʝəˈdʒɑr
| jogiar
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| vlɔːˈtɑr
|c=02| vloetar
|c=03| вло̄тар
| vləjˈtɑr
| vloetar
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| kʲɔˈlɑr
|c=02| colar
|c=03| ќолар
| kəˈlɑr
| colar
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| ʝɛˈlɑr
|c=02| gelar
|c=03| желар
| ʝəˈlɑr
| gelar
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| kʲɔˈvlɑr
|c=02| covlar
|c=03| ќовлар
| kəˈvlɑr
| covlar
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| zaˈdiː
|c=02| sadill
|c=03| зяді̄
| zəˈdiː
| sadij
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| ˈlyn
|c=02| lun’
|c=03| лүнъ
| ˈlynə
| lună
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| ˈʰtiː
|c=02| still
|c=03| ’ті̄
| ˈstijə
| stijă
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| ˈɑk
|c=02| ac
|c=03| ак
| ˈɑx
| ag
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| plyˈvjɑr
|c=02| pluviar
|c=03| плүвјар
| pləˈvjɑr
| pluviar
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| ˈrif
|c=02| rif
|c=03| рів
| ˈriv
| rif
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| ˈlɑk
|c=02| lac
|c=03| лак
| ˈlɑx
| lag
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈmɑr
|c=02| mar
|c=03| мар
| ˈmɑr
| mar
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| ˈzɑl
|c=02| sal
|c=03| зал
| ˈzɑl
| sal
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| ˈpjɛdr
|c=02| piedr
|c=03| пёдър
| ˈpjɛdrə
| piedră
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| ˈzɑvl
|c=02| savl
|c=03| завъл
| ˈzɑvlə
| savlă
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| ˈporbr
|c=02| pórbr
|c=03| пѡрбър
| ˈporvrə
| pórbră
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈcçɛr
|c=02| tier
|c=03| тёр
| ˈtʃɛr
| tier
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| ˈnyvl
|c=02| nuvl
|c=03| нүвъл
| ˈnyvlə
| nuvlă
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| ˈbrym
|c=02| brum’
|c=03| брүмъ
| ˈbrymə
| brumă
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| ˈçɛl
|c=02| cel
|c=03| шел
| ˈçɛl
| cel
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈvjɛ̃t
|c=02| vient
|c=03| вёнт
| ˈvjɛ̃t
| vient
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| ˈnʲif
|c=02| nÿf
|c=03| нїв
| ˈniv
| nif
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| ˈɡlɑç
|c=02| glaz
|c=03| глаш
| ˈxlɑç
| glaz
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| ˈỹ
|c=02| hum
|c=03| ум
| ˈhœ̃
| hum
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| ˈœjk
|c=02| hoic
|c=03| өјк
| ˈhɔjx
| hoig
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ash
|c=01| ˈçɛ̃dr
|c=02| cendr
|c=03| шендър
| ˈçɛ̃drə
| cendră
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| krɛˈmɑr
|c=02| cremar
|c=03| кремар
| krəˈmɑr
| cremar
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| cçaˈmĩ
|c=02| chamin
|c=03| чямін
| cçəˈmɛ̃
| chàmin
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| mɔ̃ˈtaɲ
|c=02| montanh
|c=03| монтяњ
| mə̃ˈtæɲə
| montànhă
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| ˈroʝ
|c=02| rój
|c=03| рѡж
| ˈroʝ
| rój
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| ˈvʲirt
|c=02| vÿrt
|c=03| вїрт
| ˈvird
| vird
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| ˈɟʝõː
|c=02| giaun
|c=03| џѡ̄н
| ˈdʒɔ̃ː
| giaun
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| ˈblɐ̃k
|c=02| blanc
|c=03| бланк
| ˈblɑ̃k
| blanc
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| ˈnʲir
|c=02| nÿr
|c=03| нїр
| ˈnir
| nir
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| ˈnɔːt
|c=02| noet
|c=03| но̄т
| ˈnɔjt
| noet
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈʝɔrn
|c=02| jorn
|c=03| жорн
| ˈʝɔrn
| jorn
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| ˈaɲ
|c=02| anh
|c=03| яњ
| ˈæ̃
| ành
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈcçoːt
|c=02| chaut
|c=03| чѡ̄т
| ˈcçoːd
| chaud
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈvrɛjt
|c=02| vreit
|c=03| врејт
| ˈvrɛjd
| vreid
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| ˈplɛ̃
|c=02| plen
|c=03| плен
| ˈplɛ̃
| plen
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| ˈnœjf
|c=02| noif
|c=03| нөјв
| ˈnɔjv
| noif
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| ˈvjɛç
|c=02| viez
|c=03| вёш
| ˈvjɛç
| viez
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| ˈbœjn
|c=02| boin
|c=03| бөјн
| ˈbɔjn
| boin
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mɑˈril
|c=02| maril
|c=03| маріл
| məˈril
| maril
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| ˈpydr
|c=02| pudr
|c=03| пүдър
| ˈpydrə
| pudră
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| ˈlyrt
|c=02| lurt
|c=03| лүрт
| ˈlyrd
| lurd
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| dereit
|c=03| дерејт
| dəˈrɛjt
| dereit
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| rɔˈlõt
|c=02| rolónt
|c=03| ролѡнт
| rəˈlɔ̃d
| rolond
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ɑˈɡʲyl
|c=02| agul
|c=03| аѓүл
| əˈxyl
| agul
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ɛjhmyˈʝɑl
|c=02| eimmujal
|c=03| ејммүжал
| ˌɛməˈçal
| êmuzal
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| ˈdœːç
|c=02| deuz
|c=03| дө̄ш
| ˈdœːç
| deuz
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| mœˈjɑl
|c=02| meuillal
|c=03| мөјал
| məˈjɑl
| meujal
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈʝek
|c=02| siéc
|c=03| жик
| ˈʃik
| şic
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| kʲaˈrɛjt
|c=02| careit
|c=03| ќярејт
| kəˈrɛjt
| càreit
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| ˈprɔːç
|c=02| proez
|c=03| про̄ш
| ˈprɔjʃ
| proez
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| ˈlwɛ̃ʝ
|c=02| luenj
|c=03| лўенж
| ˈlwɛ̃ʝ
| luenj
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| dereit
|c=03| дерејт
| dəˈrɛjtə
| dereită
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈʰcçɛr
|c=02| scher
|c=03| ’чер
| ˈscçɛrrə
| scherră
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| ˈɑ
|c=02| a
|c=03| а
| ˈɑ
| a
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| ˈɟʝĩs
|c=02| dÿns
|c=03| дїнс
| ˈdʒɛ̃s
| diens
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈdɐ̃p
|c=02| damp
|c=03| дамп
| ˈdɑ̃
| dam
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| ˈɛ
|c=02| e
|c=03| е
| ˈɛ
| e
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| ˈzɛ
|c=02| se
|c=03| зе
| ˈzɛ
| se
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| pɔrˈcçɛ
|c=02| porche
|c=03| порче
| pərˈcçɛ
| porche
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| ˈnwɛ̃
|c=02| nuém
|c=03| нўим
| ˈnwɛ̃
| nuém¹
|}

# could be ''nuem'' but the plural would still be ''nuémăs'' /ˈnweməs/ (opening the syllable allowing the full quality of the non-nasalized vowel).  Alternatively could be ''nuem, nuems'' (/ˈnwɛ̃/, /ˈnwɛ̃s/).

[[Category:Swadesh lists|Ibran]]
[[Category:Ibran]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tense</title>
    <id>623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8404</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-14T20:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tense''' is a method for dividing up the temporal space.  The common categories are '''present''', '''past''', and '''future''', although sometimes more or fewer categories are expressed.  Different tenses are not always formed in the same way as each other; for example English only distinguishes past and present morphologically, and uses auxiliary [[verb]]s such as ''will'' for the future.

Examples of tenses and tense systems:
*past/nonpast (English) 
*past-present-future (Romance languages)
*distant past / within the past year / the past month / the past day / now / soon / later  (Yagua)

----
{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Orphaned articles</title>
    <id>624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3990</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-04T01:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Main Page&quot;&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Long articles</title>
    <id>625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-04T01:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic Lexicon&quot;&gt;Atlantic Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (22532 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran/Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran/Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Ibran/Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (17727 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute&quot;&gt;Henaudute&lt;/a&gt; (13769 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic&quot;&gt;Atlantic&lt;/a&gt; (3772 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius&quot;&gt;Sirius&lt;/a&gt; (1593 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Main Page&quot;&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt; (1024 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Person&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Person&quot;&gt;Person&lt;/a&gt; (855 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Tense&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Tense&quot;&gt;Tense&lt;/a&gt; (627 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Number&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Number&quot;&gt;Number&lt;/a&gt; (448 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (381 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Arda&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Arda&quot;&gt;Arda&lt;/a&gt; (280 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran&quot;&gt;Ibran&lt;/a&gt; (196 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Dead-end pages</title>
    <id>626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3992</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-05T15:40:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute Lexicon&quot;&gt;Henaudute Lexicon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kasin&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kasin&quot;&gt;Kasin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kel&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kel&quot;&gt;Kel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kosi&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kosi&quot;&gt;Kosi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sisiwön&quot;&gt;Sisiwön&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Somian&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Somian&quot;&gt;Somian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish_Phonology&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish Phonology&quot;&gt;Trentish Phonology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Âdlantki Lexicon&quot;&gt;Âdlantki Lexicon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IPA</title>
    <id>627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48175</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages.  See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]]. 

'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !!
|-
| || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] || [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] || [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] || [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]  || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] || [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] 
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Nasal
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Plosive
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot;| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Affricate
| [[Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless interdental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced interdental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dz]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar affricate|kx]] &amp;nbsp; || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|qχ]] &amp;nbsp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Fricative
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]  [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]  [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]  [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]  [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]  || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]  [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Approximant
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Trill
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] ||
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Tap or Flap
| || [[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]] || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Lateral affricate
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || ||
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Lateral fricative
| [[Voiceless dental lateral fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced dental lateral fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced palatal lateral fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced velar lateral fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Lateral approximant
| [[Dental lateral approximant|l̪]] || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Postalveolar lateral approximant|l̠]] || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]] ||
|}

'''Non-pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives
|-
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
|-
| [[Dental click|ǀ]] Dental || [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]] Dental/alveolar || [[Bilabial ejective|pʼ]] Bilabial
|-
| [[Alveolar click|ǃ]] (Post)alveolar || [[Palatal implosive|ʄ]] Palatal || [[Alveolar ejective|tʼ]] Dental/alveolar
|-
| ǂ Palatoalveolar &lt;!-- palatoalveolar=alveolo-palatal? --&gt; || [[Velar implosive|ɠ]] Velar || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar click|ǁ]] Lateral alveolar || [[Uvular implosive|ʛ]] Uvular || [[Alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] Alveolar fricative
|}

'''Vowels'''
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u
|-
| || || ɪ · ʏ || || ʊ
|-
| Close-mid || e · ø || || ɘ · ɵ || || ɤ · o
|-
| || || || ə
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ · œ || || ɜ · ɞ || || ʌ · ɔ
|-
| || æ || || ɐ
|-
| Open || a · ɶ || || || || ɑ · ɒ
|}

'''Other Symbols'''
{|
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
| w Voiced [[labial-velar approximant]]
|-
| ɥ Voiced [[labial-palatal approximant]]
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| ɺ [[Lateral alveolar flap]]
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
|-
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}

'''Suprasegmentals'''
{|
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
|-
| ˌ || Secondary stress
|-
| ː || Long || eː
|-
| ˑ || Half-long || eˑ
|-
| ˘ || Extra short || ĕ
|-
| . || Syllable break || ɹi.ækt
|-
| || Minor (foot) group
|-
| || Major (intonation) group
|-
| ‿ || Linking (absence of a break)
|}

'''Tones &amp; Word Accents'''
{|
! Level !! Contour
|-
| e̋ or ˥
|-
| é    ˦
|-
| ē    ˧
|-
| è    ˨
|-
| ȅ    ˩
|}

'''Diacritics'''
{|
|  ̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] ||  ̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ||  ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ||  ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
|-
| ʰ || Aspirated tʰ dʰ ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal t̻ d̻
|-
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized tʷ dʷ || ~ || Nasalized ẽ
|-
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ||  ̚ || No audible release d̚
|-
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
|-
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = [[Voiced alveolar fricative]])
|}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirius Lexicon</title>
    <id>628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3997</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-04T13:26:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edit of 218.80.208.18, changed back to last version by Muke</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;&lt; [[Sirius]]&lt;/small&gt;

===Thematic Vocabulary===
====Bodily Actions====
*'''ash''' eat
*'''fi''' drink
*'''finktz''' walk
*'''fru''' jump, leap
*'''herf''' crawl
*'''het''' sit
*'''hish''' hold, grasp
*'''ikoi''' dance
*'''jestu''' gesture
*'''kasiar''' shave
*'''kin''' kill
*'''kiyu''' live
*'''kol''' lie (recline)
*'''kush''' kiss
*'''miartzi''' die
*'''no''' swim
*'''pli''' cry, weep
*'''pritzu''' wrestle
*'''rot''' shout, cry out, yell
*'''sfyutz''' spit
*'''shelra''' smile
*'''shemp''' bite
*'''sheck''' run
*'''shoff''' squat
*'''shosh''' taste
*'''skenj''' drown
*'''skish''' kick
*'''snowu''' breathe
*'''sortu''' laugh
*'''sternu''' sneeze
*'''sto''' stand
*'''strenk''' catch
*'''stresh''' climb
*'''strip''' swallow
*'''swif''' throw
*'''tzank''' touch
*'''tzush''' feel
*'''wemi''' vomit
*'''wiyu''' hunt, pursue
*'''yoff''' yiff

====Body parts and substances====
*'''ansh''' forehead
*'''anshir''' thumb, dewclaw
*'''eckan''' liver
*'''falma''' palm of hand, sole of foot, pawpad
*'''feji''' foot
*'''felna''' fur, skin, hair
*'''fern''' heel
*'''feski''' a hair
*'''finma''' fist
*'''flep''' blood vessel, vein
*'''flom''' feather
*'''foktz''' wound
*'''frust''' anus
*'''gen''' (or ''ken'') gene
*'''hafsha''' head
*'''harf''' wrist
*'''himatz''' fetus, embryo
*'''hofra''' feces
*'''horsku''' wing
*'''host''' bone
*'''hurf''' body
*'''i''' egg
*'''iarta''' iris
*'''iri''' ear
*'''jerni''' finger, toe; digit
*'''keni''' chin
*'''kowi''' paw ('''far-kowi''' hand, forepaw; '''feji-kowi''' footpaw)
*'''lapi''' lip
*'''miar''' meat, flesh
*'''moni''' neck
*'''mosht''' breast
*'''musk''' muscle
*'''mutz''' penis
*'''neckar''' kidney(s)
*'''nora''' nerve
*'''nost''' nose
*'''nuk''' claw, nail, talon
*'''nutz''' back ('''nutz-host''' backbone)
*'''ombla''' navel
*'''ontzi''' eye
*'''orkna''' organ
*'''ori''' buttocks
*'''orshi''' testicle(s)
*'''ostrack''' shell
*'''part''' beard, mane, secondary facial fur
*'''prakina''' arm
*'''preshna''' brain
*'''romna''' throat
*'''rotz''' abdomen, belly
*'''run''' waist
*'''runi''' leg
*'''rutz''' blood
*'''shenu''' cheek
*'''shnu''' knee
*'''shomp''' tooth
*'''shur''' intestines
*'''shwip''' vagina
*'''skelza''' skeleton
*'''skoftz''' shoulder
*'''snomna''' lung(s)
*'''sorj''' heart
*'''sorman''' urine
*'''sorn''' horn
*'''sost''' hip
*'''stomack''' stomach
*'''suji''' sweat, perspiration
*'''tackur''' tear
*'''tashu''' tongue
*'''thurok''' chest
*'''tomna''' tail
*'''uf''' face
*'''ur''' mouth

====Body terms====
*'''arik''' male (adj.), masculine
*'''ari-koni''' hermaphrodite
*'''ihik''' healthy
*'''klum''' pleasure
*'''kolna''' pain
*'''konik''' female (adj.), feminine
*'''mortz''' dead
*'''neshra''' neuter
*'''osh''' awake; be awake
*'''oshtza''' refreshed, zesty, perky
*'''poni''' disease, illness, sickness
*'''poshu''' fat, plump
*'''poktza''' mature, adult
*'''shenkar''' birth
*'''shenra''' sex, gender
*'''skreshi''' fever
*'''sof''' sleep
*'''strod''' tired, weary
*'''tzush''' sense, feel
*'''yuisha''' alive

====Buildings and institutions====
*'''ackar''' farm
*'''ambari''' stairs, staircase
*'''anaki''' prison, jail
*'''fonori''' fireplace
*'''ekliri''' church
*'''etra''' store, shop (n.)
*'''etra-shortz''' market, marketplace (literally shop-yard)
*'''fiark''' tower, castle
*'''hafili''' bar, tavern, pub
*'''hatzki''' cellar, basement
*'''hatzlomtze''' hotel, inn
*'''hefru''' attic
*'''jesh''' wall
*'''kefir''' bridge
*'''matra''' university
*'''molori''' mill
*'''orjistri''' elevator
*'''orp''' ceiling
*'''peplithi''' library
*'''proshori''' factory
*'''ruri''' room
*'''salp''' chimney
*'''shol''' school
*'''shortz''' yard, garden, park
*'''stekoni''' roof
*'''strop''' building
*'''thiyotzar''' theater
*'''tom''' house
*'''torl''' window
*'''toryu''' door
*'''uti''' floor
*'''yuhori''' hospital

====Colors, light, and seeing====
*'''afsfi''' reveal, uncover
*'''fens''' beautiful
*'''fersha''' display, show, exhibit
*'''forji''' inspect, examine
*'''ikna''' image, picture
*'''metu''' blemish, blot
*'''mormron''' ugly
*'''plock''' light
*'''plocki''' shine, radiate light
*'''plonk''' bright, vivid
*'''pluckow''' color
*'''skotz''' shade, shadow
*'''skontz''' dark, dim
*'''sorron''' ornament, decoration
*'''tzofi''' hide, conceal
*'''weji''' to see

*'''fi''' gray
*'''foffar''' purple
*'''hin''' dark blue
*'''horn''' black
*'''luk''' white
*'''narj''' orange
*'''ror''' red
*'''sath''' brown
*'''siar''' green
*'''sol''' yellow

To indicate a lighter color, add '''fol''' &quot;pale&quot; before, thus ''fol ror'' &quot;pink&quot;, ''fol hin'' &quot;light blue&quot;, etc.

====Communication====
*'''alfpetz''' alphabet
*'''antzeri''' an address 
*'''esroy''' announce, proclaim
*'''esroyri''' an advertisement, announcement
*'''homloki''' admit, confess
*'''isti''' say

====Forms of matter====
*'''toln''' thing, object

====Function words====
*'''asha''' this
*'''atsha''' that
*'''e''' if
*'''esti''' to be
*'''etz''' (marks past tense)
*'''fantzi''' every, each
*'''hashar''' how much?, how many?
*'''he''' that (as in &quot;I know that you are right&quot;); why? for what reason?
*'''her''' who?
*'''hesh''' to have
*'''het''' what?
*'''hetzak''' any
*'''hi''' and
*'''hiyu''' how?
*'''ho''' together; when? at what time?
*'''hoj''' where? at/to what place?
*'''inu''' only, solely, exclusively
*'''maki''' to be able to, can
*'''ne''' not
*'''offaru''' to exist
*'''she''' also, too
*'''shen''' to become
*'''shkroy''' to do
*'''skul''' should, ought to
*'''teck''' apart, separately
*'''we''' or
*'''welraz''' but, however
*'''wishar''' maybe, perhaps, possibly
*'''tzo''' then (at this time)
*'''tzoj''' there (at/to this place)
*'''yoj''' here (in/to this place)
*'''yomza''' to cause, to make (as in &quot;make someone happy&quot;)

====Matter-related actions====
*'''yoshoi''' dig

====Numbers====
* '''asifar''' zero (0)
* '''him''' half (½)

#'''in''' 
#'''tu''' 
#'''stri''' 
#'''hetz''' 
#'''fick''' 
#'''west'''
#'''heft'''
#'''ust''' 
#'''nyu''' 
#'''jest''' 

* 20 '''tuar''', 30 '''striar''', 40 '''hetzar''', 50 '''fickar''', 60 '''westar''', 70 '''heftar''', 80 '''ustar''', 90 '''nyuar'''

* '''satz''' hundred (100)
* '''ashal''' thousand (1,000)
* '''ashal-ashal''' million (1,000,000)

e.g., 357 = ''stri-satz fickar heft''

====People====
*'''ari''' man, adult male
*'''festra''' father
*'''fet''' boy, young male
*'''hafsha''' chief, leader
*'''hun''' son
*'''huarla''' girl, young female
*'''jishi''' master
*'''kam''' marriage
*'''kon''' woman, adult female
*'''krep''' baby, infant
*'''meal''' member (of a group)
*'''mostra''' mother
*'''nemfi''' spouse, husband or wife
*'''nenitz''' enemy
*'''prostra''' brother
*'''resh''' monarch, king
*'''rishna''' queen
*'''shonki''' soldier
*'''swerra''' sister
*'''thearm''' person, sapient being
*'''tokstra''' daughter
*'''tual''' slave
*'''wenitz''' friend
*'''wiri''' family
*'''yowiar''' child, young person

====[[Preposition]]s====
*'''a''' to, towards
*'''af''' about, on the topic of; from, out of, away from
*'''afshar''' after, later than; farther than, beyond
*'''es''' outside of
*'''fa''' on, on top of
*'''far''' in front of, before
*'''fe''' at
*'''fershar''' near, close to
*'''for''' before, earlier than
*'''frosh''' around
*'''fru''' through
*'''furo''' across, at/to the other side of
*'''ho''' between, among, amid
*'''hock''' during, while
*'''metz''' with, using, by means of
*'''na''' in, located inside of
*'''ne''' for, in exchange for
*'''nef''' instead of, rather than
*'''nemetz''' without
*'''of''' of 
*'''offar''' above, over
*'''ofshar''' under, below, beneath
*'''ofjatz''' behind, in back of
*'''tzashar''' than, compared to
*'''welratz''' except for, besides, other than
*'''yommu''' because of; for, for the purpose of
*'''yusho''' like, similar to

====Species and types of animals====
*'''anki''' snake
*'''arna''' spider
*'''arta''' grasshopper
*'''aska''' lobster
*'''esa''' horse
*'''ewi''' sheep
*'''fasi''' butterfly
*'''fethik''' monkey, ape
*'''hafar''' goat
*'''harfna''' reptile
*'''hitz''' whale
*'''horkrak''' chicken
*'''hormi''' worm
*'''huck''' pig, swine
*'''ili''' virus
*'''iwi''' bird
*'''kow''' cow
*'''lintz''' lion
*'''mantzi''' mantis
*'''matz''' mosquito
*'''mintz''' cat
*'''molshna''' mammal
*'''muar''' mouse
*'''muri''' ant
*'''muwi''' fly (insect)
*'''olf''' fox
*'''ollu''' wolf
*'''or''' otter ('''riw-or''', river otter; '''mori-or''', sea otter)
*'''orna''' donkey
*'''ortz''' bear
*'''peshla''' bee
*'''prank''' frog
*'''pushi''' insect
*'''samna''' human
*'''sani''' rabbit, hare
*'''self''' cockroach
*'''sertza''' deer
*'''scorristar''' kangaroo
*'''shel''' turtle, tortoise
*'''shu''' fish
*'''skyura''' squirrel
*'''son''' dog
*'''sor''' lizard
*'''trontz''' dragon
*'''tweffij''' anthro or biped (including humans)
*'''tzeckar''' tiger
*'''tzorfsha''' animal (as in not plant)

====Species and types of plants====
*'''arent''' peanut
*'''batot''' potato
*'''eliwa''' olive
*'''erini''' banana
*'''fack''' lentil
*'''fear''' pea
*'''feark''' oak
*'''fel''' cork
*'''fefri''' pepper (black; i.e., not salt)
*'''fetzi''' pine
*'''fihi''' kelp, seaweed
*'''for''' onion
*'''frun''' plum
*'''halm''' bamboo
*'''hampet''' hemp, cannabis
*'''hial''' cabbage
*'''holith''' gourd (e.g. squash)
*'''hormar''' garlic
*'''kave''' coffee
*'''len''' flax
*'''mantrik''' tangerine, mandarin orange
*'''meshi''' grass
*'''meth''' mint
*'''mith''' corn (maize)
*'''mitza''' mushroom
*'''mol''' apple
*'''mork''' carrot
*'''narj''' orange
*'''pampsha''' cotton
*'''pap''' bean
*'''paprick''' pepper (hot/sweet/bell)
*'''potzri''' grape
*'''rimperi''' ginger
*'''rinshin''' ginseng
*'''sehi''' cucumber
*'''senofi''' mustard
*'''sik''' fig
*'''tatzil''' date (fruit)
*'''thretka''' lettuce
*'''uarn''' oat

====Time and sequence====
*'''most''' soon, quickly

====Tools and implements====
*'''rifta''' fan</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paternoster in Ibran</title>
    <id>629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7208</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T01:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category ibran; texts</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;[[Ibran]] &gt;&gt; Paternoster&lt;/small&gt;

==Roesan==
===Latinizal===
''Matie 6:9-13''
*Padre noistr ché dĳns les cels stas, sanctifegial sĳ tu nuém.
*Vĳnģ tu rein. Faet sĳ tu vontal, dĳns les cels cónt sor le tier.
*Da-nos oy noistr pan cotidian.
*E remĳt-nos noistr diuts, cónt nosautrs anch noistr deutuérs remetiux.
*E ne nos mĳt a tentación, meis deliur-nos de maril.

===Cirilizal===
''Матё 6:9-13''
*Падър нојттър чи дїнс лъ’шелс ’тас, занктівеџал зї тү нўим.
*Вїнџ тү рејн. Вя̄т зї тү вонтал, дїнс лъ’шелс кѡнт зор лъ тёр.
*Да-нос ој нојттър пан котіџан.
*Е ремїт-нос нојттър дү̈̄тс, кѡнт нозѡ̄търс ањч нојттър дөтўирс реметү̈̄с.
*Е не нос мїт а тенташѡн, мејс делү̄р-нос де маріл.

==Paysan==
''Matie 6:9-13''
* Padră noîtră ché diens lăs celăs stas, sanctifegiàl siă tu nuém.
* Vingiă tu rein. Faet siă tu vodăntal, diens lăs celăs quónd sobră lă tier.
* Da-nos hoy noîtră pan cotidian.
* E remit-nos noîtră dutăs, quónd nosautrăs anch noîtră deutuérs remetux.
* E ne nos mit a tentacion, meis deliură-nos de maril.

[[Category:Ibran]]
[[Category:Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Muke</title>
    <id>630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49425</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-27T15:45:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Deletion when you can */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Muke, I have my own alphabet and a font that I created myself. Is there any way to use this font on Frathwiki pages (for native names)? (I am aware that, should there be a way to do this, many would not see it - but for those who have the font, it would be great, in addition to transliterations.)[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]

Thanks, Muke. Your advice on the above works perfectly! Just one more thing: how do you change the font size? Sorry to bother you again.
----

Muke, I don't get how to use the combining diacratics. How do they combine with other letters?
Still struggling. I'm trying to combine ◌̄ with an æ ligature and, after following yor advice - placing the combining diacratic after the æ, it still does not combine. What could I be doing wrong? I use Internet Explorer 7, if this helps.
[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]

UPDATE: I've found that the character I want exists anyway. When I use diacratics, I put, for instance, æ◌̄, but the ◌̄ seems to be treated as a letter in its own right. I can't delete the o without first deleting the diacratic (refuses to put cursor between them), which beats the object. Like I said, I've found the right character anyway, so it's no longer a problem, but you may be interested in the behaviour of the software.
----

Muke, This is Elliott from Conlang. I've been working on a Silindion wiki, I was wondering if you would have the time to comment on it, and maybe provide any formatting and or other advice? thanks. 

----
==Trebor/Tables etc.==

LOL. This is Trebor Jung of Conlang. Is this Wiki for your own personal use or can anyone post stuff on their conlangs and/or conworlds? You can reply to me at treborjung at free dot fr.
Thanks.

:Anyone can feel free to post here.  :x)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 11:32, 24 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Trebor again. How do you make tables in Wikipedia? I've seen examples but they look complicated... Thanks. 28 June 2004 14:55 EST

:If you know how, you can use HTML to make tables.  Otherwise, there is a simpler wiki table markup described in brief at [[FrathWiki:How does one edit a page]], and a detailed description of a the table formats the wiki understands at [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables|MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables]].  If that's still not clear, you could mark what needs tabulated, and I could give working on it a shot.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 28 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Thanks. Please make tables at [[Kasin]] for consonants and vowels (please add place of articulation; you can delete the X-Sampa representation), and at [[Kosi]] for these: Consonants, Vowels, (again please add POA),
Cases, Possession, Demonstratives, Aspects, Moods, Voices, Derivation, and Lexicon
. Much appreciated!

----

I tried creating a table for [[Kosi|Kosi's]] vowels. How does it look? (Because I'm visually impaired I can't actually check it myself.) --Trebor, 29 June 2004, 18:00 EST

:It looks all right, except the purpose of the rounded / unrounded line confuses me — the way it lines up it shows &quot;Unrounded&quot; in the same column as &quot;Mid&quot;, and &quot;Rounded&quot; in the same column as &quot;Front&quot; (so that i and e seem to be classed as front rounded vowels).  I'd fix it now but I can't quite make out which cells &quot;Rounded&quot; and &quot;Unrounded&quot; are intended to head (it might need a little more reformatting).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:30, 29 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Whoops. Here are [[Kosi|Kosi's]] vowels and their X-Sampa equivalents: i /i/, ü /y/, û /M/, u /u/, e /e/, ö /2/, y /@/, jo /jo/, ô /7/, o /o/, a /a/, ja /ja/. And could you also help me with tables for Kosi Cases, Possession, Demonstratives, Aspects, Moods, Voices, Derivation, and Lexicon (Lexicon headings: Kosi, Etymology, English; you can remove the brackets and &lt; for the etymology. Also, could you make a vowel table and grammatical structures table at [[Kasin]]. Thanks! Or if you like, I'll try making tables and you can check them? --Trebor, 12:27 EST, 30 June 2004

:I'm working on them by and by.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 11:53, 30 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Oh, I see.

How come when I enter in an accent with Alt codes (e.g. o-trema alt+0246), the page goes out of forms mode without having saved my changes? Annoying. --Trebor, 19:24, 30 June 2004

:My guess is your number lock is off, thus instead of the alt-46 at the end it's reading it as alt-left and alt-right (go back a page, then go forward again) — if I do that in IE it will erase changes that I've made.  If that's not the problem, I'm not sure offhand what else it could be.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:51, 30 Jun 2004 (PDT)

That's strange, I just tried alt+0246 and it worked. But my numb lock was on when I noticed this problem yesterday too (AFAIK)... --Trebor, 08:57 EST, 1 July 2004

== The wrong version loads ==
The [[Sisiwön]] article mentions it is a collaborative conlang. In the group for discussing it, Alex Fink mentioned he added to it, but he additions aren't on the page. I thot maybe the Recent Changes page might give a link to the new version, but it doesn't work. On the Recent Changes page I also noticed you added a Lexicon table to [[Kosi]], but it's not on that page. I went to edit the page, but the table formatting exists in the Edit This Page box, so why not in the actual article? This is very puzzling. --Trebor, 09:52 EST, 2 July 2004

:My guess is that your browser is loading from its cache instead of the server.  Try a hard reload (usually shift-F5) when you view a page, and see if that helps.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:08, 2 Jul 2004 (PDT)

Even more puzzling, I edited [[Sisiwön]] and [[Kosi]], and the changes appeared in the articles :O --Trebor, 11:04, 2 July 2004 EST

== Problem with Table ==
[[Sisiwön]] has a consonant table but it won't show up properly in the article. Why won't it work? --Trebor, 21:17, 2 July 2004 EST

:It should be fixed now.  The table had been begun with pipe then open-brace &quot;|{&quot;, instead of open-brace then pipe &quot;{|&quot;, so it wasn't interpreting it as a table.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 18:25, 2 Jul 2004 (PDT)


Hi Muke, I have a small request: Would you mind please deleting my [[User:Trebor|Trebor]] page as well as the [[Kasin]] page? Thanks. --Trebor

== Question ==

Hi Muke, here's a question to you...

A few days ago, I asked Grzegorz Jagodziński to comment on the Slavic soundchanges discussion on [[Talk:Slevan]]. However, when he tried to register (or to make an edit), he got the following answer: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. You cannot create an account.&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' As he assured me, his IP address is not an open proxy at all. His Internet connection is of such kind that his IP is hidden, and that instead the IP of his provider is shown. There's nothing he can do about that, and obviously he has nothing in common with disseminating spam. Is there anything that can be done? Oddly enough, he had no problem at all registering at Wikipedia.

Cheers, [[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 11:38, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)

:Hi!  This is a feature I didn't know about, but apparently [[Wikipedia:m:Proxy blocking|Proxy blocking]] is on by default.  I shut it off so Grzegorz should be able to login or make edits now.  Any further problems, let me know.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:19, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)

::Thank you! --[[User:167.202.196.71|167.202.196.71]] 21:52, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)

== The Longman Defining Vocabulary ==

I sent this to you by email, but got no answer.  Perhaps my 
spam filter ate it?

Hi Muke,

Do you think  [[User:Melroch/Longman_Defining_Vocabulary]]
would be OK on FrathWiki?  Wordlists aren't copyrightable as
such, but this is based on some research obviously!  I can
of course write to Longman and ask, but it should be noted
that it is cited in respectable academic pages like 
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~kbarker/working_notes/ldoce-vocab.html this] and 
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/roget-actions.html this] 
(these are actually the same site). Note that the version of
the vocabulary at that page is put into an HTML table,
meaning that if you select-copy it the alphabetic order will
be destroyed...

To increase the usefulness of the vocabulary, and
the amount of independent work and so the fair-
use-factor I have added a version of the
vocabulary sorted by frequency.

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:31, 26 April 2006 (PDT)

:It can probably stand.  (I got your mail but it appears that I neglected to respond.) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:25, 26 April 2006 (PDT)

::OK, then I'll move it from my user space to a regular page.
Do you think there is any category it would fit under? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:03, 27 April 2006 (PDT)

:I suppose [[:Category:Lexica]] unless something more ''à propos'' emerges. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:12, 27 April 2006 (PDT)

== The new Langmaker wiki ==

What about adding an interwiki link to the new Langmaker wiki
(and linking to it on the frontpage among the other wikis)?
http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:10, 30 April 2006 (PDT)

== Thanks ==
Just wanted to say thanks.

== Deletion please ==

Please delete [[Moynna ethnographical qestionnaire|this]] page. There is a typo in its title. --'''[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]''' &lt;small&gt;''([[User talk:Zlatiborica|talk]])''&lt;/small&gt; 08:32, 12 July 2006 (PDT)

== Latin Pinyin ==

Hi!  I've dropped some suggestions at [[Talk:Latin Pinyin]].  I ''really'' should get those Vulgar Latin pages I'm planning underway... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:38, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

== Unicode display again ==

Would it be possible to put a 

 body {
    font-family: ''list of fonts from IPA class'';
    font-family /**/:inherit;
    }

definition into [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to make things more generally readable to MSIE users, or would it ruin other aspects of the main definition of &lt;tt&gt;body&lt;/tt&gt;?  I think it would be a Good Thing if it worked.

FWIW I think [[Template:IPA]] is still a good idea, not least 'coz I would like to have the main body in a serif font but IPA in sans in [[User:Melroch/monobook.css|my own style sheet]], though I haven't implemented it just yet, since I've abused [[Template:IPA]] in my [[Kijeb]] page to make sure {{IPA|ŋ}} is readable &amp;mdash; something I hope to be able to remove.  Besides the Vulgar latin page(s) I'm planning will be gibberish unless Unicode is clearly visible throughout, since there will of course be macrons, breves, underdots and &quot;ogoneks&quot; all over the place...
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:56, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

:Sure, go ahead and try it.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:03, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

::I did, and it seems to work &amp;mdash; i.e. [User:Melroch/sandbox] looks OK in MSIE when I'm not logged in &amp;mdash; but it begs the question in what order we should have the fonts in the list, as that order is the order of preference picked by browsers.  May I suggest DejaVu Sans as first choice, as it is a relatively neutral sans that renders reasonably crisply, and AFAIK sans is the default choice of MediaWiki?

::BTW when not using my own style sheet FrathWiki shows in a rather small font size on my machine in all of Firefox, MSIE and Opera.  Is that due to some setting in the wiki, or to some weirdness on my system?  

::Would it be possible to make some kind of poll among registered users as to the default/common.css style issues?, as we don't want to scare new users or visitors away with poor readability.

::[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:48, 16 July 2006 (PDT)

::: Well, I'm not sure whether there's enough community among the users to gather enough to answer polls.  What one could do is set up a page with snippets of CSS that people who might be interested in making particular changes can copy into their user stylesheet.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:30, 28 July 2006 (PDT)

== IPA character entry. ==

Have a look at this:
 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Helferlein/IPA_Typewriter/Versionen/0.1_release

I wonder if there might be a way to make it into a real wiki page?
As is you have to copy-paste it into a local file.  Also it should of course have its labels translated into English -- I can do *that*, but I suck at JavaScript.  I wonder if it could replace the current IPA character entry system on the edit page?  It would take too much place probably, above the save/preview buttons and all! 

To provide one 'phonemic' and one 'phonetic' version of the IPA template insertionlink seems a good idea to me, but the slashes/brackets should go inside the template:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{IPA|/.../}}, {{IPA|[...]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

which IMHO looks best if the IPA is displayed in another font than the surrounding text.
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:06, 28 July 2006 (PDT)

:It might be feasible to set up such a thing with the &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tag currently used, in conjunction with the &quot;editintro&quot; extension (i think it's in [[metawikipedia:Inputbox]]) to create a keyboard _above_ the edit box.  As for making it a wiki page in itself, that would take a bit of engineering: as javascript isn't allowed in wiki pages itself, its function would have to be divided so that all the actual javascript would site in the site's js file.  (But I, too, suck at Javascript, and couldn't implement this.) As for the other thing, the character inserts are put in from [[Mediawiki:Copyrightwarning]]  and as a sysop you can feel free to improve it; as only I have touched the page so far I consider it rough and provisional. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:27, 28 July 2006 (PDT)

==Request for deletion==

Hi Muke; I'd appreciate it if you'd please delete [[Kosi_grammar]]. Thanks. [[User:Trebor|Trebor]] 19:01, 8 August 2006 (PDT)

== Screwed up pages by trying to rename one ==

Hi, Muke -- I think I've made a mess. I was trying to update the page &quot;Neo-Khitanese&quot; to reflect that I've given the lingo a proper name now and not just a placeholder. In trying to update the link to it on the &quot;League of Lost Languages Page&quot; I managed to create a page &quot;Kilda Kelen&quot; with no content; that's the name I want to rename the old &quot;Neo-Khitanese&quot; page. But since this blank &quot;Kilda Kelen&quot; now exists, I can't use the &quot;move&quot; command. And I don't know how to delete the rotten thing. Could you unbollux this for me when you get a chance? All I think needs to be done is to rename the page now listed as &quot;Neo-Khitanese&quot; as &quot;Kilda Kelen&quot;. Many apologies!
-- Kuroda, 24 August '06

==Deleting categories==

Hi Muke -- due to my stupidity I erroneously created two wrong categories, but I seem to be unable to delete them. Is that supposed to be, or is there some special step that has to be taken to delete categories (as opposed to normal articles, which I can delete pretty easily)? Thanks -[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 20:09, 24 November 2006 (PST)

== Infobox ==

Hi, Muke. I have a problem. On my page: [http://wiki.frath.net/Tauro-Piscean_Republic Tauro-Piscean Republic] the Infobox won't work properly and all of its elements are scattered across the page.

What have I done wrong?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 07:46, 23 March 2008 (PDT)

== References and Quoting ==

I can't seem to get the referencing and footnote techniques to work for [[High German]].  Am I missing something?
[[User:Blackkdark]] June 3rd, 2008

:Somehow the extension that allows those hadn't been installed yet. (Just fixed that.)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 00:48, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

:: Thanks for fixing it, but now I don't know exactly how to use it for the site.  At the end I have two direct quotes from a site, and I can't seem to get it to go down to references and insert them.  Any ideas or such? --[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 00:11, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

::: It looks like [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=High_German&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=32335 your syntax may be wrong].  See [[wikipedia:Help:Footnotes]] for the way the tags are to be used.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 04:16, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

== Front page update ==

Hi. Me again!

Well, I had an idea to change the main page quite significantly, but I think it would make the site more efficient to use and more attractive.

It might take me a while to put my ideas together and pick the best design. I will do it as a separate page first to demonstrate, but how would you feel about this?

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 20:19, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Hi, feel free to make improvements.  It is a wiki, after all.  I'd suggest you post proposed changes to [[Talk:Main Page]] though so discussion can happen if anyone else is interested.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:33, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Check out [[New Main Page Demo|my demo page]]. I finished it, but I can of course make alterations. What do you think?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 17:48, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

== Editing of Pages ==

Hi,

I am wondering if I can rename and/or delete entire pages? '''Ilya''', one of my categories has undergone quite a few revisions and I would like to do some intense editing. Thanks. - [[User:Qang|Qang]]

== FrathWiki logo ==
For a bit of fun, I tried to create an alternative FrathWiki logo.

[[Image:Frathwiki2.png]]

I'm not ordering you to use it, but if you like it, I thought I'd offer it to you. If you're interested in it, but there are bits you don't like, tell me and I'll do my best to change it. I can also send you the original Photoshop file with layers.

It is based on the pyramid in the conlang flag. Part of it is deliberately missing (revealing a gold glow beneath to represent insight) akin to the Wikipedia puzzle piece. I thought the texture looked a bit Gothic (relating to the word 'Frath', which is Gothic in origin).

I have created the image in its entirety by myself, so there are no copyright issues.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 15:37, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

:Interesting ideas.  How about putting together a vote, to see what other people think?  There may be others with ideas floating around as well that could be considered.  Could probably start [[FrathWiki:Logo]] for the discussion.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:18, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

----

Mine is not the only logo. Somebody submitted this one to me:

http://anj8ca.blu.livefilestore.com/y1pklH7A_1mj7ZLEd1Dg5t5eGlB7QKWi6uc42uoKMWVxJrGLeO8vexLB20ciFWjBYwMlfRybvdME1M/frathwiki_logo%20copy.jpg

I really like it for its simplicity.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 06:27, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

----

As you probably know, I've made quite a few changes round here recently. So I've made an article about why I made them and what I might be able to do in the future. There is a link to it on the Main Page. I hope you've liked all of the changes and that you don't think I'm getting too big for my boots. I do enjoy working on FrathWiki.

Also, I'm altering the version of my logo, so we should see that discussion resparked some time soon.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 16:46, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

== Charinsert ==
You may have noticed Wikipedia has updated its charinsert box - divided into segments choosable from a drop-down. Is it possible to install that (or a suitable tweak of it) here? Each segment also has an updated glyph order that I find to be much more useful than the Unicode default.

Also, did you ever notice IPA is included twice, first at the top &amp; then within the Latin range (this time with all the outdated/unofficial letters too)?
--[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 10:34, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

:Well, the character edit box is included from [[FrathWiki:Special character insertion]] and should be editable, if you can put together a better character arrangement... as far as the dropdown, that doesn't require installation... it's just a bit of javascript for [[Mediawiki:Monobook.js]].  The code depends on what the character sections end up being though, so if you want to make any changes it might be best to do that first (for now anyway; it ''can'' always be changed).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:01, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

==Melroch and Common CSS==
Hi, Muke. The Common CSS has been changed by Melroch and everything is big. Also, I've checked out Melroch's sandbox and it contains the following strange messages: 

-yes yes sir Melroch-

-yes no way Melroch-

-no no way Philip-

I'm concerned that the account has been hacked.

On a different note, there is a consensus that the logo should be replaced by Cedh Audmanh's plain version (second on this page: [[FrathWiki:Logo]]).

Thanks

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:14, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

:As far as the sandbox, it just seems to be a test of conditional templates.  Not sure about the change to common.css; it seems to have had a greater effect in some browsers than others, so it might just have been insufficient testing.   I've put the new logo in place.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:21, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

== Common CSS blooper ==

What have you done to the Common CSS? Everything's big!--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:09, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
: Sorry about that. My user CSS caused me not to see the real effect of what I had done!  One million apologies! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:06, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

==Spammer alert==

:User: [[User:Dampen]]
:Page: [[Lamasery]]

----

:User: [[User:Infiltrations]] 
:Page: [[McVeigh]]

----

:User: [[User:Shelvings]] 
:Page: [[Bulkheads]]

----

:User: [[User:Partakers]] 
:Page: [[Beautified]]


'''Page/Picture Deletion'''
----

Can you delete this page?

http://wiki.frath.net/Winvid

And these pictures?

http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Ni_kun_glai_di!.jpg

http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Untitled2.jpg

http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Winvid_Consonants.jpg

Thank you. - David

:I've deleted them. I hope you will offer more of your content to FrathWiki in the future. Good luck with your conlanging. --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 23:30, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

== Account Deletion ==

Hi there, again. This is a really good site. And I have had a lot of fun on it with me and my friends. I have always been interested in conlanguages and always will, but for now I don't really feel it's my thing (making them, I mean, I love to read about them though). So for now I think I need my account deleted. I will definitely still visit this site even after I do so. Maybe one day later I will make an account on this site again when I have more time. Thanks alot! --David 02:07, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

== I'm sure about deleting my account ==

Yes, I'm sure I want to delete my account. I meant I intend to look at things on the site. And if one day I decide to make a new account, I will. However now, I am trying to minimize my computer use. And I think for me the best way is to eliminate the cause. So, I'm sorry that I seem so insistent, because it's never a nice day when someone wants to delete their account, and it's nothing about the site itself, I am just trying really hard to spend more time doing other things...so, at that, I'm sorry for leaving, but I think for now this is what I need to do (sounds like I'm about to kill myself xD). Thanks for understanding. Good-bye. --David 03:12, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

== Merge needed ==

I've been organizing things a little, and found the pages [[A priori conlang]] and [[A priori]], which should probably be merged.

There is also [[A posteriori]], but the page [[A posteriori conlang]] has not yet been written. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 12:40, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

== Spambot invasion ==

Check the user creation log... --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 11:07, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

== Deletion when you can ==

When you can, could you delete these pages?
I tried to put up a conlang but I decided it wasn't working out.
*[[Thalsevean]]
*[[Thalsevëan]]
*[[Main Page/Thalsevëan]]
Thanks --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vündëo Achist (Shout Here)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:39, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

:Done. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:51, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

::Thanks again! --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vündëo Achist (Shout Here)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:45, 27 September 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish</title>
    <id>631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29251</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:12:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''A priori'' conlang for a race of [[ent]]like creatures (''trents'', Trentish: ''qlumeu'') in [[Nother]].  Polysynthetic.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lightgrey&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;| Trentish (Nyalohn-sha)
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
| USA
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Region:
| Pacific Northwest
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| —
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[Language families and languages|classification]]:
|[[Language isolate]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lightgrey&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Author: 
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|}

==History==
Not recorded before 1800s.  

==Geographic distribution==
North America; largest populations in Pacific Northwest.

==Sounds==
''Main article: [[Trentish Phonology]]'' 

==Grammar==
''Main article: [[Trentish Morphology]]''

==Vocabulary==
''Main article: [[Trentish Lexicon]]''

==Writing system==
Trentish is written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]].

===Alphabet===
{|
| A || B || D || Dʼ || E || G || I || K || L || Λ̅ || M || N || NG || NY || O || Ö || P || Q || R || S || T || Tʼ || U || Ü || W || X || Y
|-
| a || b || d || dʼ || e || g || i || k || l || ƛ || m || n || ng || ny || o || ö || p || q || r || s || t || tʼ || u || ü || w || x || y
|}

The digraphs ''ng'' and ''ny'' are sometimes written with single characters, and are considered individual &quot;letters&quot; for the purposes of sorting.  Other digraphs such as ''tʼh'' and ''sh'' are not counted as letters.

The capital of letter ''ƛ'' is supposed to be &lt;small&gt;CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH OVERLINE&lt;/small&gt;.

==Examples==
*[http://frath.net/pdf/trent-relay7.pdf Trentish leg of the 7th CONLANG Translation Relay] (PDF, 49K)
*:The text is that which is was in the official relay, but the interlinear and the English translation are new, the originals being lost (at least until the full 7th Relay gets put online).  The Trentish text has been respelled to match current orthography, but not otherwise corrected.

==External links==
* [http://frath.net/language/trentish.shtml Old website]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pronoun</title>
    <id>632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36003</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-20T10:33:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''pronoun''' is a noun with a specific type of reference, but without a fixed referent.  For example, &quot;I&quot; means specifically the person speaking, which is true whoever happens to ''be'' speaking, but the actual person &quot;I&quot; refers to depends on context.

There are several kinds of pronouns:
*'''personal''' pronouns: I, you, we
*'''possessive''' pronouns: mine, yours, ours (as opposed to possessive adjectives: my, your, our)
*'''demonstrative''' pronouns: this, that, those (as opposed to demonstrative adjectives: this car, that house, those people).
*'''reflexive''' pronouns: myself, herself, themselves
*'''relative''' pronouns: that, which, who
*'''interogative''' pronouns: who, when, what
*'''indefinate''' pronouns: some, a few, many

'''Personal pronouns'''

Personal pronouns are most commonly used to replace proper nouns. If you imagine a sentence without pronouns, it could sound cluttered.Compare these two sentences: 

'''I saw ''John'' today and asked ''John'' if ''John'' prefers sugar in ''John's'' tea.'''&lt;br/&gt;'''I saw John today and asked ''him'' if ''he'' prefers sugar in ''his'' tea.'''

The latter sounds much more natural. But notice that there are 3 different forms relating to '''John'''. The first, '''him''' is ''objective'' or ''accusative'' form, since '''John''' is the object of the verb ''ask''. The second is ''nominative'', since '''if''' introduces a new clause, therefore John is the ''subject'', and the third, '''his''' is simply possessive.

Many personal pronouns change their form according to where they are in the sentence, commonly known as '''Case'''. This differs from language to language. However, some retain their form no matter where. A good comparison is the pronoun '''you''', in German (familiar form) and English:

*Nominative/subjective: '''you-du'''
*Accusative/objective: '''you-dich'''
*Dative: '''to you/dir'''

Example sentences:

*'''''You'' are beautiful. ''Du'' bist schön.'''
*'''I saw ''you''. Ich sah ''dich'''''.
*'''I gave it ''to you''. Ich gab es ''dir'''''.

   
----

{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Trentish lexicon</title>
    <id>633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46128</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-18T03:15:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Trentish Lexicon]] moved to [[Nother/Trentish lexicon]]: sheer caprice</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;small&gt;[[Trentish]] &gt;&gt; Lexicon&lt;/small&gt;

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#G|G]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#Λ|Λ]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#NG|NG]] [[#NY|NY]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ö|Ö]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#Tʼ|Tʼ]] [[#U|U]] [[#Ü|Ü]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]]
|}

==A==
*'''an-bol''' ''n.'' the sun
*'''ang''' ''pos.'' within, inside
*'''a-pen''' ''n.'' possessions, inventory (used for alienable possession)
*'''a-phel''' ''v.'' be divided on one end; be fringed; fork

==B==
*'''ba''' ''mk. for n.'' topic: ''ingohba'' &quot;as for trout&quot;
*'''ble-uhn''' ''adj.sc.'' brown [from English]
*'''blu''' ''adj.sc.'' blue [from English]
*'''boh''' ''mk. for v.'' perfect aspect: ''bohguƛan'' &quot;have found&quot;

==D==
*'''dü''' ''fv.'' causative

==E==
*'''e''' ''pos.'' with (instrumental)
*'''e-ƛin''' ''adj.'' whole, entire
*'''en-kà''' ''n.'' a row of teeth

==G==
*'''ga-te''' ''n.'' house
*'''gitw''' ''mk. for n.'' collective: ''gitwingoh'' &quot;school of trout&quot;
*'''gle''' ''adj.sc.'' gray [from English]
*'''glin''' ''adj.sc.'' green [from English]
*'''gr̀''' ''pron.pers.'' (third person, short or low things; informal; near speaker)
*'''grq''' ''mk. for v.'' disapprobative mood: ''grqguƛan'' &quot;find in a way I don't like&quot;; cf. ''phli''
*'''gu-ƛan''' ''v.'' find, discover

==I==
*'''i''' ''mk. for v.'' fictive (irrealis, infinitive) ''ilamen'' &quot;to color&quot;/&quot;may color&quot;
*'''i-ka-ƛi''' ''v.'' trade, barter, exchange
*'''i-loh''' ''adj.sc.'' yellow  [from English ''yellow''.]
*'''i-ngoh''' ''n.'' trout
*'''ix''' ''mk. for adj.'' lesser positive (''ixüsli'' &quot;a little bit red, just barely red&quot;)
*'''i-xli-`''' ''mk. for v.'' to do the opposite of or reverse the effects of: ''ixliiƛan'' &quot;misplace&quot;

==K==
*'''ka-she''' ''n.'' event, happening
*'''kha-men''' ''adj.sc.'' black
*'''khe-o-qloh''' ''v.'' win, gain, acquire, claim
*'''khe-pwu''' ''v.'' travel 
*'''khe-sli''' ''n.'' claw
*'''khi-lu''' ''v.'' pay
*'''khle-de''' ''v.'' rise, ascend
*'''khle-uht''' ''n.'' crowd [from English]
*'''khli-smrs''' ''n.'' Christmas [from English].
*'''khu''' ''pos.'' for the use of
*'''ki-she''' ''fv.'' how?
*'''ki-swoh''' ''fv.'' (imperative)
*'''koh''' ''mk. for v.'' negative: ''kohguƛan'' &quot;not find&quot;
*'''koh-qe-ƛa''' ''adv.'' exceedingly much, a great many, to a great degree
*'''koh-rl''' ''v.'' have trouble, a problem, difficulty
*'''koh-ta''' ''v.'' design, plan
*'''koh-twü-lr''' ''pron.pers.'' (third person: tall or high things; also formal; near hearer)
*'''krr-ngoh-nyoh''' ''v.'' increase, add to
*'''kshi'''  ''n.'' characteristic Trentish garment
*'''kshi-nyi''' ''v.'' be angry (for disappointment, or things going contrary to expectations)
*'''ku-she''' ''n.'' foot
*'''kü-pe-qyi''' ''v.'' take a long time, endure, last
*'''kwa''' ''pos.'' in front of
*'''kwr''' ''v.'' to do, engage in; to be.  '''kwrkwr''' ''n.'' existence, being; action, doing

==L==
*'''la''' ''v.'' run
*'''la-men''' ''v.'' paint, color
*'''la-tha''' ''v.'' ruin, mess up, sabotage, disorder
*'''le-phuh-te''' ''fv.'' wonder (question particle)
*'''liish''' ''n.'' leash [from English]
*'''loh''' ''mk. for adj.'' (negative: ''lohüsli'' &quot;not red&quot;)
*'''loh-a''' ''v.'' put, place
*'''loh-no''' ''v./fv.'' must, have to (be obligated to do something)
*'''lr̀'''₁ ''n.'' place, location
*'''lr̀'''₂ ''mk. for v.'' converts to noun of location or target: ''lrguƛan'' &quot;place of discovery; thing sought&quot;; hence also, participial adjective: ''lrguƛan'' &quot;found&quot;
*'''lr̀'''₃ ''pron.pers.'' (third person: short or low things; informal; near hearer)
*'''lu''' ''n.'' throat
*'''lu-loh''' ''v.'' prefer
*'''lu-phi''' ''v.'' climb
*'''lu-pr''' ''v.'' cough
*'''lu-syi''' ''pron.pers.'' you (second person)
*'''lut''' ''pos.'' towards
*'''lu-tʼhi''' ''n.'' egg

==Λ==
*'''ƛap''' ''n.'' the world
*'''ƛi''' ''mk. for v.'' unergative voice: ''ƛiguƛan'' &quot;invent (intr.)&quot;
*'''ƛi-khi''' ''n.'' mouse
*'''ƛoh''' ''v.'' worry
*'''ƛoh-kha''' ''n.'' wife
*'''ƛoh-mu-pu''' ''v.'' chip at, whittle away
*'''ƛoh-psha''' ''adj.bin.'' pregnant

==M==
*'''ma-khe''' ''n.'' table (furniture)
*'''me''' ''mk. for n.'' paucal aggregate: ''meingoh'' &quot;a few trout together&quot;
*'''me-na''' ''v.'' be hysterical, delirious, frenzied
*'''mi-myi-no''' ''n.'' medicine, medical treatment
*'''mi-na''' ''adj.bin.'' two
*'''moh-sa''' ''mk. for adj.'' (excessively, too much: ''mohsaüsli'' &quot;too red&quot;)
*'''mu-lwr-li''' ''v.'' pump
*'''myi-ƛa''' ''v.'' tear, rip
*'''myi-ngye''' ''n.'' tail

==N==
*'''ne-moh-khe''' ''adj.sc.'' heavy
*'''ni-sya''' ''fv.'' want to know which [not quna?]
*'''no''' ''mk. for v. or n.'' occupational noun: ''noguƛan'' &quot;inventor&quot;, ''noingoh'' &quot;trout-fisherman&quot;
*'''noh-ku''' ''v.'' be silent.  ''adj.sc.'' silent
*'''noh-trr''' ''v.'' rent, be loaned; borrow for a price
*'''no-ngu-pshe''' ''n.'' hunter [no-ngupshe]
*'''no-qu-kwa''' ''n.'' president [no-qu-kwa]
*'''nö-lo''' ''v.'' ache, hurt
*'''nu-ma''' ''mk. for n. or adj.'' converts to privative adjectives: ''numaingoh'' &quot;troutless&quot;; ''numaüsli'' &quot;without redness&quot; (cf. ''loh'')
*'''nu-ma-goh-da-koh-ta''' ''adj. bin.'' random; lit. without design [numa-kohta²]

==NG==
*'''nga-swu-ƛoh''' ''fv.'' need, have to have or have done
*'''nga-ƛu''' ''pos.'' against, next to (touching) [error for nyaƛu]
*'''ngoh-lu-ngoh-ƛu-she-ya''' ''n.'' award, prize [ngoƛu²-sheya]
*'''ngoh-ƛu''' ''v.'' merit, be worth or worthy
*'''ngrr-mwu''' ''v.'' forget
*'''ngu''' ''mk. for adj.'' exceptionally, very, to a great degree (''nguüsli'' &quot;very red&quot;)
*'''nguh-ngwoh''' ''n.'' son or daughter
*'''ngu-pshe''' ''v.'' hunt
*'''ngwoh''' ''pos.'' with (comitative)
*'''ngwoh-la''' ''n.'' building not used as a residence
*'''ngwu-ngwa''' ''n.'' day


==NY==
*'''nya-la-le''' ''n.'' cat
*'''nya-loh-ni''' ''n.'' manner, way, method
*'''nya-ƛoh''' ''v.'' be cruel, mean, unkind
*'''nya-ƛu''' ''pos.'' against, next to (touching)
*'''nya-tha''' ''adj.sc.'' big
*'''nye''' ''pos.'' from, out of
*'''nyi''' ''v.'' categorize, [stereo]type, classify
*'''nyi-nyi''' ''n.'' kind, type, sort
*'''nyi-qoh''' ''v.'' surprise, startle
*'''nyoh-nü''' ''v.'' see. '''nyohnünyohnü''' ''n.'' sight, vision, seeing
*'''nyr-sya''' ''n.'' price
*'''nyȕ''' ''pron.pers.'' (first person)

==O==
*'''oh-loh''' ''adv.'' now
*'''o-lrn-shr̀''' ''adj.sc.'' orange  [from English]
*'''os''' ''pos.'' on the topic of, about
*'''o-xa-lü''' ''adj.bin.'' dead

==Ö==
*'''öt''' ''pron.pers.'' third person, near speaker; neutral

==P==
*'''pa-lakh''' ''v.'' hate
*'''pha''' ''n.'' tool
*'''phaib''' ''n.'' pipe [from English]
*'''phing-kr̀''' ''adj.sc.'' pink
*'''phli-`''' ''mk. for v.'' effrenative: ''phliguƛan'' &quot;had no qualms in finding&quot;
*'''phö-phrl''' ''adj.sc'' purple [from English]
*'''pi''' ''adj.sc.'' little, weak, ineffective; ''mk. for adj.'' to a slight degree, small amount: ''piüsli'' &quot;slightly red&quot;
*'''pnyr''' ''pron.pers.'' third person neutral, near hearer
*'''poh''' ''adv.'' in the past
*'''pshi-phe''' ''v.'' trap

==Q==
*'''qe-mè''' ''adj.bin.'' the same; in common, shared
*'''qli''' ''v.'' tell
*'''qlis''' ''v.'' describe [qli-s]
*'''qli-shi''' ''v.'' study, read
*'''qloh-lu''' ''mk. for adj.'' as much as, equally much: ''qlohluüsli'' &quot;just as red&quot;
*'''qlu''' ''mk. for v.'' converts to participial adjective: ''qluguƛan'' &quot;finding&quot; (''X''ive, ''X''y, etc.)
*'''qlu-la''' ''adj.sc.'' fast, quick
*'''qlu-me-u''' ''n. plur.'' people (in general)
*'''qoh''' ''mk. for adj.'' (positive degree: ''qohüsli'' &quot;red, some red&quot;)
*'''qoh-noh-gòh''' ''pron.'' (third person, tall or high things; formal; near the speaker)
*'''qoh-nye''' ''v.'' to become famous, well-known, popular
*'''qu''' ''v.'' stand up
*'''qu-na''' ''fv.'' want to know whose/which [not nisya?]
*'''quu''' ''mk. for v.'' passive: ''quuguƛan'' &quot;be found&quot;
*'''qwa-moh''' ''v.'' blame or use as scapegoat
*'''qwoh-la''' ''adj.bin.'' lead (Pb)
*'''qya''' ''fv.'' accuse

==R==
*'''r''' ''mk. for n.'' possessive: ''ringoh'' &quot;trout's&quot;
*'''r-la''' ''v.'' think.  '''rlrla''' ''n.'' idea.
*'''r-le''' ''n.'' moon; month
*'''r-le-nge''' ''conj.'' therefore, for this reason
*'''r-lr-swu''' ''n.'' dish, plate
*'''r̀-lu-sr''' ''adj.sc.'' yellow/green ([[Berlin &amp; Kay]] &lt;small&gt;GREEN&lt;/small&gt;)

==S==
*'''s''' ''pos.'' on the topic of, about
*'''san''' ''adv.'' during, while
*'''se-pu-qr''' ''v.'' heal
*'''se-pu-qe-pha''' ''v.'' (medical) operate [sepuqr-e-pha]
*'''se-te''' ''v.'' kill
*'''sha''' ''v.'' speak, say
*'''sha-no''' ''v.'' have (be characterized by, i.e. have allergies)
*'''sha-ƛu-moh''' ''n.'' hnau, person (in general; cf. ''u'')
*'''sha-qsha''' ''adv.'' so, thus
*'''sha-twoh''' ''n.'' dog
*'''sha-uh''' ''adj.bin.'' flat
*'''she-ya''' ''n.'' thing, something
*'''she-si''' ''n.'' wall
*'''shi''' ''n.'' piece
*'''shoh-la''' ''n.'' set, group
*'''shoh-li''' ''mk. for n.'' convert to adjective: ''shohliingoh'' &quot;trout-shaped, trout-like&quot; (sholingoh?)
*'''shol-lu-tʼhi''' ''adj.bin.'' oval [sholi-lutʼhi]
*'''shr-loh-nga''' ''v.'' have a duty or responsibility
*'''shr-loh-ngal-lr''' ''n.'' office [shrlohnga-lr]
*'''shü''' ''v.'' try, test the value of, prove
*'''shüg''' ''v.'' scratch; write
*'''slu-she''' ''n.'' balances, a scale (for weighing)
*'''soh-poh-ne''' ''v.'' lead
*'''su''' ''fv.'' know how
*'''su-mwu''' ''n.'' property, belongings
*'''sya''' ''mk. for v. or n.'' tool-forming: ''syaguƛan'' &quot;finding-tool&quot;, ''syaingoh'' &quot;tool for preparing trout&quot;
*'''sya-ngwa''' ''adj.bin.'' empty
*'''sya-pshi-phe''' ''n.'' trap [sya-pshiphe]
*'''sye'''₁ ''n.'' field
*'''sye'''₂ ''pos.'' on, upon
*'''sye-ku-shr-xa''' ''adv.'' upright [sye₂-kushe-r-xa]

==T==
*'''ta''' ''v.'' use
*'''ta-ke''' ''fv.'' swear or affirm to be true
*'''tè''' ''mk. for adj.'' convert to noun: ''tüsli'' &quot;redness&quot;
*'''te-ngwa-loh''' ''fv.'' how much?
*'''tha-bal''' ''v.'' walk
*'''tha-pwu''' ''adv.'' five (adv? — ''thapwungwungwa'' &quot;the 5th&quot;)
*'''thag''' ''v.'' wear
*'''tha-tha-e''' ''n.'' burden, load
*'''the''' ''conj.'' and
*'''thi-ni''' ''adj.sc.'' slow
*'''thol''' ''pos.'' upon, atop
*'''thö''' ''mk. for v.'' iterative aspect: ''thöguƛan'' &quot;keep finding&quot;
*'''toh-ƛe''' ''adv.'' only
*'''töü''' ''pos.'' near; ''adj.bin.'' previous
*'''tsha-sr-lrl''' ''n.'' snail
*'''tu-pwa''' ''n.'' body
*'''tu-wu''' ''fv., v.'' think
*'''tü-qu''' ''n.'' friend
*'''twa-r''' ''adv.'' every, each
*'''twe-na''' ''adj.bin.'' forked
*'''twe-srl–u''' ''n.'' terras person
*'''twil''' ''adj.sc.'' white
*'''twoh-si''' ''v.'' owe
*'''twu-mya''' ''v.'' live; ''adj.bin.'' alive


==Tʼ==
*'''tʼhe-le''' ''n.'' old woman
*'''tʼhi-nya''' ''n.'' scale (fish or reptile)
*'''tʼwe''' ''v.'' go, come, move from one place to another.  '''tʼwetʼwe''' ''n.'' motion, moving
*'''tʼwal''' ''v.'' flow

==U==
*'''u''' ''n.'' person, especially a trent; someone
*'''uhg''' ''mk. for v.'' middle voice ''uuhguƛan'' &quot;find oneself&quot;
*'''uh-kr-loh''' ''v.'' prepare
*'''u-lal''' ''v.'' miscarry
*'''u-ma-lòh''' ''adj.'' fluffy, fuzzy

==Ü==
*'''ü-kös''' ''v.'' inhabit, dwell in
*'''ü-sli''' ''adj.sc.'' red

==W==
*'''win''' ''v.'' win [from English]

==X==
*'''xa'''₁ ''pron.pers.'' reflexive
*'''xa'''₂ ''n.'' earth
*'''xan''' ''pron.pers.'' third person distant: formal; high or tall things
*'''xa-tr''' ''n.'' hat [from English]
*'''xe''' ''adj.bin.'' all
*'''xi-la''' ''v.'' be made out of
*'''xi-ni''' ''pron.pers.'' third person distant; neutral
*'''xi-she''' ''adj.bin.'' one
*'''xlog''' ''adj.sc.'' washed clean
*'''xoh''' ''v.'' help
*'''xr̀''' ''pron.pers.'' third person distant: informal; short or low things
*'''xth''' ''mk. for v.'' causative of external source: ''thguƛan'' &quot;make find&quot;
*'''xtʼhoh''' ''v.'' have a sharp point

==Y==
*'''ya''' ''pron.dem.'' when, then
*'''ye-tshe''' ''v.'' steal
*'''yi-noh''' ''n.'' child, youth

[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish Morphology</title>
    <id>634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4000</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-24T17:35:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>a couple spelling/gramm errors.  Can't really work on this well until I organize my old notes.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Morphological typology==
Trentish is a highly [[polysynthesis|polysynthetic]] language.  The verb word itself can have up to eight components, some of which themselves may comprise multiple [[morpheme]]s:

{|
| § || '''imenggrrnoqukwauhglathanxyr'''
|-
| || i-mel-grq-''noqukwa''-uhg-''latha''-ny-xr
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;FICT&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;CUMUL&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;DIS&lt;/small&gt;-''president''-&lt;small&gt;MIDD&lt;/small&gt;-''mess:up''-1-3
|-
| || &quot;for the president to continue making himself worse (in a way I don't approve of)&quot;
|}

It is predominantly [[agglutination|agglutinative]], as morphemes can generally be easily isolated.  

===Morphological processes===
*''Infixation,'' ''stem modification'' (such as [[ablaut]]), and ''suprasegmental modification'' do not play roles in Trentish morphology.

====Prefixation====
Trentish is predominantly prefixing.  Most derivation is formed by prefixes, and most verbal morphology is prefixed.

{|
| § || '''noikaƛi''' 
|-
| || ''no''-ikaƛi
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;OCCUPATION&lt;/small&gt;-trade 
|-
| || &quot;trader&quot; 
|}

Some prefixes, which may have once had a strong stress accent, cause a following vowel to drop, and appropriate assimilations to be carried out:

{|
| § || '''ixliiƛan'''
|-
| || ''ixli''-gùƛan
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REVERSE&lt;/small&gt;-find
|-
| || &quot;misplace&quot;
|}

====Suffixation====
Some grammatical operations are carried out with suffixes.

{| 
| § 
|colspan=2| '''rlrswum yetshenlyu'''
|-
| || rlrswu-''m'' || yetshe-''ny-lu''
|-
| || dish-&lt;small&gt;PAT&lt;/small&gt; || steal-1-2
|-
| 
|colspan=2| (I know) &quot;you are stealing a plate&quot;
|}

====Reduplication====
Reduplication is used to produce resultative nouns from verbal roots.

{|
| § || '''malimali''' 
|-
| || mali-mali 
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;-speak 
|-
| || &quot;speech, message&quot; 
|}

In reduplication, no more than the first two syllables are reduplicated.   Also, some complex segments are subject to simplification: ejective stops become plain stops, and ''ƛ'' becomes ''l''.

{|
| § || '''igaikaƛi''' 
|-
| || iga-ikaƛi
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;-trade 
|-
| || &quot;transaction&quot;
|}

{|
| § || '''lohƛoh'''
|-
| || loh-ƛoh
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;-worry
|-
| || &quot;concern&quot;
|}

===Head/dependent marking===
Trentish is mainly head-marking.

====Possession====
Possession is head-marking: a noun is marked for whether it is possessed, and by whom. 

{|
| § || '''gatrnyü''' || '''gatrlusyi'''
|-
| || ''gate''-r-nyü || ''gate''-r-lusyi
|-
| || ''house''-&lt;small&gt;POSS&lt;/small&gt;-1 || ''house''-&lt;small&gt;POSS&lt;/small&gt;-2
|-
| || &quot;my house&quot; || &quot;your house&quot;
|}

====Nouns with adjectives====
Dependent-marking: adjectives cannot stand alone, but are either compounded to a noun, or to a verb such as ''kwr'' &quot;be&quot;, which does not mark the head noun as being modified. ''[Perhaps it should?]''

{|
| § || '''oxalüu''' || '''u oxalükwr ''
|-
| || oxalü-u || u oxalü-kwr 
|-
| || dead-man || man dead-be 
|-
| || &quot;a dead man&quot; || &quot;a man who is dead&quot;
|}

====Prepositional phrases====
Head-marking: in many cases the preposition is compounded to the noun, thus '''anglu''' &quot;in the throat&quot;.  In longer words (including all words formed by reduplication), a different construction:

{|
| § 
|colspan=2| '''ngohlungohƛusheya  exr''' 
|-
|  || ngohlungohƛusheya || e-xr
|-
| || award || with-3
|-
| 
|colspan=2| &quot;with an award&quot;
|}

====Verb phrases====
Head-marking: the verb takes markers for agent and patient, as well as the observer (or ''frame'').  A verb can thus stand on its own as a full sentence.

{|
| § || '''xinisetenxyr'''
|-
| || xini-sete-ny-xr
|-
| || 3-kill-1-3
|-
| || &quot;(I know) she's killing him&quot;
|}

==Nouns==
Prototypical Trentish nouns refer to concrete entities with implied or bounded quantity.  They are found as the subjects of clauses, and incorporate with verbs as objects.  They can take number and topic/second marking.

''Complex nouns'' (a category including proper names, reduplicated terms, and words longer than three syllables) do not normally participate in incorporation.

===The noun word===
The structure of the noun word is currently:

* (prepositional)-(number)-(incorporated adjective)-(reduplication)-'''stem'''-(topic/second)

===Possessability===
Trentish has a class of words which are inherently possessed, that is, that must appear with a possessive, and a class of words which are optionally possessed, which may or may not appear with a possessive.

Optionally possessed things are called '''apen'''.

The possessive marker for inherently possessed words is '''-r-''' between the owned and the owner, while ''apen'' words are supposed to use a different construction. 

''The information on this section is incomplete because it is lost.  I may need to reinvent it, or get rid of the distinction [until recently I had forgotten entirely that possessability was a factor, and later translations may ignore this]...''

===Number===
Trentish nouns are by default unmarked for [[number]].  There is, however, optional number marking, along two axes, paucal vs. plural and separate vs. aggregate&lt;sup&gt;? congregate?&lt;/sup&gt; (physically grouped together).  The singular may be overtly marked with '''sr̀-''' /s(ʌ)-/.  

{| cellpadding=5
| '''shatwoh''' || “dog/dogs” || || '''srshatwoh''' || “one dog/a dog”
|-
| '''meshatwoh''' || “a few dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in different places) || || '''qlumeshatwoh''' || “many dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in different places)
|-
| '''enshatwoh''' || “a few dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in one place) || || '''qlenshatwoh''' || “many dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in one place)
|}

The markers are:
{| 
! !! paucal !! plural
|-
! separate 
| /me-/ || /ʔlu-me-/
|-
! aggregate 
| /el-/ || /ʔl-el-/
|}

===Topic/second===
Trentish nouns mark for “topic” and “second”.  Roughly, topic is the most important argument of the verb (subject or direct object), and second is the other; indirect objects not being marked.  The topic marker is '''-ba''' /-pa/, and the second marker '''-òm''' /-(ɔ)m/.

{|
| § 
|colspan=3| '''shatwohba shaƛumohm ungupshixr'''
|-
| || shatwoh-ba || shaƛumoh-m || u-ngupshe-i-xr
|-
| || dog-&lt;small&gt;TOP&lt;/small&gt; || person-&lt;small&gt;SEC&lt;/small&gt; || person-hunt-1-3
|-
|
|colspan=3| &quot;The dog(s) hunt(s) a person/people&quot;
|}

{|
| § 
|colspan=3| '''shaƛumohba shatwohm ungupshixr'''
|-
| || shaƛumoh-ba || shatwoh-m || u-ngupshe-i-xr
|-
| || person-&lt;small&gt;TOP&lt;/small&gt; || dog-&lt;small&gt;SEC&lt;/small&gt; || person-hunt-1-3
|-
|
|colspan=3| &quot;The person/people was/were hunted by dog(s).&quot;
|}


==Voice==
Trentish verbs are marked for [[voice]].  

There are five voices, '''active''', '''unergative''', '''unaccusative''', '''passive''', and '''middle'''.  Their use depends on the presence of and importance given to the agent and patient.

{| cellpadding=5
! agent !! patient !! voice !! marker
|-
| high || low || ''active'' / ''middle'' || ∅ / /ʊk-/
|-
| high || none || ''unergative'' || /tɬi-/
|-
| low || high || ''passive'' / ''middle'' || ∅ / /ʊk-/
|-
| none || high || ''unaccusative'' || /ʔuu-/
|}

The middle voice is used if the agent and patient refer to the same entity (''me'' and ''myself'') or an entity and a part of itself (''me'' and ''my nose'').

The ''high'' agent or patient is marked with the topic marker /-pɑ/.
The ''low'' agent or patient is marked with /-(ɔ)m/.

==Aspect==
There are at least six [[aspect]]s, which are focuses on the status of the event.

{| cellpadding=5
! aspect !! description !! marker
|-
| imperfective ||  seen as in progress || ∅
|-
| perfective ||  seen as completed || /po-/
|-
| iterative || seen as happening many times together || /tʰø-/
|-
| cumulative || iterative with cumulative effect  || /mel-/
|-
| reluctative || seen as happening with reluctance || /ɑk-/
|-
| effrenative&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt; || seen as happening without reluctance &lt;br&gt; (either in a good or bad way) || /pʰli-/
|}

==Mood==

{| cellpadding=5
! [[mood]] !! description !! marker
|-
| indicative || seen as real || ∅
|-
| probable || seen as expected or inevitable; &lt;br&gt; future || /tʷo-/
|-
| fictive || seen as hypothetical; &lt;br&gt;subjunctive, infinitive, (negative) || /i-/
|}

==Adjectives==
There are two types of adjective in Trentish, ''scalar'' and ''binary''.  Scalar adjectives are always marked for degree (the simplest form is the positive /ʔo-/).  Adjectives can be used nominally.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kosi</title>
    <id>635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29128</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:03:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A grammar sketch of Kosi is available [http://r0ry.co.uk/kosigrammar.php here] and a lexicon [http://r0ry.co.uk/kosilex.php here].

==[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power The Rings of Power poem]==

{|
| Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky, || Rihu bülatu mara edlis kotsülemdroha, || Three rings owned by the happy forest people kings under the sky,
|-
| Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, || Su bülatu harühau lanau mara rihkulemdroha, || Seven rings owned by the stone halls-dwelling short gold man kings,
|-
| Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, || Kru bülatu bohadvasak om, || Nine rings owned by the death-fated humans,
|-
| One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne || Üsu bulatu saudab drohülab sauddroha || One ring owned by the Evil King on his dark throne
|-
| In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. || Vaibsojau hasakau Bulatmotjokau. || In the shadow-dwelling Ring-Destruction-Place.
|-
| One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, || Üs bulat, maremab ukra, öt maremt srih, || One ring, it will rule everyone, it will find everyone,
|-
| One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them || Öt maremt deh, öt maremt örau endar || It will unify everyone, it will bind them at night
|-
| In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. || Vaibsojau hasakau Bulatmotjokau. || In the shadow-dwelling Ring-Destruction-Place.
|}

==Assorted sentences==

{|
| We are sitting in the night, and like the night, we are silent. || Usut hlis ül, örai kras. || group-PROX.DEM night.sky-SUB sit, night-ADV silent || This group is sitting under the night sky, and, like the night, is silent.
|-
| The clouds floated over the sea. || Vai omik sokab osmi. || many cloud sea-SUP fly || Clouds flew above the sea.
|-
| John is taller than he (John) thinks. || Jan hnehai jera; at maur lan. || John incorrect-ADV believe; he more tall || John has an incorrect belief; he is taller.
|-
| John is taller than he (someone else) thinks. || Üs Janü hnehai jera; ket maur lan. || 1 John-ASS incorrect-ADV believe; 2 more tall || He1 has an incorrect belief about John; he2 is taller.
|-
| The parents named their child something strange. || Amta neki laskai kajos. || parents child.ACC strange-ADV CAUS-carry || They strangely named the child.
|-
| The man swept the floor (such that the floor was) clean. || Man dönt lantalini tisri. || man floor-ACC broom-INS clean || The man cleaned the floor using a broom.
|-
| I prefer to swim across the river. || Serem beski makul. || I river-INS COM-swim || I want to swim using the river.
|-
| Give him his money back. || Mara sömjot ndandima. || all money-ACC IMP-give.back || Give back the money.
|-
| How cold is it outside? || Kim smin kaut sülau neb? || what amount coldness forest-INE exist || How cold is it outside?
|-
| I haven't found my socks yet, but I will if I keep searching. || Kelem ken dreklt ntovar, kelem dasahau dadsreh, kelem likös. || I two.ACC sock-ACC NEG-know.location.of, I future-INE but-SJBV-search, I RESUL-succeed || I don't know where my two socks are, but if I keep looking, I will succeed.
|-
| These chocolates are for the girl who helped me with math. || Kelem ljekkranumo lana makhrai, ket samelnü mhal miloseh. || I chocolate-piece-OBV.DEM girl-DAT COM-give, 2 mathematics-ASS me help || I want to give these chocolates to a girl; she helped me with mathematics.
|-
| Your parents are brothers (of each other)! || Amtü kelauk ds&amp;#xF6;k ndos! || parents-ASS you younger.brother older.brother || Your parents are brothers!
|-
| Would you like the black one or the white one? || Kelauk ört tint makjat, skovt tint emakjat? || you black-ACC thing-ACC COM-see, white-ACC thing-ACC either/or-COM-see || Do you want the black one or want the white one?
|-
| The tank is full. || Miktekhas num. || tank full || The tank is full.
|-
| The tank filled. || Miktekhas menum. || tank INC-full || The tank began to be full.
|-
| John filled the tank. || Jan miktekhes kanum. || John tank.ACC CAUS-full || John caused the tank to be full.
|-
| The water filled the tank. || Mara miktekhas kömri menum. || all tank water\PL-INS INC-full || The tank filled using water.
|-
| I am not going to wed one of my daughters to such a daft boy. || Üs lanü kelem lomast mahat jamal, kelem dorom. || one daughter-ASS I daft-ACC boy.ACC-OBV.DEM marry, I forbid || I forbid that one daughter of mine will marry that daft boy.
|-
| I need some explanations. || Kelem rün kelöst ndahal. || I few explanation-ACC IMP-hear || I must hear a few explanations.
|-
| I'm not a linguist. || Kelem hnaumt ntül. || I language-ACC NEG-study || I don't study language.
|-
| Can you speak Kosi? || Kelauk elsai Kosi kel? || you know.how.to Kosi-INS speak || Do you know how to speak using Kosi?
|-
| I ceased to behave like my former self. || Kelem barai mevukreh. || I new-ADV INC-behave || I began to behave newly.
|-
| I will lay waste the rebellious districts. || Kelem mara vistobakt ohi taban. || I all disobey-ACT.PTCP-ACC person\PL.ACC vanquish || I will vanquish the disobedient people.
|-
| Where is the book? ||  Hava kimau lok? || book what-INE be.located || The book is located where?
|-
| What is the name of that city? || Suradat kimi kajosah? || city-OBV.DEM what-INS CAUS-carry-PASS || That city is called by what?
|-
| The Kosi people are those who form words with voices. || Kosi kelak om sault hulari lük. || Kosi-INS speak-ACT.PTCP person\PL word\PL-ACC voice-INS create || The Kosi-speaking people form words using the voice.
|-
| Red is a colour. || Saun jamhok. || red AOR-colour || Red is a colour.
|-
| My family went to Disneyland yesterday. || Tjöl Disnikavt löt tenau. || family Disneyland-ACC visit yesterday || The family visited Disneyland yesterday.
|-
| Elizabeth wants to marry a Norwegian. || Elis Norskavö ehi makjamal. || Elizabeth Norway-ABL person.ACC COM-marry || Elizabeth wants to marry a Norwegian person.
|-
| I thought (wrongly, on an uncontrolled and not necessarily rational level) that I saw Tarja. || Kelem Tarjat lat, kelem mivos. || I Tarja-ACC see, I wrongly.believe || I wrongly believed that I saw Tarja.
|-
| I saw a horse from my place at the door. || Kelem josnehi sokjat kelem barjavau soksneh. || I horse.ACC SIMUL-see I door-INE SIMUL-stand || I saw a horse while I stood at the door.
|-
| I saw a horse coming from the door. || Kelem josnehi sokjat at barjavi sokdno. || I horse.ACC see it door-INS walk || I saw a horse while it walked through the door.
|-
| Three men longed to fabricate idols in honour of two goddesses. || Rih man Jadjeraukt keta jadnüma sminösai makkül. || three man idol-ACC two-DAT goddess-DAT much-ADV COM-create || Three men really wanted to create idols on behalf of two goddesses.
|-
| Tarja hates for Christopher to be kind. || Kristov koteh, Tarja desal. || Christopher be.kind, Tarja hate || Tarja hates that Christopher is kind.
|-
| Tarja wants Christopher to be alive. || Kristov bahad, Tarja makjat. || Christopher breathe, Tarja COM-see || Tarja wants to see Christopher alive.
|-
| There seems to be a thunderstorm. || Sivra latahai. || thunderstorm happen-apparently || A storm apparently happens.
|-
| For Christopher to eat upsets Tarja. || Kristov stab, Tarja lisreh. || Christopher SJBV-eat, Tarja RESUL-be.upset || If Christopher eats, then Tarja is upset.
|-
| I don't know whether I'll go. || Kelem kom, kelem ntek. || I go, I NEG-know.a.fact || I don't know that I will go.
|-
| I saw a picture of me. || Kelem tobekin&amp;#xFC;li lateh. || I picture-INS see-REFL || I looked at myself using a picture.
|-
| The apples, having fallen from the tree, ripened. || Vai elma udsö som, at limemat. || many red.apple tree-ABL fall, they RESUL-INC-edible || The apples fell from the tree, and then they became edible.
|-
| The dog with the man I saw was green. || Kelem men nüsehakt hümt salt lat. || I man.ACC accompany-ACT.PTCP-ACC green-ACC dog-ACC see || I saw a man and an accompanying green dog.
|-
| Tarja likes homework about as much as I do. || Tarja kelem mralakai jalmös hasaudolost ser. || Tarja I equal-ACT.PTCP-ADV enjoy homework-ACC write || Tarja and I equally enjoy doing homework.
|-
| Tarja, who I thought liked homework about as much as I did, actually didn't. || Tarja kelem mralakai njalmösalu hasaudolost ser. || Tarja I equal-ACT.PTCP-ADV NEG-enjoy-contrary.to.expectations homework-ACC write || Tarja and I unexpectedly do not equally enjoy doing homework.
|-
| They say everyone was born free. || Durau marem mta, at laskah, kai. || back-INE everyone give.birth.PASS, they free, say\PASS || It is said that after everyone is born, they are free.
|-
| John kept his eyes closed. || Jan nbodsem. || John NEG-COMPL-close.the.eyes || John did not cease closing his eyes.
|-
| This bed has clearly been jumped on. || Em nturutab sota, kelem kümrüm. || person bed-PROX.DEM-SUP jump, I be.sure || I'm sure that someone has jumped on this bed.
|-
| Tarja had suggested I take a walk in the park. || Kelem humau kom, Tarja kibnüm. || I park-INE walk, Tarja suggest || Tarja suggested that I take a walk in the park.
|-
| The man who they tried to arrest escaped. || Kas truvülan man laskeh. || try arrest-PASS.PTCP man escape || The man that was tried to be arrested escaped.
|-
| John's playing the guitar at midnight bugs me. || Jan vrastin kolühau örau tonika, kelem el lahev. || John guitar-ACC centre-ASS-INE night-INE HAB-play.an.instrument, I this.ACC be.irritated || John plays the guitar in the middle of the night; I am bugged by that.
|-
| After the people had succumbed to the knock-out gas, our agents secured the area. || Durau marem bokas lihukjobak bahadbas, vai sko mravt kavilna. || back-INE everyone give.up RESUL-knock.out-ACT.PTCP gas, many assistant area-ACC CAUS-safe || After everyone gave up to the knocking-out gas, the assistants secured the area.
|-
| Instead of you going to the store, let's have me order the television off the Net. || Kelauk sadrhes telotakai löt, kelem Marjoki h&amp;#xF6;vjatint tüb. || you store-ACC replace-ACT.PTCP-ADV visit, I Net-INS television-ACC buy || Instead of you visiting the store, I'll buy the television using the Net.
|-
| -I quite agree with you, said the Duchess; and the moral of that is-’Be what you would seem to be’-or, if you’d like it put more simply-’Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.’ || &quot;Kelem kelauk bönt mkivt sminösai lat,&quot; Nobjaled kel; &quot;ol ndatülah: marem karavanai ndaukreh. Boski sauli ukai: marem kümri boska, el ndankavrah.&quot; || &quot;I you same\PL-ACC face-ACC much-ADV see,&quot; duchess say; &quot;this.ACC IMP-learn-PASS: everyone perceive-PASS.PTCP-ADV IMP-behave. different-INS word\PL-INS and/or-speak.PASS: everyone reality-INS be.different, that.ACC IMP-NEG-imagine-PASS.&quot; || &quot;I and you very much agree,&quot; the duchess said; &quot;and this should be learnt: everyone should act as they are perceived. Or, said using different words: everyone should not imagine that they are different from reality.&quot;
|-
| The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. || Kelem mairit smakdekm, kelem malau vai srit harit lindatari. || I mountain-ACC SBJV-COM-undo, I beginning-INE many small-ACC stone-ACC RESUL-IMP-remove || If I want to undo a mountain, then I must at the beginning remove small stones.
|-
| John saw the boy to whom Tarja gave an apple which she purchased at the store. || Tarja sadrhasau tübant elmat masa hrai, Jan ken lat. || Tarja store-INE buy-PASS.PTCP-ACC red.apple-ACC boy-DAT give, John 2.ACC see || Tarja gave a store-bought apple to a boy, and John saw him.
|-
| I tried to find out where (or, for that matter, whether) the group was meeting. || Vih hnaumeh, kelem kas metek, lokü hnaumeh. || group.of.people meet, I try find.out, location-ASS meeting || I tried to find out that the group will meet, and the location of the meeting.
|-
| It is good that you remembered to turn off the stove, since otherwise the food would have been being cooked for a few hours. || Kelauk naral tolatint tsö, kelem bosreh; kelauk saral el tsin, tab rün barau lenau lilanmat. || you NEG-forget cook-ACC turn.off, I be.relieved; you SJBV-forget that.ACC do, food few extra-INE hour\PL-INE RESUL-cook || I'm relieved that you didn't forget to turn off the stove; if you forgot to do that, the food would have cooked during a few extra hours.
|-
| That someone could allow this to happen is despicable. || At maltarivandai ndoromah latah. || that despicable-ADV allow-PASS happen || Someone despicably allowed this to happen.
|-
| That that someone could allow this to happen is despicable is common sense. || Maltarivandai at ndoromah latah, marem el ndatek. || despicable-ADV that allow-PASS happen, everyone that.ACC IMP-know.a.fact || The despicableness of that being allowed to happen is something everyone should know.
|-
| That that that someone could allow this to happen is despicable is common sense is subject to debate. || Maltarivandai at ndoromah latah, marem el ndantek; at lekah. || despicable-ADV that allow-PASS happen, everyone that.ACC IMP-NEG-know.a.fact; that debatable || The despicableness of that being allowed to happen is not something everyone should know; that is debatable.
|-
| That that that that someone could allow this to happen is despicable is common sense is subject to debate is simply absurd. || Maltarivandai at ndoromah latah, marem el ndantek, at nlekah; kelem harit tab ljat. || despicable-ADV that allow-PASS happen, everyone that.ACC IMP-NEG-know.a.fact, that NEG-debatable; I stone-ACC ingest RESUL-that || The despicableness of that being allowed to happen is not something everyone should know, and that is not debatable; that is absurd.
|-
| This priceless artifact is not worth risking losing. || Kelem kulöst srihut nmaksbolat. || I priceless-ACC artifact-PROX.DEM NEG-COM-SJBV-misplace || I do not want to possibly lose this priceless artifact.
|-
| You must go. || Kelauk ndakom. || you IMP-go || You must go.
|-
| You must not go. || Kelauk ndankom. || you IMP-NEG-go || You must not go.
|-
| You don't have to go. || Kelauk nmdakom. || you NEG-IMP-go || You don't have to go.
|-
| How drunk or high do you have to be to be so confused as to momentarily believe that today is half a year away from when it actually is? || Kelem kim smin lünkömrt ndatab, lünvenkat endatab, ol vanrihau mivos: stinut sölühi dni boska? || I what amount glass.of.alcohol-ACC IMP-ingest, drug-ACC either/or-IMP-ingest, this.ACC minute-INE RESUL-wrongly.believe: today half-ASS-INS year-INS be.different, I minute-INE wrongly.believe || What amount of alcohol or a drug must I ingest in order to wrongly believe that today is actually different by half a year?
|-
| If I say &quot;You are a couple of anarchists wearing bidets as hats,&quot; how many anarchists are there? || &quot;Ket makukreh, kevab tisrehümjo jaskat telok,&quot; kelem el skel, kim smin makukrehem lineb? || &quot;two believe.in.anarchism, head-SUP bidet hat.worn.during.rain-ACC replace,&quot; I that.ACC SJBV-say, what amount anarchist RESUL-exist? || If I say that &quot;Two are anarchists, and on the head a bidet replaces a hat,&quot; then how many anarchists exist?
|-
| It’s a good idea to try and be careful about not copying Finnish's idiosyncrasies. || Kelem ndakas kunkra likovri Sivi laskatravat mirna. || I IMP-try be.careful RESUL-avoid Finnish.language-INS idiosyncracy-ACC imitate.a.thing || I should try to be careful in order to avoid copying the idiosyncrasies in the Finnish language.
|-
| I want to become the person I would have become had I been born in Norway. || Kelem Norskavau mta, kelem makjat. || I Norway-INE give.birth.to.PASS, I COM-see || I wish that I were born in Norway.
|-
| Were you seconding what I said or saying what you thought I didn't? || Serauk serem bönt mkivt lat, serauk jerani nkelani marsauli ehnaum? || you I same\PL-ACC face-ACC see, you believe-PASS.PTCP-INS NEG-say-PASS.PTCP-INS what.was.said-INS exclusive.or-discuss || Were you agreeing with me, or were you discussing that which you believed to be unspoken (by me)?
|-
| I know that you believe that you understood what you think I said, but I am not sure you realize that what you heard was not what I meant. || Kelauk mhal ndareh, kelauk jera, kelem tek; kelem atü dankümrüm: kelauk mhal darehalu, kelauk baus. || you me NEG-misunderstand, you believe, I know; I that-ASS but-NEG-certain: you me misunderstand-actually, you realize || I know that you believe that you did not misunderstand me; but I am not certain that you realize that you actually misunderstood me.
|-
| I've had it with these motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane! || Kelem Davanühau osmautau nakut uhodrakt mara darjanohi ndamot! || I Satan-ASSOCIATIVE-INESSIVE airplane-INESSIVE child-GENITIVE-ACC be.bloodthirsty-ACTIVE.PARTICIPLE-ACC all snake.PL.ACC IMP-kill || I must kill the snakes who are bloodthirsty for children on this Satanic plane!
|}

==&lt;u&gt;Disneyland Hostage&lt;/u&gt; (&lt;u&gt;Disnikavau lekahem&lt;/u&gt;)==
Below is the first chapter in Kosi of [http://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/061329596X/702-3864971-8992063?v=glance&amp;n=916520 &lt;u&gt;Disneyland Hostage&lt;/u&gt;] by [http://members.shaw.ca/ericwilsonweb/index.html Eric Wilson], translated with permission from the author.

===Bna msanu: Chapter One===
Serauk rausmaut, aut mtai limoteh?

Have you ever been flying in an airplane when it's just about to crash?

Serem &amp;#xFC;lkadsat katsemra, serem vilnamhar&amp;#xFC;mhav&amp;#xFC;m&amp;#xFC;t osmautdolorust libukbuk. Serem ken katakt tand&amp;#xF6;nt litisreh&amp;#xFC;m, sreh&amp;#xFC;mt ohi bakri lilat.

I tightened my seat belt, then re-read the airplane company's safety instruction booklet. Then I wiped my sweating palms, and looked out the window at the totally calm people.

Osmaut nm&amp;#xF6;smaut, serem kovr&amp;#xFC;m smehat vast lat.

The plane hadn't even taken off, and I was prepared to meet my unfortunate fate.

Seremain &amp;#xFC;lak n&amp;#xFC;m lauht taum&amp;#xF6;s. &quot;Maks&amp;#xFC;t&amp;#xFC;m, Elisain. Kelauk osmot&amp;#xFC; mhokdeht vai seleh?&quot;

The woman sitting next to me squeezed my hand. &quot;Calm down, Liz. Don't you like the colour scheme of the plane a lot?&quot;

At em Vels Meladi. At marsel sneh, beska hruvi omi. Ljarai, kabnut: &quot;&amp;#xDC;lstevat Ndekadolos Liv&amp;#xFC;l&quot;.

That's Aunt Melody. She's always optimistic, unlike other people. For instance, the sign that said, &quot;Use Seat Cushion to Float&quot;.

&quot;Kelauk el ndareh, Vels Meladain? Osmaut Sitrabintau moteh, marem &amp;#xFC;lstevi s&amp;#xF6;dain lindaul. Saudrasva sont ul mekovr&amp;#xFC;m, kelem dnava; at maremi dnava s&amp;#xF6;t&amp;#xFC;hau bn&amp;#xFC;mau lil&amp;#xF6;t.&quot;

&quot;Do you understand this, Aunt Melody? The plane will crash into the Pacific Ocean, then everyone will have to swim to land with a seat cushion. I expect that Jaws is preparing his teeth; he's waiting for everyone to visit at dinnertime.&quot;

Vels Meladi sol. &quot;Osmaut kevau Sitrabintau ndno.&quot;

Aunt Melody laughed. &quot;The plane won't be traveling over the Pacific.&quot;

&quot;At soktsin, hautem autbesa ndaj&amp;#xF6;ts mkivau askaribosmaut.&quot;

&quot;That will happen, when the pilot has to discard the fuel before the emergency landing.&quot;

&quot;Maks&amp;#xFC;t&amp;#xFC;m, Elisain. Kelauk osmauti radno.&quot;

&quot;Calm down, Liz. You've traveled by plane before.&quot;

&quot;Kelem el tek, kelem osmot dajades. Kelem saun tint maktsanja, dehnot limakdno.&quot;

&quot;I know that, but I still hate planes. I want to leave this evil thing and then travel by train.&quot;

&quot;Durau lat&amp;#xFC; Tam, dehnaut tombat, kelauk njera, kelem libo.&quot;

&quot;After Tom's experience, I'm surprised you don't believe trains are dangerous.&quot;

Serem ret trebori Vels&amp;#xFC; Melad&amp;#xFC; k&amp;#xF6;s, serem ket liv&amp;#xFC;l, kast soklihal njeki soksom. H&amp;#xF6;vak serem sok&amp;#xFC;l, Vels Meladi &lt;u&gt;Boska&lt;/u&gt;t sitrai tebuk; Kanjaukjarem Jadhavt sbuk, kaltankmorvaidolorus&amp;#xFC; em &lt;u&gt;Boska&lt;/u&gt;t libuk. Vels maremi ret, at h&amp;#xF6;vjati nlatah; at Minjetlisau misnikmordolorusi dakadolosah. At ndesel smin&amp;#xF6;sai bna, at maremt kel; at lak&amp;#xFC;t hulart smin&amp;#xF6;sai jalm&amp;#xF6;s, serem ata liksiva.

I don't know how to win an argument with Aunt Melody, so I sat back, listening to sweat as it fell from my forehead. Sitting beside me, Aunt Melody returned to reading &quot;Variety&quot;, which is, for a person in the entertainment industry, akin to the Bible for Christians. My aunt isn't a star, and she isn't on TV, but she does work for a Minneapolis opera company. She tells everyone she'll never be really significant, but she really enjoys using her voice, and I'm happy for her.

At seremt kit&amp;#xF6;m taseht litab, serem misnikmort lilat. Serem el n&amp;#xFC;seh Disnikavau litsamaua. Serem ret dnava Kalisornaim dno, serem vai dr&amp;#xFC;t lilat. S&amp;#xF6;tau, serem dn&amp;#xFC;t Lasandjelest makbahad, serem &amp;#xFC;sai elsai el &amp;#xF6;len.

She invited me to visit her, and to see an opera performance. I was now accompanying her on a vacation in Disneyland. I was very excited about going to California, and I experienced goosebumps. At the moment, I could only think about how I wanted to survive the trip to Los Angeles.

Osmaut laskai mekom.

The plane suddenly began to move.

Maur barjav sokbsemah, hari soksom. Mara autnitra svenjanai sokmedos sokmemis&amp;#xFC;m. &quot;Kelem nmakbohad, lidribara,&quot; kelem &amp;#xF6;len&amp;#xF6;len.

The big door was closed with a thump. All the engines began to roar and whistle, and this scared me. &quot;I don't want to die, because I'm too young,&quot; I thought over and over.

Vai osmautemsko kamt kisolt tsin, at kalat askaribahadhnemkivt jos. osmaut osmautnau smin&amp;#xF6;sai hlam limedno. Mara autnitra osmot smin&amp;#xF6;sai kaslah, osmaut kevain edli medno. Mara hru hautauk seremain lisom, serem hlam jera. Eski meder&amp;#xFC;m, osmaut ket limerjoka.

Many flight attendants made a sick joke; they demonstrated the use of emergency oxygen masks. The plane then began to travel very quickly on the runway. The engines hugely energised the plane, and the plane began traveling up into the sky. I thought for a little while that the other passengers would fall towards me. My heart began to pound, but fortunately the plane then became horizontal.

&quot;Sai! M&amp;#xF6;smaut tnela!&quot; serem dor&amp;#xFC;m.

&quot;Hurrah! The takeoff has ended!&quot; I exclaimed.

&quot;Kelauk k&amp;#xFC;mr. Osmaut &amp;#xFC;sai ndabosmaut.&quot;

&quot;You're right. The plane just has to land now.&quot;

&quot;Lah! Kelem botek.&quot;

&quot;Thanks a lot. I'd completely forgotten.&quot;

Harutau, serem vai srit sauthos lat; serem vai vilnakt smin&amp;#xFC;mt djolkat lat, vai srit ot; at sabdni sr&amp;#xF6;bas&amp;#xFC;mi ul dno. Serem el sokmikjat, tani mb&amp;#xF6;t soktebsa.

On Earth, I saw tiny farm houses; I saw tiny sparkling lakes, and toy cars; the last were traveling on a six-lane sliver of road. As I stared at them, someone's hand touched my arm.

Serem kevt katom, serem njat men lilat; kulamhok sul, vai edl s&amp;#xFC;m; tseld&amp;#xFC;mi latan kulatinkads njolt maslat besk&amp;#xFC;m. Man seremt ul kel, serem el mtai nbaus.

I turned my head, and saw a perfect man; he had gold-coloured hair and very blue eyes; a gold chain, seen through his shirt, crossed his hairy chest. I didn't realize immediately that the man was talking to me.

&quot;Oja?&quot; serem maktel. &quot;Kelauk kim kel?&quot;

&quot;Pardon?&quot; I stammered. &quot;What did you say?&quot;

&quot;Kelauk Lisi H&amp;#xFC;viti kajosah, Rikmnd&amp;#xF6;?&quot;

&quot;Are you called Lisa Hewitt, from Richmond?&quot;

&quot;Kelem ntsin,&quot; serem raiha, vai sibri vadimai likajosah. &quot;Kelem Elisi Astni kajosah, kelem Viniteka d&amp;#xF6;s.&quot; Man tsulau &amp;#xFC;l, serem tekel, &quot;Senlorankavau.&quot;

&quot;No,&quot; I admitted, very disappointed because I was called differently. &quot;I'm called Liz Austen, and I come from Winnipeg.&quot; He looked confused, so I continued, &quot;In Canada.&quot;

&quot;Kelem el tek.&quot; Man rjokomeh. &quot;Kelem taseht Lisi soktab, kelem njem sokmaknaum; Lisa kelauk &amp;#xFC;lemt h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xF6;s! B&amp;#xF6;n j&amp;#xF6;n &amp;#xF6;rai sul s&amp;#xFC;m.&quot;

&quot;I know that.&quot; The man shook his head. &quot;When I visit Lisa, I'm going to mention you; Lisa and you look like twins. The same pretty dark hair and eyes.&quot;

Man metsanja, Vels Meladi mbatjot dados. &quot;Mak&amp;#xFC;l,&quot; vels kel, sormt h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xF6;sak n&amp;#xF6;main &amp;#xFC;lain dos. &quot;Kelauk mhal tsokjat skel, ket limekot.&quot;

The man was starting to leave, but Aunt Melody threw a weapon. &quot;Please sit down,&quot; she said, and glanced at the empty seat beside her. &quot;My niece and I would enjoy it talking to you.&quot;

J&amp;#xF6;b&amp;#xF6; man &amp;#xFC;l, serem el libolat. Serem ken har&amp;#xFC;mt nj&amp;#xFC;mt melat, at tanisimt h&amp;#xF6;v; ndem danja, serem ret kost jera. Serem bnat duksat ul &amp;#xF6;len, Vels Meladi seremain sotevt dalidos.

The man from a dream sat down, and I took a good look at him. I noticed two tiny scars, which were near his right eye; but no one is perfect, and I couldn't believe the luck. I was in the middle of thinking about what to say first, but then Aunt Melody threw an obstacle at me.

&quot;Marem nhreh, kelem jera.&quot;

&quot;I believe that we haven't identified ourselves.&quot;

&quot;Oja?&quot; j&amp;#xF6;b&amp;#xF6; man kel.

&quot;What?&quot; the man from a dream said.

&quot;Marem nkaskeh. Kelem Meladi Saimndsi kajosah.&quot;

&quot;We haven't introduced ourselves. I'm called Melody Symons.&quot;

&quot;Kelem Kindsli Kotvas kajosah. Kelauk Sanlorankava d&amp;#xF6;s, N&amp;#xFC; Saimnaim, kelem jer&amp;#xFC;m, kelauk ljelsai bosrai hnaum.&quot;

&quot;I'm called Kingsley Fortune. I suspected that you were from Canada, Ms. Symons, because you can speak so coherently.&quot;

&quot;Kelem usamah. Kelem Meladi makkajosah.&quot;

&quot;Thank you. I wish to be called Melody.&quot;

&quot;Elisi makkajosah,&quot; serem el kel. &quot;Kelauk...&quot;

&quot;I'd like to be called Liz,&quot; I said to him. &quot;You...&quot;

Vels Meladi lirut datsin, ildar limikandelah. Durau r&amp;#xFC;n j&amp;#xF6;sk&amp;#xFC; serem venrih, Kindsli skot&amp;#xF6;k njem, serem krasai raiha. Vels Meladi Kindslit skasel; serem el makjat, serem vels Lasandjelesau Kindslain liv&amp;#xFC;l. Taua!

Aunt Melody asked a question, and then my mouth was left agape. After a few minutes of me being naive, I silently admitted that Kingsley might be too old for me. Aunt Melody might make an impression on Kingsley; I hoped for this, because then we might hang out with Kingsley in Los Angeles. Wow!

Vels Meladit makmiloseh, serem hrai limekel. &quot;Vels smin&amp;#xF6;st kavt radno, Kindslain, at misnikmort tsin maremi elsai.&quot;

Wanting to help Aunt Melody, I also began to talk. &quot;My aunt has traveled to many countries, Kingsley, and she is a famous opera star.&quot;

Kindsli kaselah, serem mkivi jera, Vels Meladi tant likat&amp;#xF6;v. &quot;Kelem maremi ret. Kelem sitrai mbetadsau dolos.&quot;

I gathered from his face that Kingsley was impressed, but Aunt Melody raised her hand. &quot;I'm not a star. I just sing for fun.&quot;

Kindsli sol. &quot;Kelauk bosrai mis, kelem dnava.&quot;

Kingsley laughed. &quot;I bet that you sing beautifully.&quot;

&quot;Vels tsin! Kelauk haslok&amp;#xFC;t Minjetlist ndakabausah, kelauk surat ndadno misnikmort lilat.&quot; Ket durau misnikmori bn&amp;#xFC;meh, serem mtai kibn&amp;#xFC;m; Vels Meladi s&amp;#xFC;tehai seremt dalat.

&quot;My aunt does! You should find out her Minneapolis address, and you should travel to the city to see a performance.&quot; I was about to suggest dinner after the performance, but Aunt Melody looked at me angrily.

&quot;Elismetain, kelauk makbuk, kelem jera.&quot; Vels seremt Elismeti sokkajos at &lt;i&gt;soks&amp;#xFC;teh&lt;/i&gt;. &quot;Man Kotvas ndamorah aksi elni, kelem njera.&quot;

&quot;Elizabeth, I think you should read your book.&quot; My aunt only calls me Elizabeth when she's &lt;i&gt;furious&lt;/i&gt;. &quot;I don't believe that Mr. Fortune needs help to organise his way of life.&quot;

J&amp;#xF6;b&amp;#xF6; man kot Vels Meladain. &quot;Kelem Kindsli makkajosah.&quot;

The man from a dream smiled at Aunt Melody. &quot;I wish to be called Kingsley.&quot;

Serem ol dos: sokhal, mara sorm ul sokkom, ket sokmekeleh. Serem Velst Meladit hlam tolat; martin nja, serem &amp;#xFC;len. Har&amp;#xF6;s &amp;#xF6;rai s&amp;#xFC;m, sk&amp;#xFC;r kormkivdjesn, skov mohinak&amp;#xFC; lantselda, s&amp;#xFC;lai h&amp;#xFC;m donjan, ket raut&amp;#xFC; tsukbulat--at djesnaukt ben.

I promise this: I heard her eyelashes moving while the two began to talk. I quickly inspected Aunt Melody; I concluded that everything was perfect. The huge dark eyes, exactly enough makeup, a white silk blouse, a forest-green pants, two silver bracelets--she resembled a model.

osmautemsko marema n&amp;#xFC;ramt vimdelt hnehmled&amp;#xFC;t saul&amp;#xFC;mt melirutari. &quot;Vai osmautemsko bn&amp;#xFC;mt hlam mahrai,&quot; at kel, mtai serem der&amp;#xFC;mt lihal.

A flight attendant began offering a soft drink and a packet of peanuts to everyone. &quot;Flight attendants will be distributing dinner soon,&quot; she said, and immediately I then heard the nervousness.

&quot;Tsul kim?&quot;

&quot;What's the problem?&quot;

At makkot, at dastamka. &quot;Nde tsul neb. Kelauk kimraun liru?&quot;

She tried to smile, but it was crooked. &quot;There aren't any problems. Why do you ask?&quot;

&quot;Kelem der&amp;#xFC;mt hal. Tsul&amp;#xFC; osmaut?&quot;

&quot;I hear nervousness. Is there a problem with the plane?&quot;

At s&amp;#xFC;mt tolat, mtai kel, Vels Meladi damekel. &quot;Tsonjat nmdakunkra. At der&amp;#xFC;m osmaut.&quot;

She studied my eyes, and was about to speak, but Aunt Melody started talking. &quot;Pay no attention to my niece. She is nervous about flying.&quot;

osmautemsko snehkomeh liksan. Hnehmled&amp;#xFC;t saul&amp;#xFC;mt ul andel, serem jateh, serem osmautemskot sokjat, at hru osmautemskot soknok, ket seremain lilat. Tsul neb, serem k&amp;#xFC;mr, serem kim tsin? Mtak tardno naib, serem ret somjask&amp;#xF6;st kadolos, serem jera, bahad &amp;#xF6;l dsteno. At datsin. Vai kast metsin, ds&amp;#xF6;k Tam&amp;#xF6; hukandjobulast hlam metani. At d&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xFC;t alumt bulat, neluskavsmadi.

The flight attendant nodded and walked away. I was pretending to open the package of peanuts, but while I watching the flight attendant, she whispered to another flight attendant, and the latter looked my way. I was certain that something was wrong, but what could I do? There was no such thing as the next stop, and I believed I couldn't use a parachute if my life depended on it. But it did. I began to sweat a lot, and I quickly began to hold the key ring from my brother Tom. It includes a rabbit's foot, and a four-leaf clover.

Kindsli rjokat &amp;#xF6;lent krasai kaultin. &quot;&amp;#xDC;s hukandjobulat! Kelauk vast j&amp;#xF6;ska, Elisain?&quot;

Kingsley, with his deep voice, interrupted my pessimistic thoughts. &quot;A key ring! Do you believe in fate, Liz?&quot;

&quot;Kelem? Ndesel.&quot;

&quot;Me? Never.&quot;

Vels Meladi sol. &quot;Ndasota, Elisain. Ndabek.&quot;

Aunt Melody laughed. &quot;Come on, Liz. Be honest.&quot;

&quot;osmaut kelemt smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenja, kelem raiha. Bohadkimr&amp;#xF6;s vaisaulau sneb, ul dnava bohan. Takintsul&amp;#xFC; autnitra smentsemra. Autnitra snt&amp;#xFC;l, osmaut harutain hlam lisom, osmaut ul luhara, marem ul dos, marem...&quot;

&quot;Flying scares me a lot, I admit. A bomb might exist in the luggage, waiting to explode. A bolt from the engine might become loose. The engine might fall off, then the plane will fall quickly towards Earth, the plane will be spinning, everyone will be screaming, everyone...&quot;

&quot;Bokel!&quot; Kindsli kel, lisol. &quot;&lt;i&gt;Kelem&lt;/i&gt; svenjah. D&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xFC;t alumt ndatebsatebsa, kelem jera.&quot;

&quot;Stop!&quot; Kingsley said, then laughed. &quot;Now &lt;i&gt;I'm&lt;/i&gt; terrified. I think you should stroke the rabbit's foot again.&quot;

Vels Meladi manaim kot. &quot;El nmdakibna, Kindslain.&quot;

Aunt Melody smiled towards him. &quot;Don't encourage her, Kingsley.&quot;

&quot;A, kelem smin&amp;#xFC;mai ben. Kelauk ol tek? &lt;u&gt;Mekbet&lt;/u&gt;, at maur smeha kaltankmor mara kaltankmori, mara kaltankmorem jera, Mis&amp;#xFC; Mara Saudn&amp;#xFC;m lineb. Marem kaltankmorem &quot;D&amp;#xF6;n ndabn&amp;#xFC;&quot;-i mkivau bnakalati jakeleh. Marem &quot;Kot vas&quot;-i jankeleh, at drobrikah.&quot;

&quot;Well, I'm a bit the same. Did you know this? &lt;u&gt;Macbeth&lt;/u&gt;, it's the unluckiest play, actors believe, because of the Witches' Song. Actors always say &quot;Break a leg&quot; before the first performance. We never say &quot;Good luck&quot; although that's what is meant.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk kaltankmor?&quot;

&quot;You act?&quot;

At mekot, kontin talbaihau t&amp;#xFC;l. &quot;Kelauk k&amp;#xFC;mr.&quot;

He began to smile, and dimples appeared on the cheeks. &quot;You're correct.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk smin&amp;#xF6;sai bna?&quot;

&quot;Are you really important?&quot;

At mesol. &quot;Kelauk el skel.&quot;

He began to laugh. &quot;You might say that.&quot;

&quot;Makkel&amp;#xF6;s.&quot;

&quot;Please explain.&quot;

&quot;A, kelem barai Lomesa Ha h&amp;#xF6;vakau Minjetlisau ketdolos. Kelem el smin&amp;#xFC;mai sko, kelem ontja.&quot;

&quot;Well, I've been working near Minneapolis with Lomas Shaw. I believe it to be likely that you're familiar with him a little.&quot;

Serem ntsin, lisoldan. Kindsli el nmelat, serem ontja.

I wasn't, and shrugged. I don't think Kingsley noticed.

&quot;H&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmor vai bna, kaltankmoremsko svara dolos Haliv&amp;#xF6;dau. Kelem Lasandjelesain hlam ljabas.&quot;

&quot;The movie will be very important, and my agent is working for me in Hollywood. Therefore I'm quickly returning to Los Angeles.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk marsel kaltankmor?&quot;

&quot;Have you always acted?&quot;

&quot;Marsel. Kelem &amp;#xFC;sai elsai ati k&amp;#xF6;s.&quot;

&quot;Always. I only know how to succeed at that.&quot;

Serem edlt s&amp;#xFC;mt tolat, Kalisornau sol&amp;#xFC; kul&amp;#xFC;mlaskahalmhok mdaja. Serem kajossert marai makrem, serem ndat&amp;#xFC;l obsiv, Vels Meladi likel, serem ontja. Lauhtan&amp;#xFC;t Kindslit tolat, jamaitsabulast lisreh. &amp;#xDC;s naib, vai dasal&amp;#xFC;t ardamt tsin. Serem sokmikjat, Kindsli limelat, limesneh.

I inspected the blue eyes, and the bronze skin from the sun in California. I totally wanted to be given an autograph, but Aunt Melody, I believed to be likely, would then say I must learn to be tactful. I looked at Kingsley's hands to look for a wedding ring. He didn't have one, but he did have calluses. Kingsley noticed that I was staring, and stood up.

&quot;Kelem makhebsi,&quot; at kel, litrisn.

&quot;I'd like to come back,&quot; he said, and then walked away.

&quot;Smin kotvas?&quot; serem Vels Meladit nok.

&quot;How much luck?&quot; I whispered to Aunt Melody.

&quot;Elismetain, s&amp;#xFC;mah!&quot;

&quot;Elizabeth, please!&quot;

&quot;Kelauk lauhtant tolat?&quot;

&quot;Did you inspect his hands?&quot;

&quot;Kelem tsin. Kimi kaltankmor vai ardamt hrai, kelem maktek? Kindsli svadim em.&quot;

&quot;I did. I want to know how acting can result in calluses? Kingsley might be a different person.&quot;

Knolan man! Serem nhnaum&amp;#xFC;t Kindslit sbaus? Serem limerkot. &quot;At Lasandjelesau snkaltankmor, ket el ndesel dasahau snkeleh.&quot;

An unknown man! Might I figure out Kingsley's secret? Then I became unhappy. &quot;If he doesn't act in L.A., then we might never converse with him in the future.&quot;

Vels Meladi sol. &quot;Ket ndebsen?&quot;

Aunt Melody laughed. &quot;Must we cry?&quot;

&quot;A, at koteh. Kelem sndoromah, serem ljalm&amp;#xF6;s j&amp;#xF6;na Kindsla Haliv&amp;#xF6;dau hibja. Lauhtani tuvis, kelem makjateh.&quot;

&quot;Well, he's nice. If I were allowed, I would enjoy hanging out with handsome Kingsley in Hollywood. I'd like to pretend that his hands are normal.&quot;

Lauhtan&amp;#xFC;, at&amp;#xFC; osmautemsko sokkomeh, n&amp;#xFC;m bn&amp;#xFC;m&amp;#xFC;t hraikaumt svara sokhrai. Tsul osmaut&amp;#xFC; neb, serem k&amp;#xFC;mr, serem dahautah. Serem mara tabjot talinksurt&amp;#xF6; tari, tan litolat.

About hands, those of a flight attendant were trembling as the woman gave a dinner tray to me. A problem existed with the plane, but I was only being driven. I took the utensils from a paper napkin, and studied the food.

Mara tab hraikaumau lok; hul srend bulatah, Jadoltor. Serem ken srend tab, kitr&amp;#xF6; oltintab&amp;#xF6; &amp;#xF6;rt Alinbjek hlam litab. Delan irid&amp;#xFC;m, serem hrat srend Jadoltort litab.

All the food was located in the tray; some cookies were included, and a chunk of fudge. I ate two cookies, then quickly ate a black olive from an unappetizing salad. The beef was mediocre, so I ate the cookies and fudge.

Osmaut d&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xF6;s, serem bakri lat. osmaut tsintsin, obani solt sminai barja, sol vilna drolatah. Serem sitrai ul &amp;#xFC;l, hautem askari mehnaum.

The plane turned, and I looked out the window. The plane did this again, and a wing blocked the sun to some extent, but yellow light was nevertheless seen. I was sitting peacefully, but the pilot began to discuss a disaster.

&quot;Tsul autnitr&amp;#xFC; neb,&quot; at kel, litarkel; marem mekel, at ontjai. At k&amp;#xFC;mr. Jaru menah, osmautemsko atu dakis&amp;#xFC;t&amp;#xFC;m. Serem tan&amp;#xFC;t Vels Meladit sokbaksa, d&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xFC;t alumt vai tsemrai soktaum&amp;#xF6;s. Eski ul vai lihadai der&amp;#xFC;m.

&quot;A problem exists with the engine,&quot; she said, then paused; she apparently believed it likely that everyone would begin to talk. She was right. One guy began to swear, but a flight attendant calmed him down. I grabbed hold of Aunt Melody's hand, and squeezed the rabbit's foot very tightly. My heart was pounding very loudly.

&quot;Vai maknder&amp;#xFC;m,&quot; at tekel. &quot;Mara kobol bahat katebsah, at bosmau snt&amp;#xFC;l. Vai askaraut dnava, kelem vilnaukrehusi hnaum.&quot;

&quot;Please don't be very nervous,&quot; she continued. &quot;The wheels have been made to touch the air, but they might collapse during landing. Ambulances will be waiting, and I will be discussing safety behaviour.&quot;

At bokel, marem limedos. Mara osmautemsko sitr&amp;#xFC; sokadso, serem bakri mat&amp;#xF6;sain t&amp;#xFC;sbosolain sokjat. Sol ul bohad, serem keleh; katsau tin limetsemra.

She stopped talking, then everyone began to shout. As the flight attendants worked hard for calm, I looked out the window at a wonderful orange sunset. The sun is dying, I said to myself; then a thing in my stomach became tight.

Vels Meladi tanikevt tebsa, serem slahai kot. &quot;Kelem k&amp;#xFC;mr, kelem jera.&quot;

Aunt Melody patted the back of my hand, and I weakly smiled. &quot;I think I was right.&quot;

&quot;Kim hnaum&amp;#xFC;, Elisain?&quot;

&quot;Regarding what topic, Liz?&quot;

&quot;osmautemsko der&amp;#xFC;m. At tsult elsai.&quot;

&quot;The flight attendant was nervous. She knew about the problem.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk k&amp;#xFC;mr, kelem ol ontja: mara osmautemsko amhar&amp;#xFC;mah sitrai ukreh bn&amp;#xFC;mt mahrai mkivau hautem tsuli hnaum mkivau bosmaut.&quot;

&quot;I believe it likely that you're right, and that the flight attendants were instructed to act calmly and distribute dinner before the pilot discussed the problem before landing.&quot;

&quot;Bosmaut.&quot; Serem ret kot. &quot;Vels Meladain, kelem svenjah.&quot;

&quot;The landing.&quot; I couldn't smile. &quot;Aunt Melody, I'm scared.&quot;

&quot;Kelem hruvai tsin, tsoksi.&quot;

&quot;I am also, my dear niece.&quot;

Kindsli hebsi, Vels Meladain &amp;#xFC;l. At bainjat ben, hautemi limekel. &quot;Kelauk sauk?&quot;

Kingsley came back, and sat down beside Aunt Melody. He resembled a ghost because of the pilot's announcement. &quot;How do you feel?&quot;

&quot;Mat&amp;#xF6;s, Kindslain. Kelauk?&quot;

&quot;Very good, Kingsley! You?&quot;

&quot;Kelem nja! Dehanmejalkau, osmautdolorusut maur mat mara hri. Mara hautauk vilna.&quot;

&quot;I'm perfect! In the United States, this airplane company is the best quality compared to all the others. All the passengers will be safe.&quot;

osmautemsko bn&amp;#xFC;m&amp;#xFC;t hraikaumt memrebn; lauhtani bokomeh, serem lat. At svenjani kabausteki hnaum, at dsreh. At seremain kot, serem tsobnai limekot.

A flight attendant began taking back the dinner trays; I noticed that her hands had stopped shaking. She might have worried that she would discuss the frightening information. She smiled at me, and that oddly made me happy.

&quot;Mnara?&quot; Vels Meladi el kel. &quot;Osmaut salau nbosmaut, telotakai dausmi mkivau Lasandjelesi; kimraun&amp;#xFC;?&quot;

&quot;Excuse me,&quot; Aunt Melody said to her. &quot;We didn't land earlier, but will instead fly until Los Angeles; why?&quot;

&quot;Vai lateko askaraut atau neb.&quot;

&quot;A lot of available ambulances exist there.&quot;

&quot;Lmka.&quot;

&quot;I see.&quot;

Kim sv&amp;#xF6; at&amp;#xFC; neb? Serem el ul lat, serem nmakjera; serem Disnikavau martint limik&amp;#xF6;len, vadimau hibau har&amp;#xFC;mau tsin, serem ontja.

What answer exists for that? I did not want to believe that I was experiencing this; so I thought for a long time about everything at Disneyland, which I did, I believe likely, for approximately eight seconds.

&quot;Kelem askar&amp;#xFC; k&amp;#xFC;mr,&quot; serem Kindslit kel. &quot;Autnitra nmt&amp;#xFC;l, ut el smeh&amp;#xFC; damrali.&quot;

&quot;I was right about a disaster,&quot; I said to Kingsley. &quot;The engine did not fall off, but this equals that in unfortunateness.&quot;

Kindsli slahai mekot. &quot;At l&amp;#xFC;t, Elisain. Durau r&amp;#xFC;n venrihi, osmaut Lasandjelesau bosmaut, svenjan lat bolatah.&quot;

Kingsley weakly smiled. &quot;That's nonsense, Liz. After a few minutes, the plane will land in Los Angeles, and this scary experience will cease happening.&quot;

&quot;Kelem el tek&amp;#xFC;m. Vanrih&amp;#xFC;hau bosmau, mara kobol soknt&amp;#xFC;l osmaut osmautnot soktebsa. Osmaut mkivain sokkimr, vai vilnaktin marokain sokkom. Mara autbesanitra libohan, autbesa met&amp;#xFC;s, har&amp;#xF6;s bohan latah. &amp;#xDC;sau vanrihau, osmaut neb; mtakau vanrihau, bjek&amp;#xFC; t&amp;#xFC;s el telot! Marem osmautau lint&amp;#xFC;l, Kindslain! Kula ndosah, marem bohad! Bahan ndanotl!&quot;

&quot;I doubt it. The minute of landing, the wheels will collapse as the plane touches the runway. The plane will slide forward, sparks moving everywhere. The fuel tanks will pop, the fuel will become fire, and a huge explosion will happen. One minute, a plane exists; the next minute, a ball of fire replaces it! Everyone in the plane will vanish, Kingsley! Gold will not be thrown, and we will all die! Say goodbye to life!&quot;

Serem ol laskai melat: vai em seremain melat, hul omat ul bsen. Serem kortab, serem baus, likas kot. &quot;Kelemain ndankunkra, maremain. Kelem lan.&quot;

I suddenly began to notice that people were looking in my direction and some were crying. I realized that I had eaten too much, and then tried to smile. &quot;Don't listen to me, everyone. I'm a girl.&quot;

&quot;Nuram lan,&quot; Vels Meladi hnaum. &quot;Osmaut&amp;#xFC;, marsel tojoska lan. Tojoska smehai dahm lilat&amp;#xFC; lanut, kelem jera.&quot;

&quot;A remarkable girl,&quot; Aunt Melody said. &quot;Pertaining to flying, an always paranoid girl. I believe that unfortunately the paranoia will stay the same because of the current experience.&quot;

Hautem tekel. &quot;Osmaut Lasandjelesain m&amp;#xF6;r. Mara osmautemsko srit hneht sault ul mahrai. Mara kularauten saulau makkal&amp;#xF6;nka, mara jol tin; kajost saulab limakser.&quot;

The pilot resumed speaking. &quot;At the moment, flight attendants are distributing small brown bags. Please put jewellery into a bag, and all sharp things; then please write your name on the bag.&quot;

Mara saul m&amp;#xF6;ka d&amp;#xF6;s? Saulat mara osmautau neb likovr&amp;#xFC;m moteh? Serem sok&amp;#xF6;len, serem eds&amp;#xF6;d&amp;#xFC;t njokat saunt duksat bakri sokmelat. Edlau, serem ulak mondak &amp;#xFC;rvit lat, osmautis bulat &amp;#xF6;rai.

Where did the bags come from? Did all planes have them in order to be ready for a crash? While I was thinking, I looked out the window at a horizon-associated thin red line. In the sky I saw a quarter-moon in the process of waking up, and total darkness below the plane.

Osmautemsko stevat mahrai. &quot;El stamksirjokab makbaus. Osmaut mtolakai bosmaut, mara hautauk askarimahani ndaul, hautem amhar&amp;#xFC;m.&quot;

A flight attendant distributed pillows. &quot;Put this in the lap. Just before the plane lands, the pilot will instruct that all passengers sit in the emergency pose.&quot;

&quot;El kim?&quot;

&quot;What's that?&quot;

&quot;Lauhtani bokevt taum&amp;#xF6;s, mkiv stevat h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xF6;s. El ndatsin mkivau osmaut osmautnau bodno.&quot;

&quot;The hands squeeze the back of the head, and the face borders the pillow. Do that until the plane has stopped moving.&quot;

Osmaut vilnai bosmaut, serem keleh, durau tneli s&amp;#xF6;dain nmakjat. Serem laskahai jat Disnikavau jalm&amp;#xF6;s!

The plane will land safely, I said to myself, and I don't want to look at the ground after the end. I really intended to have a good time at Disneyland!

&quot;Makvilna,&quot; osmautemsko hnaum. &quot;Kelauk nmdasreh.&quot;

&quot;Be safe,&quot; the flight attendant said. &quot;You need not worry.&quot;

Serem bakri lat, edl laskai sokmev&amp;#xF6;r osmaut Lasandjelesain soksom. Mara sr&amp;#xFC; surad viln&amp;#xF6;s, at bulatai. Serem har&amp;#xF6;st kors&amp;#xF6;t vilat; vadin&amp;#xFC;m van sr&amp;#xF6;duksa neb. Osmaut lid&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xF6;s, serem nvilnakt hos vai vilnakt sr&amp;#xF6;t saunu bintu versa.

I looked out the window, and the sky suddenly became dark as the plane descended towards Los Angeles. The city streets were very bright, and they apparently never ended. I glimpsed a huge highway; at least twenty lanes existed. Then the plane turned, and I looked past dusky houses and bright streets to the red ocean.

Om mars&amp;#xF6;dau osmot ul lat? Osmaut h&amp;#xF6;vjati sal, serem ontja; mara latahtobekjo edlain sokkasal mara kobol osmautnaim s&amp;#xF6;di. Durau ati, kim latah?

Were people on the ground watching the plane? I believed it likely that the plane was being watched on television; all the video cameras were being caused to look into the sky as the wheels descended towards the runway. After that, what would happen?

Vilnak kabna sokvidsem eski sokhal&amp;#xF6;s, sauv dat&amp;#xFC;l mkiv limek&amp;#xFC;m. Osmaut s&amp;#xF6;di merih, mara autnitra laskai sokmevidos osmaut sokmesneh.

A neon sign was flashing while my heart was working, but fog appeared because my face became wet. The plane became low in relation to the ground, and the engines suddenly began to briefly roar as the plane began to be vertical.

&quot;Maremain, askarimahani ndaul!&quot; hautem dos.

&quot;Everyone, sit in the emergency pose!&quot; the pilot shouted.

Steva mekevbsenjokt, serem Vels Meladain lilat. &quot;Ks&amp;#xFC; kelem bulse,&quot; serem sokkel sokbsen.

The pillow became a head grave, then I looked at Aunt Melody. &quot;I love you,&quot; I said while crying.

At kot. &quot;Ks&amp;#xFC; kelem hruvai bulse, Elisain. Marem bohad.&quot;

She smiled. &quot;I love you too, Liz. Everyone will live.&quot;

Serem kas tekel, osmaut daborjoka. Serem bokevt baksa stevat ati viskad.

I tried to continue speaking, but the plane ceased being horizontal. I grabbed the back of my head and jammed the pillow with it.

Mara kobol osmautnau lihan som&amp;#xFC;lit tsin mara autnitra lihanai dos. Serem sokvibohad sokmikmkob&amp;#xF6;s, sokdnava svenjan&amp;#xFC;t hal&amp;#xFC;t nt&amp;#xFC;lakt takint hal, nde benak latah datsin. Osmautau marem &amp;#xFC;sau vanrihau vunkel, marem l&amp;#xFC;tai damedos, mesol, mesel.

The wheels on the runway made a loud thump and the engines loudly roared. I held my breath and prayed for a long time, waiting to hear the frightening sound associated with collapsing metal, but no similar event happened. In fact everyone in the plane did not talk during one minute, but then everyone began to hysterically shout, began to laugh, and began to clap.

Serem edlain lat, ket om dnaim jalm&amp;#xF6;seh. Serem el sokmurai, Vels Meladit mbi vai tsemrai sokkol; at libohan, serem ontja. Durau ati, serem Kindslit tesek, serem tab&amp;#xF6;st rem, serem baus, at ol bulat: serem Kindsla jalm&amp;#xF6;s. Serem atain dasokjat, serem masvirat tint soksrih.

I looked up, and two people in the aisle were hugging each other. I imitated them, surrounding Aunt Melody with my arms very tightly; I thought she'd pop. After that, I remembered Kingsley, and realised that I had a golden opportunity which included me hugging Kingsley. But when I looked in his direction, I found a stunning thing.

Kindsli vijob.

Kingsley had fainted.

===Hru msanu: Chapter Two===
At latah, serem ret jera

I couldn't believe that this had happened.

Kindsli Kotvas maur nja man mara hri Dehanmejalkau, serem ontja, at ravijob. S&amp;#xFC;m ket andel. &quot;Marem bahad?&quot; at Vels Melada lir&amp;#xFC;m.

Kingsley Fortune was probably the perfect man compared to all others in the United States, and he had fainted. The eyes quickly opened. &quot;Is everyone alive?&quot; he asked Aunt Melody in a whisper.

&quot;Marem bahad, marem vunja,&quot; Vels Meladi ardamai ldasa. &quot;Kelauk sokk&amp;#xFC;mr kelauk ol sokkel: osmautdolorust kavutau mivad. Hautem takinoltort oltor.&quot;

&quot;Everyone is alive, in fact everyone is perfect,&quot; Aunt Melody answered energetically. &quot;You were right, when you said that this airplane company is of the highest quality in the country. The pilot deserves a medal.&quot;

Kindsli &amp;#xFC;lain sokbosneh ardamai sokbahad. At mhal &amp;#xF6;ri edli s&amp;#xFC;mi lilat. &quot;Kelem ol ndaraiha: kelem nmakbateh, Elisain. Ks&amp;#xFC; kelem drevna.&quot;

Kingsley leaned back in his seat and breathed difficultly. He then looked at me using the deep blue eyes. &quot;I must admit that I'm not brave, Liz. I apologize to you.&quot;

&quot;Kelem srend maktab, Kindslain! Marem smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenjah; sid lint&amp;#xFC;l, kelem vuvontja. Kelem ol k&amp;#xFC;mr&amp;#xFC;m: kelem Vinitekain doni makabas.&quot;

&quot;I'd like to eat a cookie, Kingsley! Everyone was very scared, and in fact I believed it likely that my nose would disappear. I'm sure about this: I want to go back to Winnipeg by the feet.&quot;

At kot. &quot;Kelem ken skel mkivau ket hrab. Ket jat kim tsin?&quot;

He smiled. &quot;I might talk to you two before you return home. What do you intend to do?&quot;

Vels Meladi mesneh. &quot;Ket at&amp;#xFC; n&amp;#xFC;len.&quot;

Aunt Melody stood up. &quot;We haven't decided about that.&quot;

&quot;Ket kimlokau vihas?&quot;

&quot;Where are you two staying?&quot;

&quot;Anahaimau vihas. Kelem kajost botek.&quot;

&quot;A motel in Anaheim. I forget the name.&quot;

&lt;i&gt;Desma?&lt;/i&gt; Vels Meladi kajost sadmau jos, at dakas andelut j&amp;#xF6;ts; serem Kindslit ndesel stekel. Serem el mikjat, istnksurt&amp;#xFC; seremt ket lisrih, Kindslit lildasa. &quot;Ket kant&amp;#xFC; komtobekjokmort daimi l&amp;#xF6;t, Bn&amp;#xF6;sau Suradau,&quot; serem makmilosehakai tekel.

&lt;i&gt;What?&lt;/i&gt; Aunt Melody was carrying the name in the pocket, but she was trying to discard this opportunity; I might never talk to Kingsley again. I stared at her, then quickly found &lt;i&gt;my&lt;/i&gt; itinerary and answered Kingsley. &quot;We'll visit the movie studio tomorrow, at Universal City,&quot; I continued helpfully.

&quot;Mat&amp;#xF6;s lok. Kelem ken ndan&amp;#xFC;seh, kelem makdos.&quot;

&quot;A wonderful place. I insist that I must accompany you.&quot;

&quot;At vai kot! Laskahai ket &amp;#xF6;lent sel.&quot;

&quot;That's very good! We absolutely support the idea.&quot;

Vels Meladi seremt s&amp;#xF6;tehai lat; serem el nlat, serem dajateh. Vels Meladi Kindsli lenutau huktomahai, daimi at Kindslit damakkelkel, serem ontja. Kotai, serem mbatjot dos.

Aunt Melody angrily looked at me, but I pretended that I did not see it. Aunt Melody was apparently disinterested by Kingsley at the hour, but tomorrow I believed it likely she'd want to talk to Kingsley. Luckily, I threw a weapon.

Osmauthasau, laskah oltin neb. Vai tj&amp;#xF6;lerhauv&amp;#xFC; osmautau om mverja, vai kabausem ohi liruldasa, marem hukdoseh, at likas mara &quot;bahademt&quot; matai lat. Serem bnai bseh, serem smin&amp;#xF6;sai makliruldasah, Vels Meladi ket omtsemri dakom, l&amp;#xF6;nkjokt litsanja.

Inside the airport, total chaos existed. Many family members associated with the people on the plane cried because of joy, journalists interviewed people, and everyone was pushing each other because they were trying to see the &quot;survivors&quot; well. I felt important, and I really wanted to be interviewed, but Aunt Melody quickly walked through the crowd and then left the terminal.

Kindsli seremt Vels Meladit vihasain haut, serem mkob, man daulen liruldasah; mkivau Kindsla bolat, kulamhok sul vai ndakvilbjeki sokkavilna, at osmautau tneli soti sokhnaum.

I hoped that Kingsley would drive me and Aunt Melody to the motel, but the man decided to be interviewed; before losing sight of Kingsley, his gold-coloured hair was being lit by strobe lights while he described the final time on the airplane.

Ket aut&amp;#xF6;si drondahaut, serem istnt vihasain jalm&amp;#xF6;s. Lasandjeles har&amp;#xF6;s; aut&amp;#xF6;s vadin&amp;#xFC;mau lanau haut Anahaimt lik&amp;#xf6;m--Disnikav atau kerai lok--aut&amp;#xF6;s vadim hibi korsi hrai haut, serem ontja. Serem srend maktab, serem lilanvaisreh: serem mara ot bakri mikjat, serem masviri vilnaki vai vilni ket&amp;#xFC;hau h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xFC;hau srau kajalm&amp;#xF6;sah.

Although we had to travel by bus, I still enjoyed the trip to the motel. Los Angeles is huge; I believe that the bus traveled at least an hour to arrive at Anaheim--Disneyland is located there, by the way--and that the bus also traveled using approximately eight freeways. I wanted to eat cookies, because I was too busy with: I stared out the window at all the cars, and I was entertained by the incredible neon signs at the sides of the road.

Serem smin&amp;#xF6;sai sokmekaslah, serem vai bnat kabnut melat: &lt;i&gt;Vihas&amp;#xFC; Disnikav&lt;/i&gt;. Serem Muntasmahalhes bni kaulenah; serem snehai sok&amp;#xFC;l mb&amp;#xF6;h&amp;#xFC;t Vels Meladit sokbaksa.

I became very excited when I noticed this very important sign: &lt;i&gt;Disneyland Hotel&lt;/i&gt;. It reminded me of the Taj Mahal in importance; I sat vertically while grabbing Aunt Melody's arm.

&quot;Bakri makjat! Ket mrav&amp;#xFC;hau Disnikavau lok!&quot;

&quot;Please look out the window! We're near Disneyland!&quot;

Aut&amp;#xF6;s h&amp;#xF6;vakau mkivau hrabjoki haut, durau r&amp;#xFC;ni har&amp;#xFC;mi V&amp;#xF6;trtal t&amp;#xFC;l, kevau aut&amp;#xF6;si litarhaut. &amp;#xD6;t joldisjokh&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmor&amp;#xFC;t tint ben: lan rautamhok umal, vai ndak r&amp;#xFC;nmhok vilbjek; serem hauti &amp;#xFC;sau makhaut.

The bus traveled near to the front of the driveway, and after a few seconds a monorail appeared, and paused traveling above the bus. It resembled a thing associated with a space movie: a long silver-coloured body, and flashing multi-colour lights; I totally wanted to travel by it one time.

&quot;Ket Vihas&amp;#xFC;hau Disnikavau svihas, Vels Meladain? &amp;#xDC;sau &amp;#xF6;rau? Kelem ks&amp;#xFC; makrem&amp;#xFC; miloseh, kelem dos.&quot;

&quot;Might we stay at the Disneyland Hotel, Aunt Melody? During one night? I promise that I will help with the cost.&quot;

Vels Meladi kot. &quot;Dris&amp;#xF6;mjo neb talinjosr&amp;#xFC;mt livis&amp;#xF6;m atau. Ket los sl&amp;#xF6;t.&quot;

Aunt Melody smiled. &quot;Too little money exists to rent a broom closet here. We might visit the place.&quot;

&quot;Ket el ndatsin! Djolk&amp;#xFC;mt lokutau neb, r&amp;#xFC;n bat svara kel.&quot;

&quot;We must do that! A lagoon exists here, a few friends told me.&quot;

Vihasak vihasau om V&amp;#xF6;trtali h&amp;#xF6;vakain Disnikavain haut, hautem&amp;#xFC; aut&amp;#xF6;s kel&amp;#xF6;s. Smehai, ket Disnikavt nlat liv&amp;#xF6;r, ket vailokauti h&amp;#xF6;vakain vihasain lihaut. Korai, serem mara Lasandjeles&amp;#xFC;t h&amp;#xF6;vjatjodnot melat; serem ds&amp;#xF6;rt bahad&amp;#xFC;t &amp;#xF6;rt bahadsrau lisokjat, serem maurt lauhrasuskavt sokvadek.

People staying at the hotel traveled by monorail to nearby Disneyland, the bus driver explained. Unfortunately, we didn't see Disneyland because of the darkness, so we traveled by taxi to our nearby motel. Soon I was trying out all the Los Angeles television channels; then as I experienced the warm night air on the balcony, I listened to the palm tree leaves rattling in the wind.

Mlan ndesel k&amp;#xF6;m, serem jera.

I believed that the morning would never come.

Roki! At datsin. Serem Vels Meladi drikorai ond, bahadsrau sneh. Serem sr&amp;#xF6;t sokjat, vai Kalisorn&amp;#xFC;t om Katelarjoksri sokhaut: durau k&amp;#xF6;mrdnim josak &amp;#xF6;kau umnitrautau j&amp;#xF6;n jaru; kedinelmamhokau ketkolau Saudjok&amp;#xFC; Njakbausem; korautau j&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xF6;s n&amp;#xFC;m. Ba lan&amp;#xFC;hau sol&amp;#xF6;s&amp;#xFC;hau sul&amp;#xFC;hau n&amp;#xFC;mau jat, at kantain haut, serem smin&amp;#xF6;sai ontja.

Thank goodness! But it did. I woke up early compared to Aunt Melody, and stood on the balcony. As I watched the road, many California people drove using Katella Avenue: a handsome guy in an old hearse with a surfboard in the back; a Hell-associated Angel on a candy apple-colour bicycle; and a gorgeous woman in a sports car. The wind was playing with the long blonde hair of that woman, and I believe it very likely that she was driving to the studio.

Serem Vels Meladi Deldsar&amp;#xFC; Hasau tab, Vels Meladi dalven deldsar&amp;#xFC;t seremt s&amp;#xF6;m. Kindsli smin&amp;#xFC;mai kul&amp;#xFC;mai &amp;#xF6;ki ohli Hevrolauti lik&amp;#xF6;m. Serem edlau nhas, serem lant &amp;#xF6;rt lannurot dakavr, solb&amp;#xFC;lat josak miva hautem, r&amp;#xFC;n lsav&amp;#xFC; marem missandjo. Serem kovr&amp;#xFC;m lannurot tobekjo, serem Vels Melada limrasa seremt Kindslit tobekjo. Serem smin&amp;#xFC;mai mekot durau Kindsli serema mbasa!

Me and Aunt Melody ate at the Hamburger House, but Aunt Melody refused to buy my hamburger. Then Kingsley arrived somewhat disappointingly by an old battered Chevrolet. I don't live in the sky, but I was envisioning a long black limousine, a sunglasses-wearing cute chauffeur, and a few buttons associated with everyone stereo. I was ready to take a picture of the limousine, so I asked Aunt Melody to take a picture of me and Kingsley. I became very happy after Kingsley put his arm around me!

Marem autau l&amp;#xF6;nka, Kindsli Santa Ana Korsain lihaut. Vai Svani kajos Kalisornau neb, Kindsli raunt kel&amp;#xF6;s, serem mrala. At mrahim, el kel: droh&amp;#xFC; Svanikav s&amp;#xF6;dit jaltakau salau mikelsai; surad mekajosah &quot;el pueblo de nuestra señora la reina de los angeles&quot;-i (at &quot;Surad&amp;#xFC; am&amp;#xFC; Jad, nobjal&amp;#xFC; mara njakbausem&quot;-i mrali).

Everyone entered the car, and Kingsley drove towards the Santa Ana Freeway. I requested that Kingsley explain the reason that many Spanish names are present in California. He granted the favour, and said this: the Spanish king owned the land in the distant past; the city was founded as &quot;el pueblo de nuestra señora la reina de los angeles&quot; (that means &quot;City of the mother of God, queen of the angels&quot;).

Serem vai j&amp;#xF6;nt maurit tanau lat; serem ret kovri sol durau Kindsli dehin&amp;#xFC;hi bintsri haut, at beski likajos. Vai kali &quot;beska&quot; radeh, at maurt kimr&amp;#xF6;st rahrai, vai bintsr&amp;#xF6; likadehinah, Kindsli kel. Serem daret ol kavr: kimr&amp;#xF6;s hneht kimr&amp;#xFC;mt ratelok.

I saw pretty mountains in the north; I didn't how to avoid laughing after Kingsley drove using a concrete channel and called it a river. A lot of rainwater could join the &quot;rivers&quot; and that could result in big floods, so the channels were paved, Kingsley said. But I couldn't imagine that a flood could replace the brown trickle.

Slaksai mara istnau, Vels Meladi smin&amp;#xFC;mai kel, serem raunt datek. Kindsli kas el kaund, mara bnat tint kalat, ljarai kabn&amp;#xFC; Haliv&amp;#xF6;d, bnasrau besk&amp;#xFC;m kulamhok hisk&amp;#xFC; vihas; man dakas.

Strangely during the whole trip, Aunt Melody spoke very little, but I didn't know why. Kingsley tried to wake her up, and showed all the important things, such as the sign associated with Hollywood, and a gold-coloured glass hotel with a stream in the lobby; but the man failed.

&quot;Jadsolau, kelem Kanjaukhes&amp;#xFC; ost l&amp;#xF6;t,&quot; at kel. &quot;Ket kustah?&quot;

&quot;On Sunday, I'll attend a church associated with cars,&quot; he said. &quot;Are the two interested?&quot;

&quot;Kanjaukhas&amp;#xFC; ot, at kim?&quot;

&quot;A church associated with cars, what's that?&quot;

&quot;Hisk&amp;#xFC; b&amp;#xFC; l&amp;#xFC;kah, at autsitant h&amp;#xF6;v. Marem jontavt sokralat at honvaht Kanjaukhasau sokkel. Autsitanau marem jontavt vai lihanhalini rajedsan.&quot;

&quot;A glass wall has been built, and it's near the parking lot. Everyone can see the priest while he's talking to the congregation in the church. Everyone in the parking lot can hear the priest by loudspeakers.&quot;

Vels Meladi sormt Kindslain lat. &quot;Kelauk Kanjaukhes tol&amp;#xF6;t?&quot;

Aunt Melody glanced at Kingsley. &quot;Do you regularly attend church?&quot;

&quot;Kelem tsin.&quot;

&quot;I do.&quot;

Vels Meladi ntekel, at Kindsl&amp;#xFC; damekot, serem k&amp;#xFC;mr&amp;#xFC;m, at smin&amp;#xF6;sai likalam. Vels Meladi irit tab, serem nmakbojat, serem likisol.

Aunt Melody didn't resume talking, but I was sure that she became happy about Kingsley, because she's very religiously devout. I did not want to see Aunt Melody stop being in a good mood, so I made a joke.

&quot;Kindslain, kelauk tsibmdai d&amp;#xFC;ksi tolahev?&quot;

&quot;Kingsley, do you eat chicken meat with your fingers?&quot;

&quot;Kelem tsin.&quot;

&quot;I do.&quot;

&quot;Kelem dokar&amp;#xF6;sah. Mar&amp;#xFC;m om tsibmdai &amp;#xFC;sai lahev.&quot;

&quot;I'm disgusted. Most people only eat the chicken meat.&quot;

Kindsli sol&amp;#xF6;s, Vels Meladi hrai tsin, ket r&amp;#xFC;n s&amp;#xF6;tau drorakilosah. Mat&amp;#xF6;s! Serem eljamt sreh hrat kisolt lisrih, aut korsr&amp;#xF6;t datsanja, at edlt mekit limek&amp;#xF6;v.

Kingsley laughed heartily, and Aunt Melody did too, although she had heard the joke a few times before. Excellent! I searched my mind to find other jokes, but the car left the highway, and it began to ascend a green hill.

&quot;Aut Mara Bn&amp;#xF6;st Kant m&amp;#xF6;r,&quot; Kindsli kel. &quot;Vai h&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmor utau kim, vai bna em slatah. Kelem doromah halmravt sokl&amp;#xF6;t komtobekjo sokandel, kelem dailsai Dursitant sr&amp;#xF6; sr&amp;#xF6;dehnauti l&amp;#xF6;t. Nuram ten kalatah, ljarai H&amp;#xFC;msok andel.&quot;

&quot;The car approaches Universal Studios,&quot; Kingsley said. &quot;Movies are done here, so famous people might be seen. I am forbidden from visiting the sound area while video cameras are turned on, but you can visit the Back Lot by tram. Special things are shown, such as the Red Sea parting.&quot;

&quot;Marem Saudrasvat lat?&quot;

&quot;Will we see Jaws?&quot;

&quot;Jala! Miktekhasa nmdalanjamal; kelauk betri mikali likajosah.&quot;

&quot;Yes! Don't move too close to the tank; you'll be called the headless kid.&quot;

Vels Meladi Kindslit lat. &quot;Bat mhal ati kel: vai l&amp;#xF6;tem tuslah, at msan&amp;#xFC;t &lt;u&gt;Osmauthes&lt;/u&gt; h&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmort lisokmurai vai om sokjat.&quot;

Aunt Melody looked at Kingsley. &quot;A friend told me that visitors are chosen to act out scenes of the movie &lt;u&gt;Airport&lt;/u&gt; while many people watch.&quot;

&quot;Jala!&quot; at hnaum. &quot;Marem hrai ndoromah r&amp;#xFC;n hra tent lat. &amp;#xDC;sau, vai komtobekjo &lt;u&gt;Osmauthes&lt;/u&gt; ksurta; &lt;u&gt;Vaidelkatomakmankamasviraktsinlatah&lt;/u&gt;au, vai delkatomakman lanjok&amp;#xF6; stausom.&quot;

&quot;That's right,&quot; he said. &quot;Everyone is also allowed to watch a few other shows. In one, cameras record &lt;u&gt;Airport&lt;/u&gt;; in the &lt;u&gt;Cowboy Stunt Show&lt;/u&gt;, cowboys fall from buildings, among other things.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk kim tint marai jalm&amp;#xF6;s, Kindslain?&quot;

&quot;What thing do you totally enjoy, Kingsley?&quot;

&quot;Harhas&amp;#xFC; Stokrsaunman.&quot;

&quot;The Castle of Dracula.&quot;

&quot;Bo! El kim?&quot;

&quot;Wow! What's that?&quot;

&quot;Kelem ks&amp;#xFC; durau kori s&amp;#xF6;ti ldasa,&quot; Kindsli sokkel, at aust ardamkom el likaul. Serem r&amp;#xFC;n maurt autsitan hrai ralat, serem ontja; smin&amp;#xF6;s ot&amp;#xF6;su tohaut atau kaulah. Marem ksurts&amp;#xF6;mjokantain sokdno, serem Albert&amp;#xF6; aut&amp;#xF6;t sokjat, el&amp;#xFC; Senlorankav&amp;#xFC; kabna. Serem mekot, serem smin&amp;#xFC;mai livarat; durai kori s&amp;#xF6;ti, serem tovelsai josant kaimiskavtehemt lat, tanid&amp;#xF6;n, lntah. S&amp;#xF6;l kavom&amp;#xFC; Senlorankav los sel l&amp;#xF6;t, serem ontja.

&quot;I'll reply to you soon,&quot; Kingsley said, as he maneuvered the car in order to park it. I believe it to be likely that I've only seen a few bigger parking lots; many tour buses were parked there. While everyone was walking to the ticket office, I saw a bus from Alberta, and on it a sign about Canada. I became happy because I was feeling a bit homesick; soon afterwards, I became accustomed to seeing maple-leaf pins being worn, and badges, and hats. I believe it likely that half the population of Canada visited the place during the day.

Mtai durau marem barjavi dno, serem Kindslit mesas Harhas&amp;#xFC;hi Stokrsaunmani lihnaum. &quot;At k&amp;#xFC;mr? At ramakels&amp;#xFC;lah?&quot;

As soon as everyone walked through the gate, I began to bother Kingsley to discuss Castle Dracula. &quot;Is it real? Can it be explored?&quot;

Man sol. &quot;Harhasain makdno. Kaltankmor durau mbaki venrihi melatah.&quot;

The man laughed. &quot;Let's walk to the castle. A show will begin to be seen after ten minutes.&quot;

Marem hr&amp;#xFC;t kaltankmor&amp;#xFC;t barjavt hlam sokdno, Kindsli ol kel&amp;#xF6;s: marem lan&amp;#xFC;hau tab&amp;#xF6;sau &amp;#xFC;l, atau Stokrsaunman terat kajalm&amp;#xF6;s. &quot;Kelauk hul slakst nohi lat, Elisain. Kelauk makbateh?&quot;

As we hurried past the entrances to other shows, Kingsley explained that everyone would sit in a banquet hall, and there Dracula would entertain the guests. &quot;You'll see some pretty strange creatures, Liz. Are you brave?&quot;

&quot;Jala! Kelem ret dnava.&quot;

&quot;That's right! I can't wait.&quot;

Marem Harhas&amp;#xFC;hau Stokrsaunmanau har&amp;#xFC;hi stamkandeli l&amp;#xF6;nka, liv&amp;#xFC;l. Serem sitrai limikjat. Serem sri smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenjah. Troksi bohadhetsai nikah; vauma mara bakrt kavilna. Starah mkivau seremi lok, at tab&amp;#xF6;si dnava; serem vai raun&amp;#xFC;t vilnjokt lat, skov starahjaska; damin ken mbatemkabn&amp;#xFC;hu Stokrsaunmanu kanuraman. Serem &amp;#xFC;st torat danlat.

We entered Castle Dracula through a stone archway, and sat down. Then I simply stared. An organ was being mournfully played; lightning lit up the windows. A table was located in front of me, and it was ready for a feast; I saw many silver candlesticks, and a white tablecloth; a sewing needle decorated the latter with Dracula's coat of arms. But I did not see one guest.

Vai harjamman lihad, har&amp;#xF6;s lotamhas vai har&amp;#xFC;t b&amp;#xFC;t tebsatebsa. Marokau, vai viln&amp;#xF6;s viln&amp;#xFC;m; s&amp;#xFC;tak ibjasnom &amp;#xFC;l&amp;#xFC;m. Stokrsaunman kimau dalok? Serem Vels Meladit menok, serem &amp;#xF6;l dahal.

Werewolves howled, and giant spider webs rubbed the stone walls. Everywhere, torches flickered; angry gargoyles crouched. But where was Dracula? I began to whisper to Aunt Melody, but I heard him.

&quot;Ndakras, bohadvas om!&quot; at svenjakai kel. &quot;Kat! Kelauk vilnjok&amp;#xFC;t Sauddrohat l&amp;#xF6;nka.&quot;

&quot;Be silent, mortals!&quot; he scarily said. &quot;Damn it! You have entered the Sanctuary of the Evil King.&quot;

Serem Stokrsaunmen nlat; serem ken &amp;#xFC;sai hal. D&amp;#xF6;nau dasanbarjav sok&amp;#xF6;t sokandelah, bauko jaru ati t&amp;#xFC;l; at duks&amp;#xFC;t tseldonjam&amp;#xFC;t hukhes jos.

I didn't see Dracula; I only heard him. A trap door creaked while being opened, and a strange guy appeared from it; he wore a striped prison outfit.

&quot;makbohademut&amp;#xFC; kelem, Rensild,&quot; Stokrsaunman kel. &quot;At l&amp;#xF6;tsinehi tokab, ljarai slahau rjoka irid.&quot;

&quot;This is my minion, Renfield,&quot; Dracula said. &quot;He eats insects, such as the fat good-tasting thing in his hand.&quot;

Rensild tombat&amp;#xFC;makt njolt lotamalt tani. Laskai l&amp;#xFC;tehem dehar, at seremain lisokslat lotamalt sokjos! Serem lihad, serem ksm&amp;#xFC;t Vels Meladit stevai likadolos.

Renfield held a wriggling hairy tarantula. Suddenly the maniac cackled, and then he ran towards me while carrying the tarantula! I screamed, then used Aunt Melody's side as a pillow.

Marem sol; Vels Meladi seremt drojalm&amp;#xF6;s, serem kevt vinkatom. Rensild &amp;#xFC;lab &amp;#xFC;l&amp;#xFC;m starahain; lotamal nt&amp;#xFC;l. At tabah?

Everyone laughed; although Aunt Melody hugged me, I did not move my head momentarily. Renfield squatted on a chair near the table; the tarantula had disappeared. Was it eaten?

Serem Vels Meladit lat. &quot;Kelem kelauk lokut ndatsanja? Mara lotam mhal smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenja, jarat.&quot;

I looked at Aunt Melody. &quot;Should you and I leave this place? Spiders scare me a lot, and that guy.&quot;

Vels Meladi kot. &quot;Kelauk kamasvira, dnava saunt dos, kelem jera.&quot;

Aunt Melody smiled. &quot;I believed that you were brave and ready to defend yourself.&quot;

&quot;Jala. Saunat umalt tsanja, kelem nmakjat.&quot;

&quot;That's right. I don't want to see that blood leave the body.&quot;

Kindsli sol. &quot;Kelem ks&amp;#xFC; makbat, Elisain.&quot;

Kingsley laughed. &quot;I'll protect you, Liz.&quot;

Laskai, serem Stokrsaunmen sokjat, at har&amp;#xFC;hain rjokain k&amp;#xFC;sain soksneh. At daulan drobara, smin&amp;#xF6;s droj&amp;#xF6;n--serem lent &amp;#xF6;rt sult lat, j&amp;#xF6;n &amp;#xF6;rai s&amp;#xFC;m--serem soklihad&amp;#xFC;m, d&amp;#xFC;r&amp;#xFC; Stokrsaunman navart sokmelat, saunman k&amp;#xFC;s&amp;#xF6; mridai soksom.

Suddenly, I saw Dracula while he stood near a flight of wide stone stairs. Although he was unexpectedly young, and very handsome--I saw long black hair, and beautiful dark eyes--I shuddered as Dracula's shoulder began to see the cape, and the vampire slowly descended the staircase.

&quot;Mara om kima d&amp;#xF6;s? At tab&amp;#xF6;st kaultin; kelauk el ndorom likim?&quot;

&quot;Where have the people come from? They have intruded upon the feast; why did you allow that?&quot;
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish Phonology</title>
    <id>638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4004</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-15T15:28:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edit of 82.194.62.9, changed back to last version by Muke</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;&lt; [[Trentish]]

===Phonemic Inventory===
====Consonants====
{| cellpadding=5
! !! labial !! alveolar !! palatal !! velar !! glottal
|-
! plosive
| p pʼ pʰ (pʷ?) || tʼ tʰ tʷ || c cʰ cʷ || k kʼ kʰ kʷ || ʔ
|-
! nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ
|-
! lateral
| || l tɬ
|-
! fricative
| || s ʃ || || x 
|}

====Vowels====
{| cellpadding=5
| i y || ʊ u
|-
| e ø || o
|-
|   ||  ʌ ɔ  
|-
| || ɑ
|}

====Orthography====
Orthography is phonemic.  

{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=10| ''Vowels''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| a || e || i || o || oh || ö || r || u || uh || ü 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /ɑ/ || /e/ || /i/ || /ɔ/ || /o/ || /ø/ || /ʌ/ || /u/ || /ʊ/ || /y/ 
|}

{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=13| ''Consonants''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| b || p || ph || pw || m || d || t || th || tw || n || s || sh || x
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /p/ || /pʼ/ || /pʰ/ || /pʷ/ || /m/ || /t/ || /tʼ/ || /tʰ/ || /tʷ/ || /n/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| dʼ || tʼ || tʼh || tʼw || ny || g || k || kh || kw || ng || l || ƛ || q
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /c/ || /cʼ/ || /cʰ/ || /cʷ/ || /ɲ/ || /k/ || /kʼ/ || /kʰ/ || /kʷ/ || /ŋ/ || /l/ || /tɬ/ || /ʔ/
|}

Spelling changes to reflect changes in pronunciation such as internal [[sandhi]].  [[Geminate]]d vowels and consonants are spelled double; in digraphs the first letter is doubled (e.g., ssh, nny, uuh).

The letter ''r'' is strictly vocalic and has no consonantal value.

''W'' is mainly used as in digraphs as a sign of labialization, but does occur in some loanwords by itself; by those unfamiliar with [w] proper it is pronounced [ʔʷ].

===Internal [[Sandhi]]===
====Word-level====
* Trentish words can only end in a vowel or a nasal. Stops and /l/ occurring at the end of a word are nasalized, thus /thɑk/ &quot;wear&quot; becomes [thɑŋ].  /ʔ/ and the other consonants are dropped.

====Syllable-level====
=====Syllable-final=====
* Plain voiceless consonants disappear, lengthening the previous vowel: 
*:/xlɔʔ/ &quot;washed, clean&quot; &amp;rarr; [xlɔɔkʷʌ] &quot;be washed&quot;. 
* Ejectives and /l/ turn to nasals as at the word level:
*:/tʰɔl/ &quot;upon&quot; &amp;rarr; [tʰɔŋkʷʌ] &quot;be on top of&quot;. 
* Labialized consonants reduce to [w]:
*:/kitʷ/ &lt;small&gt;COLL&lt;/small&gt; &amp;rarr; [kiwcʷecʷe] &quot;set of journeys&quot;. 
* Aspirated consonants fricativize:
*:/pʼɑlɑkʰ/ &quot;hate&quot; &amp;rarr; [pʼɑlɑxpʼɑlɑŋ] &quot;grudge&quot;.

=====Syllable-initial after a nasal=====
* Aspirated stops are ejectivized by a preceding original nasal: 
*:/tʰɑŋ/ &quot;wear&quot; &amp;rarr; [xɑntʼɑŋ] &quot;wear that&quot; 
* Labialized stops inherit preceding nasality: 
*:/cʷe/ &quot;go&quot; &amp;rarr; [xɑnɲʷe] &quot;go up yonder&quot;. 
* Plain stops are aspirated by a preceding nasal: 
*:/pɑ/ &lt;small&gt;TOP&lt;/small&gt; &amp;rarr; [xɑnpʰɑ] &quot;yonder&quot; 
* Ejective stops geminate a preceding nasal: 
*:/pʼɑlɑŋ/ &quot;hate&quot; &amp;rarr; [xɑmmɑlɑŋ] &quot;hate that&quot;

=====Syllable-inital after /ɲ/=====
* /ɲl/ &gt; [ɲʎ]
* /ɲx/ &gt; [ɲç]
* /ɲm/ &gt; [ɲmʲ]   ''etc.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aspect</title>
    <id>639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5936</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ. grammar, categ. wikipedia import</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Grammatical aspect''' in [[linguistics]] is a property of a verb that defines the temporal flow of the described event or state. The typical contrasts of aspect in many languages can be shown using phrases in English. Here are some of the many aspects found in the world's languages:

* Habitual: 'I walk home from work.' (every day)
: 'I would/used to walk home from work.' (past habit)
* Perfect: 'I have/had gone to the cinema.'
* Imperfect: 'I went to the cinema.'
* Imperfective: 'I'm going home.' (the action is in progress)
* Perfective: 'I went home.' (the action is finished)
* Progressive: 'I am eating.'
* Prospective: 'I am about to eat.'
* Inceptive: 'I am beginning to eat.'
* Continuative: 'I am continuing to eat.'
* Terminative: 'I am finishing my meal.'
* Inchoative: 'My nose is turning red.' (from the cold)
* Cessative: 'I am quitting smoking.'
* Pausative: 'I stopped working for a while.'
* Resumptive: 'I resumed sleeping.'
* Punctual: 'I slept.'
* Durative: 'I slept for an hour.'
* Delimitative: 'I slept for a while.'
* Protractive: 'The argument went on and on.'
* Iterative: 'I read the same books again and again.'
* Frequentative: 'I go to school a lot.'
* Experiential: 'I have gone to school many times.'
* Intentional: 'I listened carefully.'
* Accidental: 'I knocked over the chair.'
* Generic: 'Mangos grow on trees.'
* Intensive: 'It glared.'
* Moderative: 'It shined.'
* Attenuative: 'It glimmered.'

In some languages, such as [[Russian]], aspect is more salient than tense in narrative. Russian, like others, marks aspect using special morphology on the verb instead of periphrasis (auxiliaries, adverbs, etc.) as in English. [[Arabic]] shows a contrast between dynamic and static aspect (the concepts 'ride' and 'mount' are shown by the same verb, rukubun, static in the former case and dynamic in the latter).

It is important to note that linguistic aspect is distinct from [[tense]],
which pinpoints the ''time'' at which an action takes place, and is not
related to its ''degree of completion'' (which might be a good way to describe
aspect in layman's terms).  Unfortunately, English (which, like most [[Indo-European languages]], hopelessly muddles tense and aspect
in its verb system) is not ideal when attempting to underscore this
distinction.

{| border=1 style=&quot;float:right; margin-left:1em&quot;
|[[English]]||[[Serbian]]
|-
|I was eating||Ja sam jeo
|-
|I have eaten||Ja sam pojeo
|-
|I will eat||Ja ću jesti
|-
|[I will (intend to) have eaten]||Ja ću pojesti
|-
|I have been eating||Ja sam bio jeo
|-
|[I have eaten (a long time ago)]||Ja sam bio pojeo
|}
An example will be made of the verb &quot;to eat&quot; in [[Serbian]]. In Serbian, the verb exists in perfective and imperfective aspects; it could be translated either as &quot;jesti&quot; (imperfective) or &quot;pojesti&quot; (perfective). Now, each aspect could be used with each tense of Serbian (except present tense). Notice that, in first two examples, what in English language is expressed in two different tenses, in Serbian is expressed in the same tense, but with two different aspects. The second and third pair of examples show how aspects are combined with other tenses.

English is generally considered to have two tenses, present and past, and these are then modified by two aspects, progessive/continuous and perfect. Tenses are then named according to the combination of aspects they posses. 
So we have for the present tense:
*Present Simple (not progressive/continuous, not perfect)
*Present Continuous (progressive, not perfect)
*Present perfect (not progressive, perfect)
*Present Perfect Continuous (progressive, perfect)
It is to be stressed that these are the structural expressions of aspect and can convey meanings that would be expressed by separate and different aspects in other languages.

As well as the two tenses, English has a certain number of auxiliary verbs called modals and these are combined with the infinitive to convey a variety of meanings, including those normally expressed in other European languages by the future and conditional tenses:
*I will see you tomorrow.
*I can swim.

When combined with the modal auxiliaries the infinitive form changes to accommodate the same combinations of aspect available for the two tenses:
*He can/will/might do  (not progressive, not perfect)
*He can/will/might be doing (progressive, not perfect)
*He can/will/might have done (not progressive,  perfect)
*He can/will/might have been doing (progressive, perfect)

In some languages, aspect and tense are very clearly separated, making them
more distinct to their speakers.

There are also a number of languages which care much more about aspect than
tense.  Prominent in this category is [[Chinese]], which differentiates a whole
slew of aspects but relies exclusively on (optional) time-words to temporally
pinpoint an action.

----

{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|Grammatical aspect]]

[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]][[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sisiwön</title>
    <id>643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28854</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T23:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category:collaborations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&quot;Sisiwön&quot; is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in June 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list: Paul Bennett, Alex Fink, Rob Haden, Joe, and Robert &quot;Trebor&quot; Jung.

The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).

This page is essentially a public repository of information on Sisiwön.  Work on the language is conducted in the Yahoo group [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration ConlangCollaboration]. If you'd like to participate, feel free to join the group (as opposed to changing this page directly).

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{|
! !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! Plosives
| p, p_h, p_&gt; || - || t, t_h, t_&gt; || - || - || k, k_h, k_&gt;, k_w, k_w_h, k_w_&gt; || q, q_w || -
|-
! Affricates
| - || - || ts), ts)_&gt;, ts)_w, ts)_j || tK), tK)_&gt; || tS), tS)_&gt; tS)_w || - || - || - || -
|-
! Fricatives
| - || f || s, s_w, s_j || K || S [Why not S_w too? --Trebor] || x, x_w || - || - || h
|-
! Nasals
| m || - || n, n_j || - || - || N, N_w || - || - || -
|-
! Liquids
| - || - || r, r_j || l, l_j || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
! Semivowels
| - || - || - || - || j || w || - || -
|}

There may be a restriction preventing labialized and palatalized consonants from occurring before [u] and [i], respectively.

=== Vowels ===
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels: i [I], ii [i:], ü [Y], üü [y:], ï [U_c], ïï [M:], u [U], uu [u:], e [E], ee [e:], ö [9], öö [2:], ë [V], ëë [7:], o [O], oo [o:], ä [a], ää [a:], a [A], aa [A:]. However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either the front series (i, ii, ü, üü, e, ee, ö, öö, ä, ää) or the back series (ï, ïï, u, uu, ë, ëë, o, oo, a, aa). It makes sense to think of Sisiwön as having five basic vowel phonemes (i, ü, e, ö, ä), plus two suprasegmental phonemes, [+long] and [+back], the latter occuring zero or one times in each word, affecting all the vowels in it.

=== Syllable Structure ===
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening suprasegmental [+long]. The symbol C may also stand for a word-initial 0-, allowing vowel-initial words.

=== Word Structure ===
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other constraints known at this time.

== Grammar ==

=== Verbal Morphology ===
Verbs are marked agglutinatively for person and number of subject and objects (both direct and indirect), tense (past vs non-past), mood (indicative vs irrealis vs imperative), aspect (imperfect vs perfect) and evidentiality (probably as clitics, meanings as yet undecided). 

Inchoative and completive will probably be derivational and independent of the aspectual system. 

There are a small class of valence-increasing derivational operations that take f(x,y) -&gt; g(z,f(x,y)), where g is &quot;want&quot;, &quot;cause&quot;, &quot;allow&quot;, &quot;prevent&quot;, or &quot;fear&quot;, and maybe a small number of others.

=== Syntax ===

Syntax is overwhelmingly, perhaps exclusively, head-final.  

== Lexicon ==

=== Swadesh List ===

#hand		/p_hi:kE/
#left (hand)	-/K9/ (/p_hi:kEK9/)
#right (hand)	-/rE/ (/p_hi:kErE/)
#leg		/N_wAtS)U/
##left leg	/N_wAtS)UKO/
#foot		/x_wi:pa/
#to walk	/x_wIxpE/
#tooth          /mAtAn/

=== Other ===

#baby           /pElE/
#carry          /k_wAnV/
#snail          /q9lm9s/

[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:PaulBennett</title>
    <id>644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4007</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-02T03:32:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hi!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  You mentioned you might need help editing.  The only help page around here at the moment is [[FrathWiki:How does one edit a page]] which is a little incomplete.  (Dang wiki software, not coming with its own help pages, grumble. I'll redirect that link to something.)  There is a full guide to wiki syntax and whatnot at [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview]].  

As for stuff like the general format and layout of pages, that's not quite set, 
so there's leeway.  If you have questions you can ask me.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:32, 1 Jul 2004 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Language questions</title>
    <id>645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22376</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:38:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reverted to fuller and unspammed description, almost missed this one too!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Form for discussing language-related questions.  Also try [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list].
----
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=FrathWiki:Language_questions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Add a new question]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;

== Ideas for Handling Four Specific Verb Constructions ==

I'm looking for help with [[Kosi]]. [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0407a&amp;L=conlang&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=10683 This Conlang post] gives the four verb constructions I'm having trouble with. I'd like some ideas so Kosi can express these constructions differently from English. Thanks. --Trebor, 12:21, 3 July 2004 EST

:Well... In [[Trentish]] this construction has been used but is still undocumented (I should work on it..).  These kinds of constructions use something I call a &quot;frame verb&quot;: it is basically a verbal particle placed after the main verb.  A sentence like &quot;I believe him to be a problem&quot; would interlinearize to &quot;him-Topic problem-be-1p-3p ''believe''&quot;, where ''believe'' is the frame verb, and the main verb inflects to agree both with the agent of the main verb (him, 3p) and the agent of the frame verb (me, 1p).  This construction also is used for other purposes, such as questions—the question frame verb ''nisya'' could be glossed as &quot;which&quot; or more literally as &quot;want to know which&quot;—or evidential particles (&quot;know X is true&quot;, &quot;suspect X is true&quot;, etc.).  Theoretically these can stack on top of each other as well, with the medial frame verbs taking minimal verbal marking: &quot;I suspect that you know that I believe him to be a problem&quot; = &quot;him-Topic problem-be-1p-3p ''believe''-2p ''know''-1p ''suspect''&quot;.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
:Possibly [[mood]]s could be used for this—either an open, productive class of moods (...seems unlikely) or perhaps a small set of semantically broad ones that could be buttressed by specific words (similar to how a small set of [[counter]]s can cover all kinds of mass nouns).  On the far hand you could degrammaticalize it entirely and require separate clauses: &quot;I believe this: He is a problem&quot;, &quot;he seems like this: he is good&quot;, &quot;I promised him this: I will buy the cat food&quot;, &quot;I persuaded him this: he will buy the cat food&quot;.  Toki Pona does things like this, as does Anna Wierzbicka's Natural Semantic Metalanguage. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

== Accents in Atlanliŋwa ==

I have to design my accent system around a certain set of phonetic assimilation rules... Unfortunately I have absolutely no idea what kind of accents sound natural. For that matter, I don't even know what kind of accent systems exist -- I know there's pitch accent (Japanese, Ural-Altaic) -- what does English use?

Currently, I have this idea (in order of precedence):

* Accent is determined before affixation or assimilation.
# Single-syllable words are not accented.
# Accent on the second syllable if the consonant is doubled.
# Accent on the first syllable if it is pronounced as a long vowel (a, `o, yi and wu) (IPA: /a:/, /o:/, /i:/ and /u:/).
# If the third syllable begins with y or w, accent the third syllable.
# If the second syllable begins with a consonant that is not palatalised or labialised, and has the same place or manner of articulation as the third syllable's consonant and is not y or w, then
## If the first syllable is not palatalised or labialised, then accent on the first syllable
## Otherwise, accent on the third syllable
# Otherwise, accent the second syllable.

So, we have (&amp;rarr; indicates post-assimilation):

# mal
# a'''τ̂i'''ka 
# '''a'''kàwa &amp;rarr; '''a'''kwa
# liŋa'''wa''' &amp;rarr; li'''ŋwa'''
#
## pyini'''ta''' &amp;rarr; pyin'''ta'''
## '''a'''wàgalu &amp;rarr; '''aw'''galu
# la'''ga'''

:A decent description of accentual systems in natlangs (in the context of devising a notation for describing them) along with an extensive list of example natlang stress patterns (described in the aforementioned notation) is found at the [http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/ssd/ Stress System Database].  Strictly speaking I don't suppose a stress system has to be naturalistic; a lexical stress system can place accents any old how.   
:In other words, from a conlanger's perspective your method could work fine for assigning stress to words, but how will native Atlanliŋwa speakers place accent on a word they don't recognize?  (They don't necessarily have to know. They might have to guess, if their language has primarily lexical stress.  But a speaker of say Finnish would probably stress it on the first syllable, as any other word in their language.)
:Any case as for ''kinds'' of accent, there are [[Wikipedia:Vocal stress|stress accent]] (based on loudness) and [[Wikipedia:pitch accent|pitch accent]] (based on, well, pitch), as well as tone accent.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:02, 16 Aug 2004 (PDT)
::Interesting. Since there are no such things as 'natural' accent patterns, I'll go forward with my idea then.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Nuts and bolts</title>
    <id>646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46117</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-17T13:33:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fonts */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Forum for technical questions (wiki-related or otherwise).
----
&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Help:Nuts_and_bolts&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Add a new question]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== Acceptable use ==

What is constituted as acceptable use of this Wiki? For instance, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia about virtually anything but is not a dictionary; Conlang Wiki is not a place to host everything about a conlang rather it's more like a portal, etc.

:Well, it's meant to be mainly a place for people to present conlangs.  That is, you can put as complete a grammar, lexicon, teach-yourself-whateverian, or phrasebook up here as you like.  (Descriptions of concultures and related things also.)  
:Also, I would like the wiki to become a place to present topics in linguistics and conculturing, especially for a creator's perspective: i.e., not just a textbook description of, say, parts of speech, but also how conlangers can build on it (what they need or don't need; how natlangs and other conlangs handle them, etc.)
:As for texts in conlangs, I'm not quite sure yet; clearly some illustrative texts would be allowed, although I'm ''not sure'' about, say, if someone wanted to undertake translating a Wikipedia and hosting here.  [Not because of disapproval of such a project; I'd like to see/do such a thing myself.  Mainly because I'm not sure about how page organization would/should be handled.]  
:Suggestions of course are welcome; I don't intend to play [[Meatball:GodKing|GodKing]] here.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)
::Perhaps, via Talk:, this could be a place for discussion of in-construction conlangs as well? I have one of my own, and would like to discuss it with others even as I construct it.  - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 22:48, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)
:::Absolutely. The wiki format should be great for this. :)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:38, 10 Aug 2004 (PDT)
::::Excellent! Expect to start seeing stuff at [[Atlanliŋwa]]. - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 08:08, 10 Aug 2004 (PDT)

:I put together a short and not-yet-definitive page at [[FrathWiki:Goals]] (which at the moment basically reiterates what was said above).  Suggestions are welcome.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:36, 21 Aug 2004 (PDT)

== MediaWiki Upgrade? ==

Wikipedia and co. have moved to a newer MediaWiki.

- [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 08:54, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)

:Yes, they have.  But 1.3 is still beta, and as I am not yet well versed in the arcana of databases and the mediawiki software I remain somewhat insecure about the process of switching till a final release is made.  (Perhaps if I had more technically-minded helpers around to keep up with things...)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)

::Well, they're up to 1.3.2, so I've upgraded.  There may be bugs, as it seems some things that belong in the upgrade didn't happen (Template namespace initialization script, upgrading the database to its newest form) so I'm dealing with these by hand atm.  Let me know if any other weirdness happens. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:35, 6 Sep 2004 (PDT)

== Broken search, fixed ==
The problems with the search—i.e., it not working at all, probably since &quot;pretty urls&quot; were put in place—have been [hopefully] fixed.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:27, 5 Oct 2004 (PDT)

== media files ==

HI, what do I need to do in order to get my uploaded ogg files to play? I have a new pc on vista. I had to install something on my old xp pc but cant remember what it was?
Thanks
[[User talk:Rivendale|Dayle]]

== Fonts ==

I have created a conscript for my conlang here on the wiki. How do I get it onto the wiki? I have an uploaded image of the conscript, but things would be easier if I could just type it in.
[[User talk:Rivendale|Dayle]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Idle chatter</title>
    <id>647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35617</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-14T19:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Glottal stop vs. null consonant */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Forum for random and possibly off-topic discussions.  Relays, calls for collaboration, conlangs in the news, the price of PEZ in China...

----

&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=FrathWiki:Idle_chatter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Add a new topic]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

Conlang-related chat tends to take place at [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/index.php the ZBB] - but you probably already knew that. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 21:39, 12 Sep 2004 (PDT)

:I tend to get my conlang-related chat from [[List of mailing lists|mailing lists]] instead of web boards... actually I don't go by the ZBB at all.  Maybe I should check it out?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:53, 13 Sep 2004 (PDT)

Useless definitions being added, see [[Linux.definition]], [[PHP.definition]], [[Av.definition]].

:Deleted.  If the contributor wants them back, they can login and explain what relevance they have here.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:53, 13 Sep 2004 (PDT)

== Glottal stop vs. null consonant ==

What is the difference? Is the null consonant actually an abbreviation of the glottal stop? (By null consonant I mean the &quot;consonant&quot; before the vowel in [a].) Are there languages which exhibit a minimal pair between the two? I know that certain dialects of Japanese have minimal pairs for [pʔi] and [pi] and similar. - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 04:46, 17 Sep 2004 (PDT)

:I believe that some Polynesian or Pacific languages contrast initial [ʔa] and [a].  I believe in languages that do so the glottal stop is generally more distinctively pronounced than the non-phonemic use of glottal stop in other languages.  Alternately to emphasize glottalless [a] one would use a vocalic onglide, such as [ḁa] or [a̯a].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:42, 17 Sep 2004 (PDT)

Some Tibetan dialects distinguish what is allegedly either /ʔ/ and zero or /ʔ/ and /ɦ/.  Against the /ɦ/ hypothesis speaks that 
Hindi speakers '''don't''' hear the Tibetan  འ as [ɦ].  OTOH the
Lhasa dialect, which is kind of standard, has merged the two as 
/ʔ/ with the following vowel in high or low tone.  Possibly it is
/ʔ/ vs. /ɰ/ since Tibetan has /x/ as well, or the realization of
'zero' differs across dialects.  [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:50, 10 May 2005 (PDT)

Um, well, if you look at it like difference for diphthongs.  Let's say, the Cockney distinction between Bottle and Bowel.  The word &quot;Bottle&quot; would be pronounced /baʔul/ (the dark /l/ turns the schwa /ə/ into an /u/ through velarisation), whereas &quot;Bowel&quot; would be pronounced /baul/ (it might be slightly different but it's phonetically possible in cockney).  So there we have a distinction between a glottal stop and a null, the latter of which helps with diphthongisation.  If anyone has any questions about it, feel free to message me.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 17:43, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

== The Logo ==
Anyone else noticed that it looks a little like Firefox's if you squint?

(This has been a Pointless Edit, thanks for reading.) [[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 04:49, 1 November 2007 (PDT)

== 'Happy Christmas' in People's Conlangs? ==

* Jodenjeol fram Njuvpisceotärosem - Happy Christmas from New Pisces and Taurus
*: /jodənjeol fɹaːm ɲuvpiskeotɛəɹoses/
*: [Good-advent-and-Christmastide from New-Pisces-Taurus(DAT)]

==Riddle==
What do you call a part of a Sanskrit sentence in which every word influences the sound of an adjacent word? [[User:PierreAbbat|PierreAbbat]] 17:54, 29 December 2007 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Âdlantki</title>
    <id>649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46379</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T21:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Writing system */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Âdlantki (&quot;Atlantic&quot;, /ə̀dlɑn(t)kí/) is the medieval stage of the [[Atlantic]] language, descended from [[Kirumb]].  

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;|Atlantic (''Âdlantki'')
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|[[Atlantia]] (''Ədləntɛ'')
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timespan:
| c. 500 AD to c. 1500 AD
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| —
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[List of language families|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[List of language families|classification]]:
|''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kirumb]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Âdlantki]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Atlantic]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Author:
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|}

==History==
The history of the language begins with the migration of [[Kirumb]] speakers out of Greece starting in the fifth century.  

The division between Âdlantki and [[Atlantic]] is largely arbitrary, and generally placed at the time of the vowel shift that occurred in the 1500s.

==Classification==
Âdlantki is a [[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]] language in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family. Besides its inherited lexicon, Atlantic derives borrowed vocabulary for [[acrolect]]al terms from [[Ancient Greek]].

===Derived languages===
* [[Atlantic]] language

==Vocabulary==
''Main article: [[Âdlantki Lexicon]]''

==Writing system==
The Âdlantki alphabet is descended from a variety of the [http://www.frath.net/pdf/krmb-alphabet.pdf Kirumb alphabet] (PDF, 117K). As this is not convenient for computer entry, various transliterations exist, the most common being the Windows-character-set-friendly one used on this page.

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs|Adlantki]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Âdlantki/Lexicon</title>
    <id>650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49440</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-28T21:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Š */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#D|D]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#S|S]] [[#Š|Š]] [[#Ü|Ü]] [[#V|V]] 
|}


==A==
*'''adâ''' ''postp.'' to
*'''âdlantki''' ''or'' '''âdlanki''' ''adj.'' Atlantic
*'''ândi''' ''adj.'' humble, low, little (''comp.'' '''ondâšri''', ''superl.'' '''ontmi''')
*'''âssonth''' ''num.'' 80
*'''âstu''' ''num.'' 8

==D==
*'''dâłni''' ''n.'' thing
*'''duo''' ''num.'' 2

==F==
*'''fârtušvi, fârtust, fartuš''' ''v.'' plan
*'''fe''' ''postp.'' on
*'''feŋkh''' ''num.'' 5
*'''feŋksonth''' ''or'' '''fâŋksonth''' ''num.'' 50
*'''fołvé''' ''adj.'' many (''comp.'' '''fołšer''', ''superl.'' '''fołtam''')

==G==
*'''gârmi''' ''adj.'' warm
*'''gemvi, gemva, gom''' ''v.'' come, go

==H==
*'''hašlog''' ''n.'' thousand
*'''hefsonth''' ''or'' '''hâfsonth''' ''num.'' 70
*'''heft''' ''num.'' 7
*'''himatyi''' ''n.'' cloak


==I==
*'''ini''' ''num.'' 1
*'''isvi, isva, us''' ''v.'' bring

==J==
*'''jesaktârkh''' ''num.'' 14
*'''jesaŋkekh''' ''num.'' 15
*'''jesath''' ''num.'' 10
*'''jesdveskh''' ''num.'' 16
*'''jessefkh''' ''num.'' 17
*'''ješšenâwkh''' ''num.'' 19
*'''jestinskh''' ''num.'' 11
*'''jestoskh''' ''num.'' 18
*'''jestrikh''' ''num.'' 13
*'''jestukh''' ''num.'' 12

==K==
*'''kerbi''' ''adj.'' Kirumb
*'''kessonth''' ''num.'' 40
*'''kethur''' ''num.'' 4

==M==
*'''mâs''' ''adj.poss.'' my
*'''meffo''' ''pron.pers.'' from me, by me
*'''meŋvi, man, mon''' ''v.'' think

==N==
*'''nyóa''' ''num.'' 9
*'''nówsonth''' ''or'' '''nyósonth''' ''num.'' 90

==O==
*'''oné''' ''n.'' dream
*'''oši''' ''n.'' road

==S==
*'''sathog''' ''n.'' hundred
*'''skelvi, skelva, skol''' ''v.'' stumble
*'''sómâd''' ''adv.'' today
*'''stri''' ''num.'' 3
*'''strisonth''' ''num.'' 30

==Š==
*'''šožvi, šož, žeki''' ''v. intrans.'' play
*'''šuyivi, šešeyós, šešuyki''' ''v.'' sing

==Ü==
*'''üé''' ''n.'' bird

==V==
*'''vessonth''' ''or'' '''vâssonth''' ''num.'' 60
*'''vesth''' ''num.'' 6
*'''visi''' ''n.'' town, village
*'''visth''' ''or'' '''dusonth''' ''num.'' 20

[[Category:General lexica|Adlantki lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirius Texts: Aesop</title>
    <id>651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4016</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-22T02:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>last line, spelling of 'welratz'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;&lt; [[Sirius]]&lt;/small&gt;
==Ari-Horkrak hi Markritz==
Etz ari-horkrak esti finktz furo-furo ackar ho kon-horkrak tzo e weji toln he plocki ho meshi.  &quot;Oho!&quot; etz isti ari-horkrak, &quot;Mor esti!&quot; hi most yoshoi toln af meshi.  Het etz esti? Markritz henk owoik na shortz!  &quot;Wishar ye esti thiror,&quot; etz isti ari-horkrak, &quot;ho samna; welratz me, me nef hesh nemshal of mith nef krushi of markritz.&quot;

''Thiror esti yommu hear yomtza.''

===Interlinear===
{| 
! Ari-Horkrak || hi || Markritz
|-
| male-chicken || and || pearl
|-
|colspan=3| ''The Rooster and the Pearl''
|}

{| 
!  Etz ||   ari-horkrak  || esti || finktz
|-
|  PAST ||  rooster || be ||  walk
|-
|colspan=4| ''A rooster was once walking''
|}

{| 
! furo-furo ||  ackar || ho ||   kon-horkrak
|-
| cross-cross || farm ||  among || female-chicken
|-
|colspan=4| ''up and down the farm among the hens''
|}

{| 
!  tzo || e ||  weji || toln || he || plocki || ho || meshi.
|-
|  then || PAST || see || thing || REL || shine  || amid || grass
|-
|colspan=8| ''when he saw something that shone in the grass.''
|}

* ''tzo'' here because we mean &quot;at this time&quot;, not ''ho'' &quot;at what time?&quot;.

{|
! &quot;Oho!&quot; || etz || ari-horkrak || isti, || &quot;Mor || esti!&quot;
|-
| aha || PAST || rooster || say || mine || is
|-
|colspan=6| ''&quot;Aha!&quot; he said, &quot;Something for me!&quot;''
|}

{|
!  hi ||  most || yoshoi || toln || af || meshi
|-
| and || soon || dig ||   thing || out-of || grass
|-
|colspan=6| ''and quickly dug it out of the grass.''
|}

* Using ''etz'' more than once in a sentence is unnecessary.

{|
! Het ||  etz  || esti? || Markritz || henk || owoik || na || shortz!
|-
| what || PAST || be? ||  pearl  || somehow || lost || in || yard
|-
|colspan=8| ''What was it?  A pearl somehow lost in the yard!''
|}

{|
! wishar || ye || esti || thiror || etz || isti || ari-horkrak || ho || samna
|-
| maybe  || you || be ||  treasure, || PAST || say || rooster, || among || humans
|-
|colspan=10| ''&quot;Maybe you are treasure,&quot; said the rooster, &quot;Among humans&quot;''
|}

{|
! welratz || me || me || nef || hesh || nemshal || of || mith || nef || krushi || of || markritz
|-
| but || I || I || rather || have || piece || of || corn || than || pile || of || pearl
|-
|colspan=12| ''&quot;But me, I'd rather have a piece of corn than a pile of pearls.&quot;''
|}

{|
!  thiror ||  esti || yommu || hear || yomtza 
|-
|  treasure || is || for || who || make 
|-
|colspan=8| ''Treasure is for who makes (it).''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Somian</title>
    <id>653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4021</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-28T22:06:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>66.135.111.21</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License</title>
    <id>654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4022</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-18T17:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edit of 69.50.166.6, changed back to last version by Muke</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ 

Version 1.2, November 2002 

&lt;pre&gt;
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
&lt;/pre&gt;

==0. PREAMBLE ==

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This License is a kind of &quot;copyleft&quot;, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. 

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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikipedia</title>
    <id>655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45969</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T12:44:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categorization</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This article incorporates text from [http://wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia], and is available under the [[FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]. &lt;br&gt; For the original article see:''
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henaudute Lexicon</title>
    <id>656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47985</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-04T02:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Μ */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

In etymologies, ** indicates a root not in the Dele word list, while * is a regular Dele word.

The citation form is '''nom. sg.''', gen. sg. for nouns, and '''1sg.''' for verbs.  The symbol ''·'' in a verb indicates the infix point.

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|- id=&quot;tocinside&quot;
| [[#Α|Α]] [[#Β|Β]] [[#Γ|Γ]] [[#Δ|Δ]] [[#Ε|Ε]] [[#Ζ|Ζ]] [[#Η|Η]] [[#Θ|Θ]] [[#Ι|Ι]] [[#Κ|Κ]] [[#Λ|Λ]] [[#Μ|Μ]] [[#Ν|Ν]] [[#Ο|Ο]] [[#Π|Π]] [[#Ρ|Ρ]] [[#Σ|Σ]] [[#Τ|Τ]] [[#Υ|Υ]] [[#Φ|Φ]] [[#Χ|Χ]] [[#Ω|Ω]]
|}

===Α===
*'''ἁ''' ''pron.rel.'' '''αὑ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἁ·βνε''' ''v.'' to be four.  '''ἁφθα''' ''num.'' four.  '''ἁβρα''' ''num.'' fourth.
*'''ἁ·γνε''' ''v.'' to be red.
*'''ἁ·θνε''' ''v.'' to know.
*'''ἀιτε''', -τεν ''l.'' name, noun.
*'''ἀιτλε''', -λᾱν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' word.  
*'''ἀλ''' ''pron. dem.'' that.  '''ἀλλυ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἁ·λνε''' ''v.'' to be nine.  '''ἁλθα''' ''num.'' nine. '''ἁλδρα''' ''num.'' ninth.
*'''ἁμη''', -μνα ''g.'' oil.
*'''ἀ·μνε''' ''v.'' to sit.
*'''ἀν''' ''pron. dem.'' this; ''def. art.'' the.  '''ἀννυ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἁνδα''' ''adv.'' thus; in that way.
*'''ἁ·πνε''' ''v.'' to be glad.
*'''ἁργλη''', -λα ''t.'' jackal. —''**srgāl-''
*'''ἀρ''' ''pron. dem.'' that yonder.  '''ἀρῥυ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἀρε''', -ρεν ''l.'' the sun.
*'''ἁς''' ''conj.'' and.
*'''ἀτρα''', -τρα ''t.'' brother's wife.
*'''α·ὑνε''' ''v.'' to be two. '''αὑ''' ''num.'' two. '''αὑρα''' ''num.'' second, 2nd.
*'''ἀ·χνε''' ''v.'' to bite.

===Β===
*'''βαι·νε''' ''v.'' to curse.
*'''βα·χνε''' ''v.'' to hide, conceal.
*'''βδανζανη''', -ανα, ''g.'' sauce.  —''**vyañjana-''
*'''βορῥι·νε''' ''v.'' to be warlike.  '''βορῥη''', -ρῥινα ''g.'' Borrhē, the third day of the week.
*'''βρελ''', -λα ''t.'' month, about 35 days.
*'''βρερτη''', -τεν ''l.'' Brertē, second week of the month.
*'''βῡ''', βυα ''t.'' father's mother.

===Γ===
*'''γα·θνε''' ''v.'' to recline.
*'''γα·κνε''' ''v.'' to defecate; to be bad. 
*'''γαλ''', -λα ''t.'' bird.
*'''γαρη''' -ρνα ''g.'' earth, land; inanimate gender
*'''γαρνωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' Gar, the third nobrel of the lada.
*'''γαρτοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' gnome.
*'''γε''' ''pron. pers. 2pl.'' '''γευ''' ''obl.''
*'''Γεθολλα''', -λα ''t.'' [[Gedhe̊l]].
*'''Γεθολλανε''', -νεν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' speaker of Gedhe̊l.
*'''γοχλαδα''', -δα ''t.'' the second lada of a rhike. 
*'''γραρτη''', -τεν ''l.'' Grartē, third week of the month.

===Δ===
*'''δα·θνε''' ''v.'' to dry.
*'''δαλ''', -λα ''t.'' brother; elder brother.
*'''δε·βνε''' ''v.'' to swear.  '''δεβη''', -βνα ''g.'' oath.  
*'''δελ''', -λα ''t.'' tongue.
*'''δηθνε''', -να ''t.'' father.
*'''δηκε''', -κᾱν ''l.'' a horn.
*'''δηνα''', -να ''t.'' man.
*'''δηνυ''', -να ''t.'' son's wife.
*'''δη·χενε''' ''v.'' to be long (in space)
*'''δηψῑ''', -ψῑν ''t.'' (pl. tant.) teachings.
*'''δλη·νε''' ''v.'' to be jovial.  '''δλη''', δληνα ''g.'' Dlē, the fifth day of the week.
*'''δρῑγι''', -γα ''t.'' zodiac; a sequence of eleven rhiki, about 23,100 days.
*'''δυλση''', -υνα ''g.'' flour.
*'''δῡνε''' (δυ·υνε) ''v.'' to mill, grind.
*'''δυ·ρνε''' ''v.'' to be round.

===Ε===
*'''εἰνε''' (ε·ενε) ''v.'' to be hot.
*'''εἱ·ννε''' ''v.'' to bless.
*'''ἑ·λνε''' ''v.'' to drink.
*'''ἑν''', ἑμα ''t.'' eye.
*'''ἑρνεζε''', ἑρνεινα ''g. irreg.'' a meal.
*'''ἐ·τυνε''' ''v.'' to wrap.

===Ζ===
*'''ζητα''', -τα ''t.'' louse.

===Η===
*'''ἠδα''' ''prep.'' before, in front of.  '''ἠδη''', -δανα ''g.'' front, face.
*'''ἠδε''', -δειν ''l.'' lake.  
*'''ἠζη''', ἠανα ''g.'' oats (the Henaudute is singular)
*'''ἠι''', ἡᾱν ''l.'' oat plant; ''Avena sativa''
*'''ἡ·νανε''' ''v.'' to be yellow.
*'''ἡναυ''', -ναυδα ''t.'' ‘yellowtail’ (a fabulous monster).
*'''ἡνωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' He, fourth nobrel of the lada.
*'''ἡτοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' sylph. 
*'''ἡχε''' ''prep.'' behind.

===Θ===
*'''θαβε''', -βεν ''l.'' nose.
*'''θαλε''', -λεν ''l.'' tree.
*'''θεινε''' (θε·ενε) ''v.'' to burn.
*'''θεμε''', -μεν ''l.'' skin, leather.
*'''θεν''' ''pron. pers. 1pl. exclusive'' '''θενευ''' ''obl.''
*'''θημι''', -μα ''t.'' mother's father.
*'''θηνε''' (θα·ανε) ''v.'' to be far off.
*'''θο·κνε''' ''v.'' to be six. '''θοχθα''' ''num.'' six. '''θοκρα''' ''num.'' sixth.
*'''θρα·ννε''' ''v.'' to be holy; to go berserk.  '''θρανη''', -ννα ''g.'' Thranē, the second day of the week.
*'''θυ·τνε''' ''v.'' to be beautiful.  '''θυτη''', -τνα ''g.'' Thutē, sixth day of the week.

===Ι===
*'''ἱ''', ἱκα ''t.'' son.
*'''ἰγη''', -να ''g.'' salt.
*'''῾ῑθιτε·νε''' ''v.'' to be gray.
*'''ἰμαλδρα·λνε''' ''v.'' to fry.
*'''ἰμε''', -μεν ''l.'' grease, fat.
*'''᾿ῑνε''' (ἰ·ινε) ''v.'' to be many.
*'''ἱ·ννε''' ''v.'' to be one.  '''ἱν''' ''num.'' one. '''ἱνδρα''' ''num.'' first.
*'''ἰσ·νε''' ''v.'' to poison.  —Etym. uncertain.
*'''ἱ·τνε''' ''v.'' to spoil.
*'''῾ῑ·φινε''' ''v.'' to be black.

===Κ===
*'''και·χνε''' ''v.'' to be all.  '''καιχη''', -χνα ''g.'' whole.
*'''καλε''', -λεν ''l.'' neck.
*'''κεθανδα''', ''adv.'' how? in what way?
*'''κενε''', -νεν ''l.'' head.
*'''κη·νε''' ''v.'' to be three. '''κη''' ''num.'' three. '''κηρα''' ''num.'' third.
*'''κῑ·μινε''' ''v.'' to do.
*'''κιρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' leather.
*'''κουνε''' (κο·ονε) ''v.'' to rain.  '''κου''', κοα ''t.'' rain.
*'''κρατηρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' bowl. —''**kratēr-''

===Λ===
*'''λᾱδα''', -δα ''t.'' lada, or &quot;long year&quot;, about 700 days.
*'''λαιρη''', -ινα ''g.'' (food) a filling; stuffing.
*'''λαλη''', -λνα ''g.'' a day.
*'''λαλλι''', -λλα ''t.'' bitterness.
*'''λαλλιδρατη''', -τεν ''l.'' Lallidratē, fifth week of the month.
*'''λαν''', λαμα ''t.'' hand.
*'''λαρ''', -ρα ''t.'' ox. 
*'''λαρλασιτρη''', -ρανα ''g.'' kitchen.
*'''λε''' ''prep.'' through.
*'''λε''' ''pron. pers. 2sg.'' '''λευ''' ''obl.''
*'''λει''', λειεν ''l.'' flesh, skin.
*'''λε·τνε''' ''v.'' to fly.
*'''ληε''', ληᾱν ''l.'' star.
*'''λιθη''', -θνα ''g.'' ritual.
*'''λι·θνε''' ''v.'' to be one hundred. '''λισθα''' ''num.'' hundred. '''λιθρα''' ''num.'' hundredth.
*'''λιφη''' -φνα ''g.'' mountain.
*'''λιχη''', -χνα ''g.'' sand.
*'''λογε''', -γεν ''l.'' ear.
*'''λο·ρνε''' ''v.'' to sleep.   '''λορῥολη''', -λανα ''g.'' pillow.
*'''λου''', λωα ''t.'' tiger. —''**lōhu-''
*'''λυ''', λυκα ''t.'' wolf.
*'''λῡε''', -εν ''l.'' water.
*'''λυ·κυνε''' ''v.'' to chop.
*'''λῡνωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' Lu, the second nobrel of the lada.
*'''λῡσιφαγ·νε''' ''v.'' be [[Fanglutsen]].  '''λῡσιφαγγε''', -ᾱν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' a Fanglutsen person
*'''λῡτοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' undine.  
*'''λυσσα''', -σσα or '''λυττα''', -ττα ''t.'' young wolf.
*'''λω·χονε''' ''v.'' to hear.

===Μ===
*'''μα''', μαδα ''t.'' woman.
*'''μα·θνε''' ''v.'' to be good.
*'''μα·ινε''' ''v.'' to happen.
*'''μαριζη''', -ανα ''g.'' black pepper. —''**marica-''
*'''μαυ''', μαα ''t.'' hare.
*'''μενε''', -νεν ''l.'' belly.
*'''μερε''', -ρεν ''l.'' moon.
*'''μη·ανε''' ''v.'' to be night, dark. '''μηαθη''' or '''μηθη''', -θανα ''g.'' night.
*'''μηϊδρατη''', -τεν ''l.'' Mēidratē, fourth week of the month.
*'''μη·μανε''' ''v.'' to put.
*'''μημνε''', -να ''t.'' mother.
*'''μηχα''', -χα ''t.'' fright, fear.
*'''μι''' ''prep.'' in, within.  '''μιη''', μινα ''g.'' inside.
*'''μουρη''', -υνα ''g.'' a sieve or strainer.
*'''Μυλιφθα·νε''' ''v.'' to be from the Mu Mountains.  '''Μυλιφθασθα''', -θα ''t.'' Muliphthastha, the Henaudute dialect characteristic of the Mu Mountains (in Mu.: Mmyribdassa) 
*'''Μυλιφθη''', ᾱν ''l.'' the Mu Mountains, the major mountain range running northeast-southwest across the northwest edge of the Henaudute territory. (Mu.: Mmyribdahē)

===Ν===
*'''να''' ''prep.'' amid, between.  '''νακη''', -κνα ''g.'' center.
*'''να·δνα''' ''v.'' to swim.
*'''νακλα·νε''' ''v.'' to fill.
*'''ναι''', ναια ''t.'' daughter.
*'''ναμε''', -μεν ''l.'' egg.
*'''νατε''', -τεν ''l.'' body.
*'''ναυρ''', -ρα ''t.'' strength.
*'''νε''', ''pron. pers. 1sg.'' '''νευ''' ''obl.''
*'''νε·χινε''', ''v.'' to make; to form.
*'''νελε''', -λεν ''l.'' cloud.
*'''νερ''', ''prep.'' under.
*'''νολ''', -λλα ''t.'' hog.
*'''νοθε''', -θεν ''l.'' finger.
*'''νο·ρνε''' ''v.'' to go.
*'''νο·τνε''' ''v.'' to be five. '''νοσθα''' ''num.'' five. '''νοτρα''' ''num.'' fifth.
*'''νοτο·ρῥονε''' ''v.'' to have five flavors.
*'''νο·χινε''' ''v.'' to be silent.  '''νοχη''', -χινα ''g.'' Nochē, seventh day of the week.
*'''νυε''', νῡεν ''l.'' breast.
*'''νυ·ινε''' ''v.'' to stop, stand.
*'''νυρ''', ''prep.'' near; almost. '''νυρη''' -ρνα ''g.'' vicinity, surroundings, neighborhood.
*'''νωβρελ,''' -βρελα ''t.'' nobrel, or &quot;quinquemester&quot;, about 175 days.

===Ο===
*'''ὁμιθα''' ''adj.'' beloved, favorite.
*'''ὁ·πνε''' ''v.'' to eat.
*'''ὀρῥο''', -ῥα ''t.'' flavor.
*'''οὐνε''' (ὀ·ονε) ''v.'' to break.
*'''οὐνε''' (ὀ·ονε) ''v.'' to laugh.
*'''οὐλαδα''', -δα ''t.'' the third lada of a rhike.
*'''ὁφη''', -φνα ''g.'' seed. 

===Π===
*'''παθε''', -θεν ''l.'' foot.
*'''πα·θνε''' ''v.'' to kill.
*'''παι''' ''prep.'' out of.
*'''παιπι·ρνε''' ''v.'' to emerge, come out.  —παι + πιρνε.
*'''παλλη''', -ανα ''g.'' &quot;palle&quot;, a type of edible tuber.
*'''πα·λνε''' ''v.'' to be white.
*'''πανδῑγι''', -γα ''t.'' panther.  —''**pan- + *dīgi''
*'''πε''', πεχα ''t.'' brother's child; son's child.
*'''πενε''', -νεν ''l.'' tooth.
*'''πενχε''', -χα ''t.'' child.
*'''πευ''', πεεν ''l.'' mouth.
*'''πε·χνε''' ''v.'' to be small.
*'''πιμβλαδα''', -δα ''t.'' the first lada of a rhike.
*'''πι·ρνε''' ''v.'' to come.
*'''πιτ·νε''' ''v.'' to spit.
*'''πουνε''' (πω·ονε) ''v.'' to be seven. '''ποσθα''' ''num.'' seven. '''πουρα''' ''num.'' seventh.
*'''πωλαλε''', -λεν  ''l.'' a week, seven days.

===Ρ===
*'''ῥαδη''', -δνα ''g.'' world.
*'''ῥα·γνε''' ''v.'' to cover.
*'''ῥα·μνε''' ''v.'' to walk.
*'''ῥαρτη''', -τεν ''l.'' Rhartē, first week of the month. 
*'''ῥα·υρανε''' ''v.'' to prepare.
*'''ῥα·χνε''' ''v.'' to be green.
*'''ῥε''' ''pron. pers. 3sg.'' '''ῥευ''' ''obl.''
*'''ῥε·δνε''' ''v.'' to be ten. '''ῥεσθα''' ''num.'' ten. '''ῥεδρα''' ''num.'' tenth.
*'''ῥε·υνε''' ''v.'' to shine.  '''ῥευτη''', -τενα ''g.'' Rheutē, the first day of the week.
*'''ῥηλε·νε''' ''v.'' to fill.
*'''ῥηνε''', -α ''t.'' cow.  '''ῥηνε''', -ειν ''l.'' beef.
*'''ῥικε''', -κιεν ''l.'' rhike, or cycle of three ladi, about 2,100 days.
*'''ῥῑνε''' (ῥι·ινε) ''v.'' to be cold.
*'''ῥο''', ῥοφα ''t.'' younger brother.
*'''ῥοθι''', -θα ''t.'' sister's husband.
*'''ῥοχυ''', -χα ''t.'' turtle. 

===Σ===
*'''σις''', -σα ''t.'' lion.  —''**sisi-''
*'''στρυη''', -ανα ''g.'' a dollop. —''**sruva-''

===Τ===
*'''ταιμα·νε''' ''v.'' to faint.
*'''τακε''', -κεν ''l.'' grass.
*'''ταλλα''', -λλακα ''t.'' phœnix.
*'''ταλλη''', -λλανα ''g.'' home.
*'''τα·μνε''' ''v.'' to die.
*'''ταν''', -να ''t.'' fire; high animate gender.
*'''ταννωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' Tan, first nobrel of the lada.
*'''ταντοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' salamander.
*'''ταρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' place.
*'''ταφε''', -φεν ''l.'' claw.
*'''ταχσιτρη''', -ανα ''g.'' market.
*'''τε''' ''pron. pers. 3pl.'' '''τευ''' ''obl.''
*'''τει''', τειεν ''l.'' hair, fur.
*'''τε·λνε''' ''v.'' to speak, to say.
*'''τημα''', -μα ''t.'' mother's mother; wife's mother; term of address, Mrs., Madam
*'''τη·νε''' ''v.'' to be.
*'''τιε''', τῑεν ''l.'' path, way.
*'''τιρῥι''', -ρῥα ''t.'' sister.
*'''τι·θνε''' ''v.'' to mix.
*'''το·φνε''' ''v.'' to be flat.
*'''τοχε''', -εν ''l.'' an onion.
*'''τοχον·νε''' ''v.'' to be obscure, be mysterious.  '''τοχονη''', -ννα ''g.'' Tochonē, fourth day of the week.
*'''τυ·γνε''' ''v.'' to give.

===Υ===
*'''ὑ''' ''prep.'' on top of.  '''ὑη''', ὑνα ''g.'' top (part).
*'''ὑ''' ὑτα ''t.'' daughter's husband.
*'''ὑδε''', -δεν ''l.'' tail.
*'''ὑ·δνε''' ''v.'' to be big.
*'''ὑλε''', -λεν ''l.'' muscle.
*'''ὑν-''' ''pref. neg.'' 

===Φ===
*'''φαγη''', -γνα　''g.'' leaf.
*'''φα·ρνε''' ''v.'' to bear, give birth.
*'''φεβε''', -βεν ''l.'' knee.
*'''φηνε''' (φα·ανε) ''v. irreg.'' to ask. 
*'''φι·ννε''' ''v.'' to be new.  '''φιννι''' ''adv.'' now.
*'''φο·κνε''' ''v.'' to collect, gather, harvest.
*'''φολ''' ''prep.'' below.  '''φολη''', -λνα ''g.'' bottom.
*'''φυρνατλεσσα''', -σσα ''t.'' a translator.
*'''φυτε''', -τεν ''g.'' blood.

===Χ===
*'''χᾱ''', χαυνα ''g.'' wheat.
*'''χα·μνε''' ''v.'' to see.
*'''χαρ''', -ρα ''t.'' heart (seen as the seat of emotions). '''χαρε''', -ρεν ''l.'' heart (body part).
*'''χατε''', -τεν ''l.'' bone.
*'''χει''', χειεν ''l.'' feather.  '''χεισιφαπε''', -πεν ''l.'' &quot;featherbark&quot;, an aromatic medicinal plant.
*'''χεν''' ''pron. pers. 1pl. inclusive'' '''χεισυ''' ''obl.''
*'''χευνε''', -νεν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' member of a tribe. '''χευνηδα''', -δα ''t.'' king, tribal chief.
*'''χηυλη''', -λανα ''g.'' stone, rock.
*'''χι·λνε''' ''v.'' to be like or similar.
*'''χο·βνε''' ''v.'' to be eight. '''χοφθα''' ''num.'' eight. '''χοβρα''' ''num.'' eighth.
*'''χοδα,''' -δα ''t.'' father's father; head of household; fiancée's father; respectful term of address, Mr., sir.
*'''χο·ονε''' ''v.'' to croak; to caw.  
*'''χοσι''', -σα ''t.'' fish.
*'''χουλα''', -λα ''t.'' charm, charisma.
*'''χυδη''', -δνα ''g.'' root.
*'''χυρ''' ''prep.'' next to.  '''χυρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' side.

===Ω===
*'''ὠθε''', -θουν ''l.'' liver.
*'''ὠ·μονε''' ''v.'' to smoke. '''ὠμο''', -μα ''t.'' smoke.
*'''ὡ·ρονε''' ''v.'' to drop, let go.
*'''Ὠραδιδηνα''', -να ''t.'' one of the [[Óradierra]], speakers of [[Óradiendelsa]].

[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Henaudute]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verb</title>
    <id>657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3985</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-01T16:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>modify links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''verb''' is a [[part of speech]] that usually denotes action (&quot;bring&quot;, &quot;read&quot;), occurrence (&quot;to decompose&quot; (itself), &quot;to glitter&quot;), or a state of being (&quot;exist&quot;, &quot;live&quot;, &quot;soak&quot;, &quot;stand&quot;). Depending on the [[language]], a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its [[tense]], [[aspect]], [[mood]] and [[voice]]. It may also agree with the [[person]], [[gender]], and/or [[number]] of some of its arguments (what we usually call subject, object, etc.).

==Valency==

The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its '''valency''', or [[valence]]. According to valency, a verb can be classified as one of:

* Intransitive (valency = 1): the verb only has a subject. For example: &quot;he runs&quot;, &quot;it falls&quot;.
* Transitive (valency = 2): the verb has a subject and a direct object. For example: &quot;she eats fish&quot;, &quot;we hunt rabbits&quot;.
* Ditransitive (valency = 3): the verb has a subject, a direct object and an indirect or secondary object. For example: &quot;I gave her a book&quot;, &quot;She sent flowers to me&quot;.

It's possible to have verbs with valency = 0. A few of these appear in [[Spanish]] and other languages and may be termed &quot;impersonal verbs&quot;. For example: ''Llueve'' = &quot;It rains&quot;. Such verbs don't exist in [[English]] because in this language every verb must have a subject, even if it's a dummy one like &quot;it&quot;.

English verbs are often flexible with regards to valency. A transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or an intransitive verb can be added an object and become transitive. Compare:

* ''I gave.'' (intransitive)
* ''I gave blood.'' (transitive)
* ''I gave blood for John.'' (ditransitive)

In the first example, the verb ''give'' describes the idea of giving, in the abstract; in the second, what was given is specified; in the third, both the gift and the recipient are set forth.   

In many languages other than English, such valency changes aren't possible like this; the verb must instead be inflected for voice in order to change the valency.

== Copula ==

A [[copula]] is a special kind of verb, sometimes called a ''linking verb'', that is used to describe its subject or equate or liken the subject with its predicate.  Because copulas do not describe actions being performed, they are usually analysed outside the transitive/intransitive distinction.  The most basic copula in English is ''to be''; there are others (''like'', ''seem'', ''become'', etc.).

Some languages (the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] family, [[Russian]], [[Chinese]] and others) can omit the simple copula equivalent of &quot;to be&quot;, especially in the present tense. In these languages a [[noun]] and [[adjective]] pair (or two nouns) can constitute a complete sentence. This construction is called ''[[copula|zero copula]]''.

== Verbal noun and verbal adjective ==

Most languages have a number of [[verbal noun]]s that describe the action of the verb.  In [[Indo-European languages]], there are several kinds of verbal nouns, including [[gerund]]s, [[infinitive]]s, and [[supine]]s.  English has gerunds, such as ''seeing'', and infinitives such as ''to see''; they both can function as nouns; ''seeing is believing'' is roughly equivalent in meaning with ''to see is to believe.''  These terms are sometimes applied to verbal nouns of non-Indo-European languages.  

In the Indo-European languages, verbal adjectives are generally called [[participle]]s.  English has an [[voice|active]] participle, also called a present participle; and a [[voice|passive]] participle, also called a past participle.  The active participle of ''give'' is ''giving'', and the passive participle is ''given''.  The active participle describes [[noun]]s that are wont to do the action given in the verb, e.g. ''a giving person''.  The passive participle describes nouns that have been the subject of the action of the verb, e.g. ''given money''.  Other languages apply tense and aspect to participles, and possess a larger number of them with more distinct shades of meaning.

==Agreement==

In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument (what we tend to call the subject) in person, number and/or gender. English only shows distinctive agreement in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs (which is marked by adding &quot;-s&quot;); the rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb.

Spanish inflects verbs for tense/mood/aspect and they agree in person and number (but not gender) with the subject. [[Japanese]], in turn, inflects verbs for many more categories, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject. [[Basque]], [[Georgian]], and some other languages, have '''polypersonal agreement''': the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object and even the secondary object if present.

==See also==

* [[Linguistics]], [[grammar]], [[syntax]], [[phrase structure rules]]
* [[Tense]], [[aspect]], [[mood]], [[voice]]
* [[Verb framing]]

----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Royce</title>
    <id>658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9318</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cities</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''New Royce''' ([[Ibran]]: Нөјв Ро̄с, ''Noif Roes'', '''here:''' ''New York'') is the fourth largest city in North America, after Mexico City, Toronto, and Los Angeles.  It is the capital and largest city of New Ibria.

==History==
The history of New Royce begins in [[1626]] with the colonization of the area by Dutch and Ibrian settlers, the city originally being called Nieuw Amsterdam.  In [[1664]] the city was captured by the English and named ''New York''.  During the [[Wikipedia:Third Anglo-Dutch War|Third Anglo-Dutch War]], in [[1673]], the city was retaken, but was returned to England as part of the [[Wikipedia:Treaty of Westminster|Treaty of Westminster]].  The Ibrians refused to accept English government and created the country of New Ibria.  

[intervening periods...]

In [[2000]], the government instituted a spelling reform.   By pressure from neighboring nations it is in a modified [[Cyrillic]] script.  Reactions against it were heavy; New Royce's major newspaper, the ''Tieups,'' &lt;!-- yes, it's amusing in English --&gt; refused to adopt the new orthography altogether, calling it ''un scandal e abominazón.''    Currently, most signs on the streets are biscriptal and both systems are taught in the schools.  

==Boroughs==
*Брүклан, ''Bréuklen'' /bryˈklɐ̃/
*Влизінкс, ''Vléssinx'' /vleˈzĩks/ (''here:'' Queens)
*де Бронк, ''de Bronk'' /dɛˈbrɔ̃k/
*Іл-де-ʼТя̄тс, ''Isle-de-Staits'' /ˌildɛtˈtaːts/
*Манатан, ''Manhattan'' /ˌmɑnɑˈtɐ̃/

[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English</title>
    <id>659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35543</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-14T03:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;For information on the language and structure, go to [[Modern English]].&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
'''English''' is a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] language, serving basically as the lingua franca over much of the world; the most notable English-speaking countries are the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

=Stages of English=
There are 3 primary stages of English.  A fourth, is a brief period of transition time between Middle English and Modern English, known as Early Modern English.  They are as follows: &lt;br&gt;
[[Anglo-Saxon]] (also known as '''Old English''') &lt;br&gt;
[[Middle English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Early Modern English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Modern English]] &lt;br&gt;

==The Dates of the Changes==
The Anglo-Saxon language formed from invading groups of Angles and Saxons from Northern Germany to England.  It was  also affected by the [[Celtic]] languages around it, and from a heavy [[Old Norse]] influx from invading Danish Vikings. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The start of the Middle English era is marked by the battle of Hastings in 1066.  The French Normans (originally Vikings who were given land and gold in to protect France from other Vikings, Norman = North man) lead by William the Conqueror won the battle and took over the island from there.  The Norman French version of [[Old French]] was not the &quot;proper&quot; French of the time, but much of the Old Norse influence was replaced by the French vocabulary. Quite a bit of it mixed with the Anglo-Saxon language and eventually Middle English emerged. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The Early Modern English period is marked by the [[Great Vowel Shift]].  This is the primary sound shift that separates the dialects of Modern English to those of the Middle and Old English eras.  There were other sound shifts, but that was the primary and most important one.  [[Shakespeare]] is one of the more well known writers in this era.  This era also preserved forms such as the informal pronoun and many forms of the subjunctive. &lt;br&gt;

=English's Spread=
English was spread by the colonisation by the British Empire.  The Thirteen Colonies of America, Australia, India, and others were colonised by Britain and became primarily English speaking.  The colonies eventually became the United States, and Australia, after many years of being a penal colony, had too gained independence.  India also did so, many years later.  Canada was originally a French colony that was won during the French and Indian war by the British, and English became an important language in the country.   Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall, which were originally Celtic speaking were conquered by Anglo-Saxon or Norman French peoples and were eventually assimilated.  Although there are still Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Cornish speakers today, almost all can speak a dialect of English.  After the United States had been established as an International power (after World War II), the spread of English grew even more than it had before.
Today, English is the most spoken First and Second language in the world, mostly because of China's teaching it to most children in schools.  It has also become a powerful [[Lingua Franca]] throughout the world.

=Languages based on English=
==[[Creole]]s and natural descendants==
*[[Tok Pisin]]
*[[Scots]]
*[[Hawai'ian Creole]], also known as '''Hawai'ian Pidgin'''
*[[Spanglish]]
*[[Gullah]]

==Constructed languages==
*[[Volapük]] (with other sources)

==Sources==


Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].
----

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]

[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke/Spelling</title>
    <id>660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4030</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-05T03:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>more</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Notes on a revision of English orthography''

Basic principles:
* Institute two different spelling systems, one for native words and one for foreign ones.  Or put differently, spell Germanic words Germanically and Romance words Romantically.  (Give some way to discern orthographies, I'm thinking maybe use ''italics''.)   [This may not even be necessary.  Who knows? I'll discard it for now.]

* Morphophonemics is more important than strict phonemics, due to the prominence of stress alternation leading to different vowel realizations.  (The ’lauts in foot/feet, swim/swam/swum, would have to be handled differently.)  There may be cases where a morph has to be split though (?)

* Faithfulness to traditional spelling (yes/no?)  not sure

* Character repertoire (low ascii / windows charset / higher unicode bits?)  not sure

* Oh yeah.  And it's gotta match my idiolect &gt;;)

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, 
| Foer skoer ân se’n yeers âgo, ar fođđ’rs brot foerth âpon đis ''cóntinent'' â nu ''nation'',
|-
| conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
| ''concéved'' ân ''líberte'' ân ''dédicated'' tî đî ''próposition'' đîd ol men ar ''created'' ''equal''.
|}

==Spellings==
Round them up, compare them to phonemics and phonetics, see if we can come up with anything consistent.

* '''â''' (''a''; /@/, [∅])
* '''âgo''' (''ago'', /@&quot;go/, [go]). 
* '''ân''' (''and'', /@n/, [n=]).
* '''ân''' (''in'', /@n/, [n=]).
* '''âpon''' (''upon'', /@pAn/, [pAn]).
* '''ar''' (''are'', /Ar/, [Ar]).
* '''ar''' [or '''our'''?] (''our''; /Ar/, [Ar] or /{Ur/, [{wr=]).
* '''br’ɴ, brot''' (''bring, brought''; /brN=/, /brAt/; [brN=], [brAt]).
* '''''concéve''''' [or ''k’nseev''?] (''conceive'', /kn=&quot;siv/, [k1~&quot;siv]
* '''''cóntinent''''' [or ''kontân’nt''?] (''continent'', /&quot;kAnt@nn=t/, [&quot;kA~tn1~t])
* '''''creáte''''' [or ''kreaet''?] (''create'', /kri&quot;et/, [kri&quot;et])
* '''''dédicate''''' [or ''dedâkaet''?] (''dedicate'', /&quot;dEd@ket/, [&quot;dEdket])
* '''đî''' (''the''; /D1/, [d_d1]).
* '''đît''' (''that''; /D1t/, [d_d1t]); ''đîd'' before vowels.
* '''đis''' (''this'', /DIs/, [d_dIs]).
* '''equal''' [or ''equ’l''] (''equal'', /&quot;ikwl=/, [&quot;ikwl=]).
* '''fođđ’r''' (''father'', /&quot;fADr=/, [&quot;fADr=]).
* '''foer''' (''four'', /for/, [fOr(=)]).  
* '''foerth''' (/forT/, [fOrT]).
* '''''líberte''''' [or ''libb’rde''] (''liberty'', /&quot;lIbr=di/, [&quot;libr=4i]
* '''man''' ''pl.'' ''men'' (''man'', /m{n/, [m{n]).
* '''''nation''''' [or ''naex’n''?] (''nation'', /&quot;neSn=/, [&quot;neSn=]).
* '''''próposition''''' [or ''propâsix’n''?] (''proposition'', /&quot;prAp@zISn=/, [&quot;prApzISn=]
* '''nu''' (''new'', /nu/, [nu])
* '''ol''' (''all'', /Al/, [Al]).
* '''se’n''' (''seven'', /sEn=/, [sEn=]).
* '''skoer''' (''score'', /skor/, [skOr(=)]).
* '''tî''' (''to'', /t1/, [t1]).
* '''yeer''' ''pl.'' '''yeers''' (''year'', /yir/, [yir=]).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henaudute ceremonial calendar</title>
    <id>661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22849</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T21:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Rhikes of the Zodiac / Ῥικι Δρῑγα ''Rhici Drîga'' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the ceremonial [[calendar]] used by the [[Yellow Empire]].  The names are in [[Henaudute]].  This calendar has no relationship to seasons or solar years or whatnot; it is merely a conveniently-divided reckoning of time which counts upward from the date of the coronation of the king.

==Divisions of time==
===Days - Λαλη ''lalê'' ===
# '''ῥευτη''' ''rheutê'' — shining day
# '''θρανη''' ''thranê'' — holy day
# '''βορῥη''' ''borrhê'' — martial day
# '''τοχονη''' ''tochonê'' — obscure day
# '''δλη''' ''dlê'' — joyful day
# '''θυτη''' ''thutê'' — beautiful day
# '''νοχη''' ''nochê'' — silent day

===Weeks / Πωλαλι ''Pôlali''===
# '''ῥαρτη''' ''rhartê'' — Sun’s week
# '''βρερτη''' ''brertê'' — Moon’s week
# '''γραρτη''' ''grartê'' — Earth’s week
# '''μηϊδρατη''' ''mêïdratê'' — Mēïdē (Night-father)’s week
# '''λαλλιδρατη''' ''lallidratê'' — Lallidē (Day-father)’s week

===Months / Βρελῑ ''Brelî''===
# '''ναυρ''' ''naur'' — month of strength
# '''χουλα''' ''choula'' — month of charm
# '''δηψῑ''' ''dêpsî'' — month of teachings
# '''τοι'''¹ ''toe'' — month of a spirit
# '''λαλλι''' ''lalli'' — month of bitterness

¹ The name of this month depends on the quimmester.  In fact, during this month the quimmester does not need to be stated.  The names are of mythological creatures associated with the element of the quimmester:
* '''ταντοι''' ''tantoe'' — month of the tantech (or 'salamander') in the fire quimmester
* '''λῡτοι''' ''lûtoe'' — month of the lutech (or 'undine') in the water quimmester
* '''γαρτοι''' ''gartoe'' — month of the gartech (or 'gnome') in the earth quimmester
* '''ἡτοι''' ''hêtoe'' — month of the hetech (or 'sylph') in the air quimmester

===Quimmesters / Νωβρελῑ ''Nôbrelî''===
A ''quimmester'' is a period of five months; in this calendar, 175 days.

# '''ταννωβρελ''' ''tannôbrel'' — fire quimmester
# '''λῡνωβρελ''' ''lûnôbrel'' — water quimmester
# '''γαρνωβρελ''' ''garnôbrel'' — earth quimmester
# '''ἡνωβρελ''' ''hênôbrel'' — air quimmester

===Ladas / Λᾱδῑ ''Lâdî''===
A ''lada'' or &quot;long year&quot; is a period of twenty months; in this calendar, 700 days.

# '''πιμβλαδα''' ''pimblada'' — newborn year
# '''γοχλαδα''' ''gochlada'' — adolescent year
# '''οὐλαδα''' ''oulada'' — elder year

===Rhikes of the Zodiac / Ῥικι Δρῑγα ''Rhici Drîga''===
A ''rhike'' is a period of sixty months; in this calendar, 2,100 days.  The eleven rhikes make up one full zodiac, a period of 23,100 days.  The zodiac is the largest division of time in the calendar; after the zodiac is completed, it is restarted with an ordinal (second, third, fourth, etc.).

# '''σισεν''' ''sisen'' — lion’s rhike
# '''λυσσαν''' ''lussan'' — wolf-cub’s rhike
# '''ἁργλην''' ''harglên'' — jackal’s rhike
# '''νολλα''' ''nolla'' — hog’s rhike
# '''λαρα''' ''lara'' — ox’s rhike
# '''λωυν''' ''lôun'' — tiger’s rhike
# '''μαυν''' ''maun'' — hare’s rhike
# '''πανδῑγιν''' ''pandîgin'' — panther’s rhike
# '''λυκα''' ''luka'' — wolf’s rhike
# '''ῥοχυν''' ''rhochun'' — turtle’s rhike
# '''ταλλακα''' ''tallaca'' — phoenix’s rhike

==External links==
* [http://frath.net/language/hena-calendar.shtml Today's date in Henaudute ceremonial calendar] (uses JavaScript)

[[Category:Henaudute]]
[[Category:Calendars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ch-m- Tlondor</title>
    <id>662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29095</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:51:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Timespan: 20,000 years ago to present.  
*Setting: Tl-nd-, a fictional archipelago in the Atlantic.
*Author: [[User:JeffLilly|Jeff Lilly]]
This conlang is a language for a conculture I'm working on for a book.
Design principles:
* Inspired by Semitic, but with a twist:  arguments and predicates are morphologically bound and interleaved
* Lots of juicy consonant clusters


== Introduction ==

'''Sources'''

The single source for the language which I will refer to throughout the following monograph as “Ch-m- Tlondor” is a single ream of papers, tied together with twine, dating approximately to 1250 AD, written in rather vulgar Latin interspersed with stretches of 13th century French idiom.  The author claims to be one Claude d’Bisque, a Frenchman of Basque ancestry, and purports to record his journey to a previously undiscovered island in the Atlantic, about two day’s sail west of France.  The papers describe in tedious detail the particulars of how d’Bisque came to set out on the voyage, the Basque cod fishermen who guided him, the rather unremarkable ways of the inhabitants of the island, and the difficulties encountered on their attempt to leave.  This is followed by a lengthy appendix relating details of the language of the island, which is of considerable interest, since its syntactic system is unique in the world.  

It has frequently been asserted that d’Bisque invented the language, as well as the island and the whole history related in his document; but this seems unlikely, for the following reasons.  First, the linguistic appendix is written in the same handwriting and phraseology as the rest of the book, showing that d’Bisque is almost certainly the author.  However, d’Bisque was no linguist, as shown by the corrupted Latin which he wrote, and the difficulty he had in describing the language Ch-m- Tlondor.  The appendix consists of long word lists, lengthy passages of transcribed speech with margins filled with attempts at translation, and some completely misguided notes on grammar.  For example, d’Bisque asserts that Ch-m- Tlondor was like Latin, in preferring to place the verb last in the sentence; but this is certainly not the case in the examples he gives.  It is inconceivable that d’Bisque could have constructed this language himself from whole cloth.

In this monograph I attempt to set out an orderly description of the language.  I am no comparative linguist, and cannot hope to properly place it in the taxonomy of the world’s tongues; but I hope that this description will assist some other scholar to give it the attention it deserves.

'''The Voyage of d’Bisque'''

	It may interest some to hear a brief summary of d’Bisque’s voyage and description of the “terra Tlandae”, as he called the island.  In the early 13th century Basque fishermen had made long journeys into the Atlantic in search of cod, highly valued for its oil and meat.  They brought back many strange tales of their adventures.  D’Bisque hired some of these fishermen to take him to an island they had told of; the purpose of his journey was curiosity and a “caesarum cardorum”, perhaps a reference to a broken heart.  The islanders, it was told to him, were magicians and could do wonderful things.  D’Bisque brought along his sons Francis and Gerard.

	The voyage lasted two days, and at the end of that time they came to a single island rising from the middle of the Atlantic like the top of a mountain.  On arrival at shore they were greeted by farmers, who expressed wonder at their seaworthy craft.  These people, it seemed, never left their island.  The Basque fishermen knew a little of the language of terra Tlandae and d’Bisque was fascinated by it; as noted above, he compiled extensive word lists and examples of sentences.  The islanders could indeed do some magic, according to d’Bisque; they could call animals to them, move small objects with their minds, and see into the future.  

After spending a few days among the islanders, d’Bisque expressed an interest in climbing to the top of the mountain.  The islanders warned him strongly against it, saying that it was the realm of very powerful magicians; but d’Bisque and his sons climbed to the peak anyway, believing that God would save them from heathen magic.  At the top of the mountain, which took a day or so to climb, they saw no people.  On their return to the village, the islanders refused to speak with them.

They then took their leave, and sailed back toward France.  But almost as soon as they set out, d’Bisque’s son Francis fell ill, speaking feverishly of a great king that was calling to him in his mind, and of a lavish feast the king offered him, along with many other earthly pleasures.  As the voyage went on, Francis spoke with wild eyes of birds of iron, and horses with bellies of fire, and great underground cities.  At last Francis began to speak in Ch-m- Tlondor, and babbled furiously in that language for many hours.  At last he died, just as they reached France.

D’Bisque ends this rather tedious account with speculation concerning terra Tlandae – specifically, that it is all that remains of the continent of Atlantis, and that the magicians of that great land live under the ground of their submerged continent.  He closes with a prayer that God punish the magicians of that land for their wickedness.

== Overview of Ch-m- Tlondor ==

The first and most striking thing noted by the student of Ch-m- Tlondor is that almost all words of all grammatical categories are bound morphemes – that is, words cannot stand alone, but must be morphologically bound to other words.  This rule applies to all grammatical categories except adverbs, interjections, and some elements of the determiner class.  Other classes of words are somewhat like the consonantal and vowel roots of Arabic, in that they consist of sequences of consonants and vowels that must be interleaved to create a complete word.  For example, the noun “dog” is the consonantal sequence '''gm-ch-'''; it cannot appear alone, but must combine with a verb such as '''-ulm''', “run”, and an aspect infix (e.g. '''-a-''', perfective), to create '''gmachulm''', “the dog ran”.  The following table elaborates on this example:

{| border=1 
|The dog ran 
|Gmachulm
|- 
|The dog is running 
|Gmochulm
|- 
|The dog will run 
|Gmichulm
|- 
|The dog ate 
|Gmachich
|- 
|The dog slept 
|Gmachidrif
|- 
|The man ran 
|Namulm
|- 
|The man ate 
|Namich
|}

At this point it should be clear why “Ch-m- Tlondor”, with dashes to indicate where morphological material is required, is the unfortunate way in which the name of the language must be represented in English.  A name by itself is an argument; but since this language requires all arguments to be morphologically bound to predicates, it is impossible to write the name of the language alone, without predicating something of it.  The true name of the language is '''Ch-m Tlondor''', literally “speech of Tl-nd-“ ('''Tl-nd-''' being the true name of “terra Tlandae”).  Perhaps the closest one can come is to say &quot;The speech of Tl-nd- is/exists&quot;, i.e. '''Chimid Tlondor'''.


'''Phonology'''

''Phoneme inventory.''  Knowledge of Ch-m- Tlondor’s phonology is necessarily limited by the orthographic representation used by d’Bisque.  The language appears to have a small inventory of vowels:  i, e, o, a, u. It is unknown to what extent vowel quality may vary according to environment.  Sonorants m, n, r, and l may appear as vowels.  Ch-m- Tlondor does not have “ng” or “h”, or any voiced fricatives or affricates.  It also has almost no coronal fricatives -- only &quot;ch&quot;.  However, it does have the voiceless velar fricative “x”, written as “hh” by d’Bisque.  D’Bisque also appears to use “c” and “q” for “k”:  “c” before o, a, u, and “q” before i and e.  I have followed his orthography, except to use “x” for “hh”.

''Clusters.''  Ch-m- Tlondor admits a number of consonant clusters in both onset and coda position which English does not.  In general, the language admits any onset cluster of the forms:

*''(voiceless stop)(fricative)''
*''(voiced stop)(fricative)''
*''(voiceless stop)(sonorant)''
*''(voiced stop)(sonorant)''

Codas allow the same clusters, but in reverse order.  For example, the onset cluster “tl-“ is permitted, as in the noun '''tl-c-''', “chowder”, and the coda cluster “-lt”, as in the verb '''-olt''', “scamper”.  (This latter may be related to the noun '''l-t-''', “mouse”.)
Sonorants may in general not cluster, except –rn, -rm, -ln, and –lm.  Other apparent clusters of sonorants should be read as vocalic sonorants.  For example, '''nl-d-''', “marriage”, should be read with three syllables “n-lo-dor” in the phrase '''nlodor''', “of marriage”.

'''Morphology'''

A note on some peculiarities of morphology are in order.

''Predicatization.''  Nominals may be converted to predicates, either to create a new lexeme (analogous to the history of the English verb “access”), or to permit the nominal to be used attributively (see ''Copula Statements'' below).  The predicatization process inserts '''-o-''' between the consonant clusters of the nominal (note that '''-o-''' is the stative aspectual marker) and prior to the first cluster.  Thus the nominal '''n-m-''', “man”, may be predicatized to '''-onom''', meaning “to man” or perhaps “manly”, as in '''powonom''', “that boy is a man.”

''Argumentization.''  Predicates, such as adjectives or verbs, may be converted to arguments, either to name a new object whose purpose is to perform the action, or to name the action or property itself.  Argumentization reduplicates the final consonant of the predicate.  Thus the verb '''-idfil''', “poke/impale”, may be argumentized to be a noun, '''idfil-l''', “impaling”.  (The noun '''df-l-''', “spear”, is probably related as well.)  Thus one can say '''idfilolid bodach''', “spearing of fish is easy”; compare '''dfalidfil badach''', “The spear impaled the fish.”


'''Syntax'''

In the Ch-m- Tlondor sentence, a subject combines with a verb and an aspect infix morphologically to create a complete sentence.  Modifiers to the subject generally appear to the left of the verb; modifiers to the verb appear after.  Objects of the verb appear after the verb, generally marked with an adposition affix; modifiers to these objects appear after them.  Word order is thus fairly strict.
The above generalizations apply to simple declarative statements and wh-questions (which are in-situ).  Other categories have more complex forms:

''Polar questions.''  Here, the main verb is combined with an expletive nominal '''w-m-''' and moved to the beginning of the sentence.  The subject of the sentence appears immediately after the verb, marked with an adposition '''-o-or'''.  For example, “Is the man eating?” would be '''Womich nomor?'''

''Copula Statements.''  In cases in which two nominals are equated, as in “Tl-nd- is an island”, the second nominal undergoes a morphological process to change it into an adjectival element (see predicatization and argumentization below).  In this case, the noun '''dr-mt-''', “island”, is predicatized into '''-odromt''' and the sentence is '''Tlondodromt'''.

''Imperatives.''  Here, the main verb is combined with the pronoun '''w-w-''' (you sng.) or '''w-r-''' (you pl.) to indicate imperative.  Thus “Run!” would be translated as '''Wowulm!'''

''Subjunctives of Necessity (must, should, ought, need).''  The subjects of these sentences combine with the predicate '''-a-adrt''', and precede the verb, which combines with a pronoun indicating the subject.  For example, “the man should be eating” appears as '''namadrt gogich''' ('''g-g-''' being “he”).

''Subjunctives of Possibility (can, could, may, might).''  This is the same as subjunctives of necessity, except that the subject combines with predicate '''o-oxrt''', and the verb appears at the beginning of the sentence.  For example, “the dog can eat” appears as '''gogich nomoxrt'''.


* [[Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor]]
* [[Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues]]
* [[Conculture:  Tl-nd-]]

[[Category:Ch-m- Tlondor]]
[[Category:Tl-nd-]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JeffLilly</title>
    <id>663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4033</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-06T17:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JeffLilly</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am a computational linguist; my interests center around lexical semantics, syntax, and historical linguistics.  I am working on a book for older children, and am creating the conlang [[Ch-m- Tlondor]] and the conculture of [[Tl-nd-]] as background.  I would be very grateful for any feedback on this project.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor</title>
    <id>665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4035</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-06T20:00:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JeffLilly</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Dodid Lochor Don Chimim Tlondor ==

{| border=1
! Yoyeyorxn || woror || Tlondach
|-
|y-y- -o- -eyorxn || w-r- -o- -or || Tl-nd- -o- -ach
|-
|We-welcome || you-of || Tl-nd-at
|}
''Welcome to Tl-nd-.''


{| border=1
!Womayamch || woror || lpochor || don
|-
|w-m- + -o- + -ayamch || w-r- + -o- + -or || lp-ch + -o- + -or || don
|-
|interrogative-want || you-interrogative || rabbit-of || some
|}
''Would you like some rabbit?''

{| border=1
!Worobln || yolach
|-
|w-r- + -o- + obln || y-l + -o- + ach
|-
|You-from || where-at
|}
''Where are you from?''

{| border=1
!Chicharanx || dfalum
|-
|Chich-r- + -a- + anx || df-l- + -a- + -um
|-
|Chich-r-has-make || spear-new
|}
''Chich-r- has made a new spear.''

{| border =1
!Godfomtin || gogobrd || gogomx || gogoxrt || gorim || anam || pochnim || pochor || gogid || gogoxrt || bodach || don
|-
|Godf-mt- + -o- + -in || g-g- + -o- + -obrd || g-g- + -o- + omx || g-g- + -o-oxrt || g-r- + -o- + -im || anam || p-chn- + -o- + -im || p-ch- + -o- + -or || g-g- + -o- + id || g-g- + -o-oxrt || b-d- + -o- + -ach || don
|-
|Husband-my || he-foolish || he-knock || he-subj.possib. || hole-in || many || bottom-in || boat-of || he-see || he-subj.poss. || fish-at || some
|}
''My husband is foolish; he would knock holes in the bottom of a boat, to see the fish.''

{| border=1
!Dofowl || chocharld || chuchu
|-
|D-f- + -o- + -owl || ch-ch- + -o- + -arld || chuchu
|-
|Ship-your || it-large || excessively
|}
''Your ship is far too large.''

== Babel Text ==

* 1. And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. 
* '''Qec cor ladagab chamor mom qecadfax mamad.'''
* ''And whole earth-had language-of one and-speak one-as.''

* 2. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 
* '''Qec chachad yar dadac dachabln dach dadabmt brchor ramtim Shinaror caqimb darach.'''
* ''And it-was while they-travel east-from that they-found plain-of land-in Shinar-of and-lived there-at.''

* 3. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. 
* '''Qec dadochom dadoloch, yoyepicm, yiyanax ploxor, qiqupulm dodor doloyir.  Qec dadagab plaxor dchamobol, nateqec nlachlobol.'''
* ''And they-said eachother-to, we-start, we-make brick-of, burn-and them-of thoroughly.  And they-had brick-of stone-for, mud-and mortar-for.''


* 4. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city, and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. 
* '''Qec dadochom, yoyepicm, yiyanax dachor dadopom, choyaleqec, chichilid dofoxrt chichor gibmimch; qecanax minor dodobol, od moch chichadxachl dnodmoxrt dodobol yit bodom lodor cor.'''
*''And they-said, we-start, we-make city-of us-for, tower-and, it-reach top-may it-of heaven-into; and-make name-of us-for, so not it-scatter something-subj.POSSIB. us-of widely surface-on earth-of whole.''

*5. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.
*'''Qec Rlataxam gagatom gagit gogoxrt dochach choyaleqec, ra namor dratuprt chachor.'''
*''And Lord-come he-down he-see he-subj.POSSIB city-at tower-and, all man-of child-build it-of.''

Back to the main page of [[Ch-m- Tlondor]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues</title>
    <id>666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6433</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T22:27:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category: ch-m- tlondor</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Ch-m- Tlondor's Language Family ==

It is not known whether Ch-m- Tlondor is a language isolate.  Almost certainly its unique system of morphological predication is unique, but it is known that this system developed from a more standard system near the end of the Era of the Garden.  Attempts to relate the language to other tongues based on lexical reconstruction have so far failed.

'''Chomiz Talonid Or''':''Speech of Talonid''

''Overview.''
This tongue, originally spoken on each of the Five Islands of Tl-nd-, was essentially agglutinative, with little in the way of inflectional morphology.  It appears that in its oldest form it had a strict prohibition against consonant clusters, allowing only ''(stop)(liquid)'' combinations, and then only if the two consonants did not match in place (e.g. &quot;pl&quot; was permitted, as in '''ploz''', &quot;bear&quot;, but not &quot;dl&quot;).  Its inventory of phonemes included a set of fricatives not found in Ch-m- Tlondor:  ''sh, s, z, th, dh, zh.''

''Salient Features of Syntax.''
Chomiz Talonid Or was a strict SVO language.  Noun compounding was not permitted; adjectives and adpositional modifiers appeared after the head noun.  A rich set of auxiliary modifiers could be suffixed to a subject noun to indicate tense, aspect, necessity, possiblity, mood, and voice.

'''Changes between Chomiz Talonid Or and Ch-m- Tlondor'''

* Unstressed vowels were dropped.  Thus '''Chomiz Talonid Or''' became '''Chomz Tlond Or'''.
* Fricatives ''sh, s, z, th, dh, zh'' were dropped if they violated the syllabic structure of the language.  Thus '''Chomz Tlond Or''' became '''Chom Tlond Or'''.
* Internal vowels of verbs began to agree with the vowels of the auxiliary suffix.  For example, the noun '''gimach''', &quot;dog&quot;, and the verb '''ulmso''', &quot;run&quot;, originally combined with the progressive '''-sho''' to create the form '''gimachsho ulmso'''.  When the internal vowels began to agree, the form became '''gomochsho ulmso''' (or '''gmochsho ulm''' after the phonological changes noted above).
* The internal vowels of subject nouns came to be seen as part of the marking on the noun, rather than phonological agreement.  In other words, the base form of &quot;dog&quot; ceased to be '''gmach''' and became '''gm-ch''', with the internal vowel decided by the suffixed auxiliary marker.
* As the base forms of nouns lost their internal vowels, the auxiliary marker vowel was used in other places in the clause.  For example, in &quot;he saw the dog&quot;, originally '''gegash ziti gimach zhach''', the auxiliary marker '''-ash''' (perfective) changed the internal vowel of '''geg''' (&quot;he&quot;) to '''a'''.  This '''a''' was then spread to other nouns in the clause to serve as the internal vowel, producing '''gagash it gmach zhach'''.
* All remaining instances of fricatives ''sh, s, z, th, dh, zh'' were lost.
* This phonological change contributed to the loss of the suffixed auxiliary markers, which were, in general, syllables of the form VC, with C a coronal fricative.  With this loss, speakers began to treat the verb as a suffix; thus '''gagash it gmach zhach''' became '''gagit gmach ach'''.
* The use of verbs as suffixes spread to other predicates, including postpositions and adjectives.  Thus '''gagit gmach ach''' became '''gagit gmachach''', and '''Ch-m- Tl-nd- Or''' became '''Ch-m- Tlondor'''.

'''Examples of change:  full sentences'''

'''Changes to Ch-m- Tlondor:  the Era of Union and the Era of Dominion'''

Development of the verb as feature marking on the subject noun:  a grid of nine features of voice + lenition, on the first consonant gives a core verb, on the second consonant gives domain.  Adpositional infixes develop into case marking; freer word order.

Back to the main page of [[Ch-m- Tlondor]].

[[Category:Ch-m- Tlondor]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran/Paternoster</title>
    <id>675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4045</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-13T17:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved to &quot;Paternoster_in_Ibran&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Paternoster_in_Ibran]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Goals</title>
    <id>676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4046</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-09T00:56:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:About]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:About]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:About</title>
    <id>678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47692</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T14:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conlangs otherwise described? */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is Frathwiki intended to include auxlangs, like Glosa, Esperanto, Loglan and my own Ceqli?

:Yes.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:24, 23 Aug 2004 (PDT)

...Um, so how is it not a place to promote auxlangs!? I'm interested as my main interest is 'practical' conlanging ( esp. Folkspraak). [[User:Xipirho|Xipirho]]

::Describe, yes.  Push, no.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:47, 3 January 2007 (PST)

==What FrathWiki shouldn't be==
* ''A place to describe well-known creations such as Esperanto or Tolkien's worlds.'' They got their own forums, and besides Tolkien is well represented in Wikipedia.  We could have a page linking to Tolkien language stuff on Wikipedia, though. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:10, 6 Jun 2005 (PDT)
*Oops for got to mention my edit here. 
[[User:Leon math|Leon math]] 18:12, 2 November 2006 (PST)

*What about different spelling schemes for already existing languages? Cheers. [[User:Xipirho|Xipirho]]
*: Those are okay too.  I've got a couple out here myself.  (I thought we had a category, but I guess not; but there's [[Latin pinyin]], [[Hangraphy]], [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]], and probably others). —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:47, 3 January 2007 (PST)

== &quot;Frath&quot;? ==

A name suggests what something is.  I'm curious why this Wiki is called the &quot;Frathwiki&quot; -- any particular meaning to &quot;Frath&quot;?  I would infer a sense of the purpose of the Wiki from its name, but I am not familiar with &quot;Frath&quot;.  Interesting name!

:Hmm, I never noticed this comment x.x   &quot;Frath&quot; just happened to be my domain name (for various reasons), and as this was the wiki I was putting on it, the name just followed.  (Of course there are a couple of other wikis on [http://frath.net/ frath.net] now, so it's not ''the'' frath wiki anymore...)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:47, 3 January 2007 (PST)

==Conlangs otherwise described?==
I have a website with some pages describing conlangs I thought worth putting info on. Is it acceptable to add this info on this Wiki as well? And how about pages copied from the ial.wikia.com site, which already are under a license compatible with putting on here? -- [[User:BRG|BRG]] 14:39, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

:Yes.  It's acceptable to make pages about languages described elsewhere here.  Just make sure that anything you add that you don't have the rights to personally has its license followed; some of them can be pretty weird in their requirements (for example, cc-by-sa requires a link to the cc-by-sa license, name of the source/author, title of the original work, link to the original, and relationship to the original [e.g. 'incorporates text from...']--all that can fit into a template, of course).   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:21, 24 July 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of mailing lists</title>
    <id>679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46095</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-17T03:34:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Constructed language lists */ add conlang_learners and conlang-card-game</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is a list of mailing lists where conlanging and/or conculturing etc. are on-topic.  (A list of nat-stuff too, as a resource for ''a posteriori'' creators?)

This list is woefully incomplete, please contribute to it.

==Constructed language lists==
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list]
*:CONLANG is probably the largest constructed language list out there.  The listserv imposes a limit of 100 messages a day (which is occasionally reached) and there is a per-user limit of 5 messages a day to keep traffic down.  Auxlang advocacy is off-topic.

*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html AUXLANG mailing list]
*:AUXLANG was split off of CONLANG to provide a place for specific auxlang concerns.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/langmaker2 Langmaker2 Yahoogroup]
*:This group is associated with [http://www.langmaker.com/ langmaker.com].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/romconlang Romconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for Romance conlangs, formerly called [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/romanceconlang romanceconlang].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pieconlang PIE Conlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Proto-Indo-European]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/celticonlang Celticonlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for constructed languages based on [[Celtic languages]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/westasianconlangs/ West Asian Conlangs Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on Turkic, Iranian, or Afro-Asiatic languages (or other languages of West Asia and North Africa).

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/eastasianconlangs/ East Asian Conlangs Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on languages of East Asia.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/slaviconlang/ Slaviconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Slavic languages]], Baltic, Greek, Albanian, or Uralic.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/germaniconlang/ Germaniconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Germanic languages]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlang/ Lostlangs Yahoogroup]
*:The discussion group of the [[League of Lost Languages]].

*[http://espanol.groups.yahoo.com/group/ideolengua/ IdeoLengua Yahoogroup]
*:In Spanish.

*[http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/kunstsprachen/ Kunstsprachen Yahoogroup]
*:In German.

*[http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/conlang_learners-conlang.org conlang_learners], a group of people voting on [[Learners shortlist|a conlang to learn together]]

*[http://groups.google.com/group/conlang-card-game Conlang Card Game Development], discussion of Glossotechnia

==Constructed culture lists==
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture Conculture Yahoogroup]
*:A general conculture group split off of CONLANG.  &lt;s&gt;[[Ill Bethisad]]-related traffic tends to dominate it, though.&lt;/s&gt;
Not so any more, since most [[Ill Bethisad]] discussion has moved to the IB wiki.

==Natural language lists==
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/qalam Qalam Yahoogroup]
*:A group for discussion of writing systems of the world.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/ Cybalist Yahoogroup]
*:A group for Indo-European historical linguistics.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Nostratic-L/ Nostratic-L Yahoogroup]
*:A group for discussing the controversial [[Nostratic]] hypothesis.

== Message Boards ==
*[http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/ Zompist Bulletin Board]
*:The ZBB is a message board for discussing Almea, conlangs, linguistics...

== IRC Channels ==
*[irc://irc.efnet.net/ConLang #ConLang] - The IRC channel #ConLang on EFNet

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran/Swadesh list</title>
    <id>680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4054</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-23T21:53:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved to &quot;Swadesh_list_for_Ibran&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Swadesh_list_for_Ibran]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Wikipedia</title>
    <id>681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4061</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T14:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>MediaWiki:Wikipedia moved to Template:Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Wikipedia]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Romance conlangs</title>
    <id>683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42757</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T11:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]

Conlangs derived from Latin, or from other Romance languages.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Indo-European conlangs</title>
    <id>684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22486</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-15T03:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/PreJz3|PreJz3]] ([[User_talk:PreJz3|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Muke|Muke]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
This category is for conlangs derived from Proto-Indo-European that are not in a more specific real-world family (such as [[:Category:Romance conlangs]]).

There may also eventually be a comparable [[:Category:Indo-European natlangs]].


[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Stub</title>
    <id>685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4027</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T18:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>MediaWiki:Stub moved to Template:Stub</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Stub]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:How does one edit a page</title>
    <id>686</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16679</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T01:20:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Help:Editing]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Editing]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Language questions</title>
    <id>687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4023</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:10:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>FrathWiki:Language questions moved to Help:Language questions</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Language questions]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Nuts and bolts</title>
    <id>688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16677</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T01:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Help:Nuts and bolts]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Nuts and bolts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Contents</title>
    <id>689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29860</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-13T10:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of help pages.

* [[Help:Editing]] - How does one edit a page? How does the wiki syntax work?

* [[Help:Goals]] - What is FrathWiki for?  What kinds of things can I add?

* [[Help:Language questions]] - How does language X handle feature Y?  Is this naturalistic?

* [[Help:Nuts and bolts]] - Why doesn't this program work?  I think I found a bug.  How do I...

* [[Help:How does one start a page]] - How ''does'' one start a page?

== All pages in the ''Help'' namespace ==

&lt;dpl&gt;
  namespace=Help
&lt;/dpl&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Goals</title>
    <id>690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5634</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-15T02:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:About]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Goals</title>
    <id>691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4053</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:37:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>FrathWiki talk:Goals moved to Help talk:Goals</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help talk:Goals]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dele</title>
    <id>692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40411</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-02T01:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dele is a proto-language for [[Arda]] created by [[User:Dauyn|Aidan Grey]]. 

* [[Dele-English root list]]
* [[English-Dele root list]]

==Morphology==
===Case endings===
{|
! 
!colspan=2|   Fire
!colspan=2|  Water
!colspan=2|  Earth
|-
! !!  sg !! pl !! sg !! pl !! sg !! pl
|-
! nom 
|  +zero || -I: ||     -E ||        -I ||      -E: ||     +A
|-
! acc
| -E:N  ||  -YEN ||  +EN ||    -YAN ||    -AN ||     +A
|-
! dat
| -E:S ||  -YES ||    +ES ||       -YAS ||    -AS ||     +AS
|-
! gen
|      -N ||    +IN ||     +EN ||        +IN ||     +NA ||     -ANA
|-
! voc
|       +O ||    -YO ||     +A ||        -YA ||     -A ||      +A
|-
! ine
|       -NA: ||   -I:NA ||   -NA ||       +INA ||    -ANA ||    -ENA
|-
! abe
|       -LE ||   -LI: ||    -LA ||       -LI ||     -ELA ||    -ALA
|-
! loc 
|      -SE ||   -SI: ||    -SE ||       -SI ||     -AS ||     -ASA
|-
! ill       
| -MA: ||  -MI:     || -MA ||       -MI ||     -AMA ||    -AMA:
|-
! abl 
|      -O:S ||  -YO:S ||   +S ||        -YAS ||    +AS  ||    +ASA
|-
! all      
| -E:R ||  -YA:R ||   +ER ||       -YAR  ||   -AR ||     -ARA
|-
! perl
|      -NDA ||  -YAN ||    +NDA ||      -YANDA ||   -ANDA ||   -ANDAM
|-
! ess 
|      -RAS ||   -YARAS ||  +RAS ||      -YARAS ||  -ARDAS ||  -ARDAM
|-
! trans
|     +AM ||   -YAM   ||  +M ||        -YAM ||    -AM ||     -AMA
|-
! com
|     +AS ||   -YAS ||    +S ||        -YAS ||    -AS ||     +SA:
|-
! ins
|       -QO: ||  +IQO ||    -QA ||       +IQA  ||   +QA ||     -AQA:
|}

This is the 'easy-fied' table of declensions.  The minus &quot;-&quot; before a suffix indicates it replaces the final stem vowel, while the plus &quot;+&quot; indicates the vowel remains.

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Dele]]
[[Category:Arda]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dele-English root list</title>
    <id>693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6266</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-11T06:51:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#W|W]]  [[#Y|Y]]
|}

==A==
* '''a:''' (cry of joy)
* '''akha:''' (exclamation of pain)
* '''ala''' that
* '''ala''' that
* '''ana''' this
* '''ana''' this
* '''ara''' that yonder

==B==
* '''ba:yan''' helping; serving
* '''baban''' tip
* '''bada''' itter
* '''badha''' need, v.
* '''baga''' sickle
* '''bagha''' hide, v.
* '''baka''' flat of hand
* '''balu''' surge, v.
* '''bama''' help, v.
* '''bana''' reed
* '''bana''' scrape, v.
* '''banin''' dung; dark liquid
* '''bapa''' barley
* '''bapa''' be caught, v.
* '''bara''' greedy
* '''barat''' rip to pieces, v.
* '''basa''' coagulate, v.
* '''basam''' hit; weaken, v.
* '''bata''' liquid; wine
* '''batha''' twig; branch
* '''baya''' sow, v.
* '''bayan''' curse
* '''bebhe''' help, enable, v.
* '''beki''' cut in, v.
* '''bele''' collapse, v.
* '''beleh''' wander about, v.
* '''beler''' pole; mast
* '''beni''' slanting
* '''beqel''' twist to rope, v.
* '''beri''' hold in lap, v.
* '''beta''' fall, v.
* '''bewa''' turn, v.
* '''bha:ka''' rip up; open, v.
* '''bhabha''' wish, v.
* '''bhabu''' be mouldy, v.
* '''bhadha''' kill
* '''bhama''' life force
* '''bhami''' understand, v.
* '''bhani''' flame; burn, v.
* '''bhapa''' thrust; hit, v.
* '''bhara''' one-eyed
* '''bharu''' be depressed, v.
* '''bhatha''' shoulder; arm; thigh
* '''bhatu''' rub, v.
* '''bhayal''' hollow like a pipe
* '''bhayu''' smell, v.
* '''bhebe''' vein; tendon
* '''bhedu''' dip into, v.
* '''bhege''' hello
* '''bhekhe''' nephew
* '''bheku''' produce, v.
* '''bhere''' incline, v.
* '''bheseb''' shout, v.
* '''bhetha''' touch; press, v.
* '''bhethe''' crops
* '''bhidi''' celebrate, v.
* '''bhighi''' set in motion, v.
* '''bhigi''' groin
* '''bhimi''' spar
* '''bhini''' new
* '''bhini''' new
* '''bhisis''' grow, v.
* '''bhiyim''' oneself, for oneself
* '''bhnsn''' suck, v.
* '''bhoba''' humble, v.
* '''bhoko''' collect, v.
* '''bholo''' bottom
* '''bhoni''' sulky
* '''bhothi''' creep; crawl, v.
* '''bhubu''' backside; rump
* '''bhuhun''' intelligence
* '''bhuku''' become bloated, v.
* '''bhuru''' across; through
* '''bhutu''' blood
* '''bhuyuph''' beam; board
* '''bibhi''' slide, v.
* '''bidhi''' bleat, v.
* '''bidi''' move forward, v.
* '''biki''' sound, v.
* '''bili''' hoot, owl-noise
* '''bimir''' wrinkle up, v.
* '''bini''' tremble, v.
* '''binit''' feast, v.
* '''biniw''' struggle, v.
* '''bisi''' mud
* '''biyi''' tower up, v.
* '''biyil''' rib; breast
* '''blml''' spy; watch, v.
* '''blnll''' maple
* '''bmghm''' accustom oneself, v.
* '''boda''' bathe, v.
* '''boli''' war; army
* '''bomi''' attack, v.
* '''bona''' turn away, v.
* '''bono''' pipe
* '''boqo''' press; crowd, v.
* '''bowo''' hang, v.
* '''boyu''' open, v.
* '''brgr''' something of sticks
* '''bunu''' goat
* '''busu''' husband's mother
* '''buwud''' sheath

==D==
* '''da: ''' father
* '''da:ka''' horn
* '''da:na''' man
* '''da:pha''' colour (light)
* '''daba''' rope
* '''daga''' growl; snarl, v.
* '''daha''' around, both
* '''dala''' rotten
* '''dala, robho''' brother
* '''damu''' want; choose, v.
* '''dapap''' small, weak
* '''dara''' be strong, v.
* '''datha''' dry
* '''datha''' firm
* '''dathi''' water course
* '''dawad''' coal
* '''dawas''' stick; club
* '''dayap''' reach somewhere, v.
* '''de''' (emphasis)
* '''de:khe''' long
* '''de:nu''' daughter-in-law
* '''de:phe''' soon
* '''debe''' oath
* '''debe''' oath
* '''deda''' threaten, v.
* '''dede''' well up, v.
* '''deghe''' overpower, v.
* '''dehes''' dribble; drip, v.
* '''dekhe''' drone; bark, v.
* '''delad''' encourage, v.
* '''dele''' tongue
* '''dele''' tongue
* '''deli''' metal
* '''depe''' upwards
* '''dere''' twitter, v.
* '''desim''' trample, v.
* '''dethib''' show, v.
* '''dhaba''' nose
* '''dhaba''' nose
* '''dhabha''' think, v.
* '''dhaha''' far off
* '''dhana''' beech tree
* '''dhani''' dispute, v.
* '''dhapha''' smile, v.
* '''dhaphi''' slit, v.
* '''dharu''' steal; rob, v.
* '''dhasa''' bring,carry, v.
* '''dhasuk''' stretch, v.
* '''dhatha''' dive, v.
* '''dhatha''' ice
* '''dhawa''' trip; trample, v.
* '''dhe:se''' weasel
* '''dhedi''' resound, v.
* '''dhekhu''' change, v.
* '''dhekhu''' ferment, v.
* '''dhema''' heavy
* '''dheme''' skin
* '''dheme''' skin
* '''dhene''' slant; slope, v.
* '''dhese''' blue; plant dye
* '''dheseg''' freeze; cold, v.
* '''dhibi''' whale, large fish
* '''dhili''' dig, v.
* '''dhini''' be aware of, v.
* '''dhlll''' milk
* '''dhlnl''' throw, v.
* '''dhnqnr''' sharp
* '''dhokho''' onion
* '''dhono''' work, v.
* '''dhori''' behold
* '''dhosi''' contract a disease, v.
* '''dhotu''' intestines
* '''dhowak''' turn; wind, v.
* '''dhowom''' satisfy oneself, v.
* '''dhrwr''' quail
* '''dhusu''' behind
* '''dhutu''' beautiful
* '''di:gi''' wild animal
* '''didi''' bowel
* '''diliph''' hook
* '''dimi''' house
* '''dini''' thou
* '''dirir''' stand out, v.
* '''diyi''' middle
* '''dlll''' dirt
* '''dlylb''' work, do, v.
* '''dm:hm''' look out for, v.
* '''dmbhm''' mist; steam
* '''do:bhu''' doorpost
* '''do:ma''' significant talk
* '''domi''' tread; go, v.
* '''domo''' blood clot
* '''domu''' strew; sow, v.
* '''doni''' swallow, v.
* '''dopa''' glisten, v.
* '''dori''' plait, v.
* '''doro''' swing; spin, v.
* '''doyugh''' god (name of)
* '''drwrth''' strong; big
* '''dudu''' jaw
* '''dugu''' stretch out; broad, v.
* '''dukhu''' punch, thrust, v.
* '''dunus''' get over, v.
* '''duru''' round object
* '''duru''' round
* '''dusu''' mill, grind
* '''duwu''' gable; head
* '''duwudh''' hew, v.

==E==
* '''ese''' hot; warm

==G==
* '''gabha''' cream
* '''gabi''' bow; incline, v.
* '''gadha''' lie down, v.
* '''gagu''' bird-song
* '''gaka''' defecate, v.
* '''gala''' bird
* '''gala''' scorn, v.
* '''galu''' right place
* '''gana''' jump, v.
* '''ganu''' spout, v.
* '''gapha''' crouch down, v.
* '''gapha''' form
* '''gapi''' splash, v.
* '''gara''' earth
* '''gara''' lack
* '''garam''' wizard
* '''gasa''' flock; feather
* '''gasi''' hit; sharp, v.
* '''gathi''' narrow; thin
* '''gawal''' step back; shy, v.
* '''gawas''' below
* '''gaya''' scratch skin, v.
* '''ge''' you (pl.)
* '''ge:ne''' diaphragm; mind
* '''gedi''' spread legs, v.
* '''geghe''' henbane
* '''gehe''' bitter taste
* '''geke''' grunt, v.
* '''geme''' duck
* '''geni''' limb
* '''gephe''' awaken, v.
* '''gere''' rip up, v.
* '''geris''' rock
* '''gese''' without
* '''getha''' wet element
* '''gethu''' chin(bone)
* '''gewew''' bind, v.
* '''geyekh''' close in, v.
* '''gha:ki''' favourable
* '''gha:ra''' thigh; leg
* '''gha:wa''' carve, v.
* '''gha:yu''' warm; roast, v.
* '''ghabi''' body part (curved)
* '''ghada''' clothe, v.
* '''ghadi''' stake
* '''ghala''' stare, v.
* '''ghalad''' milk, wipe, v.
* '''ghali''' raised place
* '''ghama''' aspen tree
* '''ghama''' broad; flat
* '''ghama''' perish, v.
* '''ghana''' whistle; pipe, v.
* '''ghapha''' catch sight of, v.
* '''ghasag''' heel, back of knee;
* '''ghata''' squirrel; weasel
* '''ghawa''' relatives
* '''ghawu''' grain
* '''ghayat''' scab
* '''ghele''' nail; penis
* '''ghenas''' notice, v.
* '''ghene''' we, you and I
* '''gheni''' vine
* '''ghepu''' vault, v.
* '''ghesi''' shriek, cry, v.
* '''ghete''' young of animal
* '''gheye''' tread down, v.
* '''ghi:bi''' victory
* '''ghibhi''' climb, stride, v.
* '''ghibil''' arrange, v.
* '''ghini''' over; above
* '''ghisi''' secrete, v.
* '''ghiti''' butter, milk
* '''ghlkl''' hollow out, v.
* '''ghmdm''' press, v.
* '''ghmsm''' shut, v.
* '''gho:kho''' strong
* '''gho:ma''' miss; deceive, v.
* '''ghodhu''' envelop, v.
* '''ghosi''' foam; spray
* '''ghoti''' fish
* '''ghowa''' sing, v.
* '''ghowim''' rock; stone
* '''ghuru''' side
* '''ghuru''' side
* '''gidhi''' smooth; even
* '''gighi''' space; room
* '''ginid''' weave, v.
* '''glll''' pile up, v.
* '''gm:dm''' shadow
* '''gm:phm''' pull out, v.
* '''gmgm''' span of hand
* '''gmlm''' quack; croak, v.
* '''gmwmm''' heath; free land
* '''gnlnl''' burning; heat; anger
* '''gnrnkh''' trouble oneself, v.
* '''go:mokh''' ring
* '''gobhu''' beyond
* '''gobo''' skull
* '''gobu''' act secretly, v.
* '''goko''' torment; pain
* '''golo''' pleased, well inclined
* '''gomi''' reath
* '''gomo''' stink, v.
* '''gono''' sparkle, v.
* '''goro''' find; take, v.
* '''gosa''' human being
* '''gosol''' grow up, v.
* '''goto''' burden
* '''goyos''' fat; thick
* '''gr:mr''' lump
* '''gryr''' shake, v.
* '''gunu''' pot for cooking
* '''guru''' plait; weave, v.

==H==
* '''ha:da''' front, brow
* '''hagha''' bite, v.
* '''haku''' hiss, v.
* '''hala''' work with sharp tool, v.
* '''hamu''' grey
* '''hanu''' dwindle, v.
* '''hara''' sun
* '''hara''' rub; bore, v.
* '''hara''' spongy
* '''hara''' sun
* '''haya''' rob; rub, v.
* '''hayat''' name
* '''he:ge''' yesterday
* '''hedhi''' pit; hollow
* '''hephe''' quick
* '''hepi''' twine threads, v.
* '''heyek''' sound; drone, v.
* '''himi''' hollow
* '''hiri''' bend, to crook, v.
* '''hnsnw''' seek, v.
* '''ho:mo''' smoke, v.
* '''ho:mo''' smoke
* '''homo''' summer
* '''hoqo''' old
* '''hoqo''' laugh, v.
* '''horo''' taste something, v.
* '''hrthr''' twig (thin &amp; pliable)

==I==
* '''ihi''' many
* '''imi''' grease; fat

==K==
* '''ka:ba''' live, v.
* '''ka:na''' wave hand, v.
* '''kabu''' hail
* '''kadha''' version
* '''kagha''' woe; wolf
* '''kaka''' dense
* '''kala''' dampen; wet, v.
* '''kala''' neck
* '''kalah''' whole
* '''kama''' fly; gnat
* '''kama''' vulva
* '''kapa''' recognise, v.
* '''karak''' desire; lust for, v.
* '''karas''' choose, v.
* '''karudh''' wood; forest
* '''kasa''' attach, v.
* '''kasa''' three
* '''kasa''' press; maltreat, v.
* '''kasa''' three
* '''kata''' be warm, v.
* '''kawu''' humming sound
* '''kaya''' taste, v.
* '''kayagh''' draw; scoop, v.
* '''kayakh''' all
* '''ke''' we
* '''ke''' we
* '''ke:mu''' plug; pin
* '''ke:re''' pray, v.
* '''ke:se''' hesitate, v.
* '''kebe''' reward; pay
* '''kebhe''' hedgehog
* '''kedhi''' tip, sting
* '''keghe''' bird (large)
* '''kegu''' ster
* '''kele''' gnaw, v.
* '''kene''' head
* '''kera''' mow, v.
* '''kere''' mock; scorn, v.
* '''kese''' abuse, v.
* '''kesu''' baa
* '''keta''' slack; silly
* '''ketha''' lead, show the way, v.
* '''kethe''' (interrogative)
* '''kethe''' tired; weak
* '''kethem''' staff (as support)
* '''kha:ka''' stiff; rigid
* '''kha:la''' hunt; desire, v.
* '''kha:san''' lack
* '''kha:wal''' stone; rock
* '''kha:wal''' stone
* '''kha:wam''' shit; hole, v.
* '''kha:wan''' eiderduck
* '''khaba''' twig (pliable)
* '''khabha''' quiver, v.
* '''khaghu''' horse
* '''khaha''' move violently, v.
* '''khaka''' marrow; brain
* '''khama''' see, v.
* '''khama''' see
* '''khani''' stride, v.
* '''khapa''' unwilling; vexed
* '''khapi''' be at, be located
* '''khara''' heart
* '''kharu''' pole; rod
* '''khasa''' pole; stem
* '''khasa''' whirl, v.
* '''khata''' bone
* '''khata''' gravel; grit
* '''khawan''' reach; grip, v.
* '''khe:be''' sharp; pointed
* '''khe:ru''' pebble
* '''khedhe''' run; flow, v.
* '''kheghu''' think about, v.
* '''khehe''' feather
* '''khela''' aside; one's own
* '''khele''' grab, v.
* '''khenen''' dumbfound, v.
* '''khewen''' person
* '''khewen''' person
* '''khigi''' set, v.
* '''khili''' like, similar
* '''khini''' spring
* '''khinip''' plot; originate, v.
* '''khiniy''' pea; legume
* '''khiphi''' speak formally, v.
* '''khirigh''' clear, pure
* '''khisip''' shine; (colour), v.
* '''khitit''' shout; loud, v.
* '''khlnl''' loud
* '''khmqmh''' melt, v.
* '''khnbn''' master; lord
* '''khnln''' prattle, v.
* '''khobo''' eight
* '''khoda''' father-in-law
* '''khodo''' stay overnight, v.
* '''khoko''' belch, v.
* '''khoku''' fish (type of)
* '''khona''' cherry
* '''khophi''' force, use force, v.
* '''khora''' winnow grain, v.
* '''khoro''' row; herd
* '''khorom''' line up, v.
* '''khoru''' thrush
* '''khota''' sharp-edged
* '''khoti''' goose
* '''khowa''' babbling
* '''khowo''' croak (of frog or raven)
* '''khudu''' root (edible)
* '''khudu''' root
* '''khuru''' plaited container
* '''khuwu''' shriek, v.
* '''khuwul''' bee
* '''ki:mi''' do
* '''kiki''' penis
* '''kili''' narrow
* '''kimi''' stem; reed
* '''kiri''' leather
* '''kiwi''' colour (dark)
* '''kiwiy''' tire, make tired, v.
* '''kiyi''' scratch, v.
* '''kiyim''' promote; hurry, v.
* '''klhl''' swollen; thick
* '''klsl''' lumpy; knot
* '''km:pm''' goatskin
* '''knkn''' leprosy
* '''kobi''' press; pain, v.
* '''kohas''' peel; skin
* '''koho''' rain
* '''koho''' rain
* '''kokha''' warm
* '''konokh''' ground
* '''kori''' tear, v.
* '''korug''' man, life-force
* '''korun''' sift; riddle, v.
* '''kosa''' extinguish, v.
* '''kosor''' plait, weave, v.
* '''krrr''' opinion
* '''ku:ru''' rod
* '''ku:su''' scratch; dig, v.
* '''kunu''' elm
* '''kuru''' hard
* '''kusuth''' trickle, v.
* '''kutu''' steal; act secretly, v.

==L==
* '''la:na''' spiritual depression
* '''la:tha''' reach, v.
* '''la:wa''' bird-cry
* '''la:ya''' star
* '''la:ya''' sound; hear, v.
* '''la:ya''' star
* '''labha''' puddle; swamp
* '''lada''' ingernail; toenail
* '''lada''' run, v.
* '''laga''' blackbird
* '''lagha''' stick
* '''laka''' bird of prey
* '''laka''' gland
* '''lakha''' bulge, v.
* '''lala''' bore, stab, v.
* '''lali''' elbow; forearm
* '''lali''' raw; coarse; bitter
* '''lalu''' chequered
* '''lama''' hand
* '''lamap''' buy, v.
* '''lamu''' breathe, v.
* '''lana''' along
* '''lanar''' sole of foot
* '''lanir''' now
* '''lapa''' year
* '''lapha''' pitiful; small
* '''lapu''' tame, v.
* '''lara''' bullock, young ox
* '''lara''' to, with
* '''lari''' short
* '''lasa''' ash tree
* '''latad''' hazel
* '''lathu''' wool; woollen garment
* '''latu''' wet, v.
* '''lawa''' sober
* '''lawad''' pant, v.
* '''lawu''' pass away, v.
* '''layah''' break; grind, v.
* '''layar''' bank of river
* '''layaw''' suffer, v.
* '''layi''' fill up, v.
* '''le''' you
* '''le''' you
* '''le:su''' fabric (woven)
* '''lebhi''' on each other
* '''lebhu''' hum; buzz, v.
* '''lede''' dark
* '''ledhu''' honey
* '''ledu''' thrust, v.
* '''leghe''' wide
* '''leghedh''' stall
* '''lehe''' flesh; meat
* '''lehe''' go; stride, v.
* '''leke''' passage, narrow place
* '''lela''' moisten, v.
* '''lele''' soft; mild
* '''leli''' apportion, v.
* '''lema''' heavy; burdensome
* '''leme''' harm; crime
* '''lemeg''' break in, steal, v.
* '''lemi''' false
* '''lemu''' rip off, v.
* '''lene''' be bent, v.
* '''leni''' intend, v.
* '''lepe''' through
* '''lepe''' through
* '''lere''' scratch; slit, v.
* '''leres''' tense; tight
* '''lesedh''' prickly plant
* '''lesi''' lame
* '''lesid''' sweat, v.
* '''lete''' fly about, v.
* '''lewa''' worry, v.
* '''leyer''' damage, v.
* '''libhi''' mountain
* '''libhi''' snow
* '''lidhi''' hundred
* '''lidi''' lard; fat
* '''lighi''' pregnant animal
* '''likhi''' sand
* '''likhi''' sand
* '''lili''' unite, v.
* '''lilip''' suck(le); breast, v.
* '''limi''' hoof
* '''lini''' hem in; narrow, v.
* '''liphi''' door
* '''lipi''' deer
* '''liqi''' push away, v.
* '''liri''' linen
* '''lirith''' bitter plant
* '''lisi''' lurk, v.
* '''lithi''' rite, ceremony
* '''lithi''' rite, ceremony
* '''liti''' thick-haired
* '''liwi''' swirl, v.
* '''llslw''' sparrow; finch
* '''llthl''' fetlock
* '''llwlw''' sad, afflicted
* '''lm:dm''' appear; see, v.
* '''lm:km''' be damp, v.
* '''lm:mm''' share, v.
* '''lm:sm:p''' flee, v.
* '''lm:wm:l''' dangle, v.
* '''lmbm''' slack
* '''lmlm''' day
* '''lmwm''' torment, v.
* '''lo:gho''' hear, v.
* '''lo:ho''' quick; violent
* '''lo:si''' orphan
* '''loba''' kiss
* '''lobi''' throw; strew, v.
* '''logi''' scratch; comb, v.
* '''logo''' ear
* '''logo''' swelling
* '''loki''' year, to go
* '''loli''' bend; swing, v.
* '''lolo''' plait; string, v.
* '''lolu''' intestines
* '''lona''' wade, v.
* '''lono''' leg; bone
* '''loqor''' lean on, v.
* '''loro''' sleep, v.
* '''loro''' sleep
* '''losi''' taste; enjoy, v.
* '''losu''' twenty
* '''lota''' dung
* '''lothi''' worry about sth, v.
* '''loya''' buttock; hip
* '''loyom''' dry; thirst, v.
* '''loyus''' totter, v.
* '''lr:lr''' cook, v.
* '''lrwrg''' carp
* '''lu:nu''' respect; punish, v.
* '''lu:su''' water
* '''lu:su''' water
* '''ludu''' creaking
* '''luhu''' split; cut, v.
* '''luku''' wolf
* '''lulu''' eagle
* '''lusu''' grain (type of)
* '''luyun''' blue
* '''luyup''' jump happily, v.
* '''luyus''' hornless

==M==
* '''ma:''' mother
* '''ma:''' mother
* '''ma:ha''' night
* '''ma:ha''' night
* '''ma:kha''' fear, v.
* '''ma:ma''' put, v.
* '''ma:na''' strength
* '''maba''' place to stay
* '''mabha''' cough, v.
* '''mabha''' slide; slippery, v.
* '''mada''' flea
* '''mada''' woman
* '''mada''' woman
* '''madhi''' apart
* '''mahuh''' trip, v.
* '''maka''' press; crush, v.
* '''maku''' glue
* '''mala''' hit; thrust, v.
* '''malal''' be afraid, v.
* '''malu''' be friendly, v.
* '''mama''' knit; knot, v.
* '''mamu''' like; spare, v.
* '''mana''' noose, bow
* '''mana''' spray;, v.
* '''manag''' fold; to hide; skin, v.
* '''mapa''' stretch out hand for, v.
* '''mapha''' frisky
* '''maphi''' be worth, v.
* '''mara''' fabric; spun yarn
* '''masa''' weed
* '''masan''' cleft, hollow
* '''masu''' pledge
* '''matagh''' juice
* '''matha''' good
* '''maya''' happen, come to pass
* '''maya''' happen, v.
* '''maya''' rest, v.
* '''mayaq''' loose
* '''mayar''' blemish
* '''me:du''' lift; weigh, v.
* '''me:le''' weep, v.
* '''me:pe''' gnat
* '''me:we''' cat
* '''mede''' fist
* '''mege''' spin, v.
* '''meka''' tear
* '''mekhu''' spots (bright and dark)
* '''mele''' speckled
* '''meme''' swallow, v.
* '''memi''' miserable; naked
* '''memu''' pail (wooden)
* '''mene''' belly
* '''menu''' lick, v.
* '''mere''' moon
* '''meri''' vine; stem
* '''mesa''' body-part
* '''mese''' attend, pay attention, v.
* '''mesew''' udder
* '''mesu''' awl
* '''mete''' want; wish, v.
* '''mewu''' small animal
* '''meyagh''' lie; camp, v.
* '''meye''' go energetically, v.
* '''meyem''' raging
* '''mi''' in
* '''mi:khi''' cry, make wild noises, v.
* '''midhi''' woollen
* '''mighi''' stamp into pieces, v.
* '''migi''' mummy
* '''migin''' place, v.
* '''miki''' glowing coal
* '''mili''' skilled manually
* '''mimi''' grumble, v.
* '''mini''' pour, v.
* '''miriw''' beside; outside
* '''misi''' draw lots, v.
* '''misin''' old man
* '''mithi''' be hostile, v.
* '''ml:nlgh''' wet
* '''mlphl''' ant
* '''mlthl''' run away, v.
* '''mmmm''' light, v.
* '''mngn''' bunch
* '''mnmn''' tower; jut out, v.
* '''mo:du''' think of, v.
* '''mo:ra''' ship
* '''mo:tam''' sound; bellow, v.
* '''moba''' reproach, v.
* '''mobi''' light; pale
* '''mobu''' high; noble
* '''mogo''' vessel
* '''mola''' oak
* '''moli''' bud; twig
* '''momi''' rape (vegetable)
* '''momo''' below
* '''mono''' sip, v.
* '''monu''' rag
* '''mopho''' shine; look, v.
* '''mopo''' dish
* '''mora''' pant; breathe, v.
* '''moro''' glitter; white; birch , v.
* '''moru''' sieve, v.
* '''morugh''' lord
* '''moso''' help; use, v.
* '''mosodh''' embrace; bind, v.
* '''motho''' fear
* '''mowi''' crawl, v.
* '''mowo''' let; leave over, v.
* '''mowok''' creator; producer
* '''mowos''' row; oar, v.
* '''mrlr''' other, there
* '''mudu''' put away, v.
* '''muhum''' twig
* '''mulugh''' stop, v.
* '''mumu''' nape of the neck
* '''munu''' wetness; spring
* '''muyug''' pan

==N==
* '''na:bhi''' lamb
* '''na:gha''' stand up stiff, v.
* '''na:pa''' opious; much
* '''na:su''' lightning
* '''naba''' navel
* '''naba''' shrivel up, v.
* '''nada''' swim
* '''nada''' pay attention to, v.
* '''nada''' swim
* '''nadha''' fix, v.
* '''naga''' feed, v.
* '''nagha''' hold fast, v.
* '''naghu''' stream, v.
* '''nagi''' plough, v.
* '''naha''' barb; tip
* '''naka''' center
* '''naka''' hit, hew, v.
* '''nakha''' trail, v.
* '''nalam''' flicker; blink, v.
* '''nama''' be ensnared, v.
* '''nama''' egg
* '''nama''' healthy
* '''namagh''' shoulder; hip
* '''namu''' be influenced, v.
* '''nana''' sweet
* '''napa''' slack
* '''napa''' swill, v.
* '''napha''' opposite; towards
* '''napu''' cut, injure, v.
* '''naqa''' enjoy, v.
* '''nara''' limb of body
* '''nari''' seethe, v.
* '''nasa''' intestines; stomach
* '''nasu''' sing; rejoice, v.
* '''nata''' body; form
* '''nata''' drip, v.
* '''nata''' wool; flock
* '''nati''' damp
* '''nawar''' strength (of youth)
* '''naya''' daughter
* '''ne''' I
* '''ne:ke''' move, set in motion, v.
* '''ne:su''' pole; stick
* '''neba''' be heavy; pregnant, v.
* '''nebak''' hollow, cave
* '''nede''' fog; foggy
* '''nege''' living-space
* '''neghe''' bore through, v.
* '''neghi''' make; form, v.
* '''negi''' left
* '''neka''' hit; wound, v.
* '''neke''' wild boar
* '''nele''' cloud (dark)
* '''nemi''' hack; hoe, v.
* '''nemu''' suck(le), v.
* '''nene''' plaited work
* '''nephe''' scratch; slit, v.
* '''nepi''' stupid
* '''nera''' soft; tender
* '''nere''' under
* '''nese''' calf of leg
* '''nete''' stiff
* '''neye''' branch
* '''nidhi''' loins; kidney
* '''niki''' golden colour
* '''nini''' touch, v.
* '''niri''' separate, v.
* '''niriw''' axe
* '''niwi''' endure, v.
* '''niyik''' swarm; swell, v.
* '''nldhl''' piece of land
* '''nlkl''' bond; bundle
* '''nlylr''' tarry; live, v.
* '''nmbm''' be fat; swarm, v.
* '''nn:sn:d''' lay down, v.
* '''nnbn''' become thin, v.
* '''nnln''' pot; vat
* '''nnthn''' muddy
* '''nnwn''' plant (type of)
* '''no:hom''' beer, bitter
* '''nobhagh''' biting insects
* '''nodho''' finger
* '''noghi''' be silent, v.
* '''noho''' colour (type of)
* '''nokho''' act cautiously, v.
* '''noki''' summer; harvest
* '''noku''' jay
* '''nolat''' hurt, v.
* '''nolo''' be astonished, v.
* '''nomu''' sheep
* '''nomun''' light (in movement)
* '''nona''' like; love, v.
* '''nonu''' thud, dull noise
* '''nopu''' excite; rouse, v.
* '''norar''' ward off, v.
* '''noro''' go, v.
* '''nosol''' pig
* '''nosu''' kindle, set alight, v.
* '''noto''' five
* '''nrhrn''' wander; go, v.
* '''nrkr''' renounce, v.
* '''nrmr''' sacrificial animal
* '''nryr''' alone
* '''ntnr''' sister-in-law
* '''nu:bhu''' north wind
* '''nubu''' hurdle
* '''nudu''' shut off, v.
* '''numu''' wood (piece of)
* '''nuru''' near to
* '''nusu''' breasts
* '''nusu''' nipple; breast
* '''nutu''' wide; long
* '''nuwud''' cheer up, v.
* '''nuyu''' stand, v.
* '''nuyu''' stand

==O==
* '''o:dho''' liver
* '''o:yo''' (exclamation of joy)

==P==
* '''pa:pi''' strain, v.
* '''pa:tha''' possess, v.
* '''paba''' settle, v.
* '''pabha''' edge
* '''paghir''' long and thin
* '''pahi''' lead, v.
* '''pala''' white
* '''pala''' mummy, daddy
* '''pala''' scream, v.
* '''pala''' white
* '''palag''' earth; floor
* '''palidh''' bend; elbow, v.
* '''pama''' bull; cow
* '''pama''' praise aloud, v.
* '''pana''' sew, v.
* '''panu''' skin, v.
* '''para''' thrust, v.
* '''parar''' brown (dark), grey
* '''patha''' foot
* '''patu''' agape
* '''pawa''' swell up, v.
* '''pawap''' needy; sad; ill
* '''pawu''' clamber, v.
* '''paya''' out of
* '''paya''' outside
* '''paya''' swift; rapid
* '''peba''' sour; bitter
* '''pebe''' jug; pot
* '''pebha''' seize; grasp, v.
* '''pekhe''' small
* '''pekhe''' small
* '''pele''' religious concept
* '''peled''' swallow, v.
* '''pemib''' be happy, v.
* '''pena''' gird, v.
* '''pene''' tooth
* '''pene''' lofty
* '''pene''' tooth
* '''penek''' murmur, v.
* '''penu''' ride a vehicle, v.
* '''pepe''' throw; shoot, v.
* '''peqa''' tender; weak
* '''pesar''' naked
* '''pese''' dread; horror
* '''peseb''' tell lies, v.
* '''petha''' thousand
* '''pewe''' mouth
* '''peyeg''' injure, v.
* '''pha:ra''' up to
* '''pha:wadh''' be roused, v.
* '''phada''' seize, v.
* '''phaga''' leaf; bloom
* '''phala''' sneeze
* '''phali''' down
* '''phalu''' throw; toss, v.
* '''phama''' something bent
* '''phapa''' bark
* '''phapa''' mark; distinguish, v.
* '''phapa''' wither, v.
* '''phara''' bear, give birth to, v.
* '''phara''' left, on the left
* '''phara''' puddle; ditch
* '''pharam''' blame, v.
* '''phasa''' ask, v.
* '''phasath''' take; seize, v.
* '''phasi''' snore, v.
* '''phawa''' humming insect
* '''phayuh''' swamp; lake
* '''phe:ri''' divide, v.
* '''phebe''' knee
* '''phebe''' shine; light, v.
* '''phegu''' fragile, harm
* '''phele''' spear
* '''phema''' pack, v.
* '''pheme''' ruminate; throat, v.
* '''phepi''' bale
* '''phere''' destroy, v.
* '''pheri''' gain, earn, v.
* '''phethe''' mud
* '''phi:yin''' swarm, v.
* '''phibis''' bellow, v.
* '''phigi''' river, flowing water
* '''phikhi''' shine, light, v.
* '''phili''' vault; breast
* '''phini''' strip; beam
* '''phiri''' vomit, v.
* '''phisigh''' concubine
* '''phiti''' shimmer, v.
* '''pho:nar''' rage; tower up, v.
* '''pho:sut''' starling
* '''phobu''' pillar
* '''phoda''' abscess
* '''phophi''' fodder (green)
* '''phosus''' pelt
* '''phumul''' sheep; pelt
* '''pigi''' plait; weave, v.
* '''pimi''' young
* '''pini''' bow-wow
* '''pinib''' rise, v.
* '''piphi''' respect, v.
* '''pipi''' sweep, v.
* '''piri''' come forth, v.
* '''pithi''' be flat, v.
* '''piwit''' spit; spew, v.
* '''piwit''' spit
* '''plthl''' fight; struggle, v.
* '''pm:khm''' increase, v.
* '''pm:nm:gh''' rest comfortably, v.
* '''pmmm''' spleen; milt
* '''po:so''' seven
* '''po:so''' seven
* '''pogho''' wound; injure, v.
* '''pona''' knead, v.
* '''pono''' fit, suit, v.
* '''powak''' lattice-work
* '''pr:br''' lean; bow, v.
* '''prlrd''' bean
* '''putu''' unpleasant

==Q==
* '''qalik''' marry, v.
* '''qama''' sit, v.
* '''qama''' sit
* '''qeme''' explore, v.
* '''qenu''' run; roll, v.
* '''qeye''' (exclamation)
* '''qoha''' needy
* '''qoso''' break to pieces, v.
* '''qoyuk''' hurry, v.
* '''qrtr''' pointed; stake
* '''qryrt''' post

==R==
* '''r''' (demonstrative)
* '''ra''' it, one, they
* '''ra:pa''' swift
* '''ra:wap''' wane, v.
* '''ra:ya''' lessen; small, v.
* '''raba''' concern oneself with, v.
* '''rada''' world
* '''rada''' world
* '''radha''' poppy
* '''radhar''' clucking
* '''raga''' cover, v.
* '''raga''' scent, v.
* '''raga''' sprinkle, v.
* '''ragha''' sink in, v.
* '''raghi''' be guilty, v.
* '''ragi''' swamped by water
* '''raka''' enclosure
* '''rakha''' green
* '''rakha''' strive, v.
* '''rala''' arm
* '''ralar''' womb
* '''rama''' break, v.
* '''rama''' walk
* '''rama''' walk
* '''rama''' yawn, v.
* '''rami''' now, therefore
* '''rana''' complain, v.
* '''rana''' quake, v.
* '''ranadh''' leave behind, v.
* '''rapa''' abhor; detest, v.
* '''rapa''' squash, v.
* '''rapha''' plait, v.
* '''rapur''' lips
* '''rara''' crumble, v.
* '''rasa''' hoarse
* '''rasuy''' deep; hollow
* '''rata''' pole; stick; stem
* '''ratha''' hair; wool
* '''rati''' grain; kernel
* '''rawap''' sort out, v.
* '''rawar''' prepare, v.
* '''rayu''' shoes; leather
* '''re:be''' rot; stink, v.
* '''re:her''' bulb
* '''re:le''' full
* '''re:midh''' lack; empty, v.
* '''re:ne''' cow
* '''re:sil''' sulphur
* '''rebe''' smash, v.
* '''rebhes''' animals with armour
* '''rebur''' mussel
* '''rede''' ten
* '''rede''' rub past, v.
* '''rede''' ten
* '''redha''' watch closely, v.
* '''redi''' hobble, v.
* '''redu''' dwarf-like
* '''reghep''' be ashamed, v.
* '''reli''' butterfat
* '''relu''' thing
* '''reme''' short; small
* '''rene''' move, v.
* '''renuw''' plant; root
* '''rephe''' sad, out of humour
* '''rephi''' thin
* '''reri''' stretch; totter, v.
* '''rese''' disturb, v.
* '''reseb''' lest
* '''resi''' grove, small wood
* '''resil''' worm
* '''resu''' shine, v.
* '''reta''' pale; split
* '''rete''' support, v.
* '''reyit''' poke; hit, v.
* '''ri''' she
* '''ri''' she
* '''ri:bhi''' stick (hammer-shaped)
* '''ri:gi''' striped
* '''ri:ni''' hoe; mattock
* '''ri:si''' sprout, v.
* '''riqi''' turn, v.
* '''riqid''' cut, prick, v.
* '''ridi''' mud; swamp
* '''righi''' testicle
* '''rikhi''' prosper, v.
* '''riki''' bloom, v.
* '''rili''' stem
* '''rilir''' whistle (wind), v.
* '''rimi''' venerate, v.
* '''ripi''' straight
* '''risi''' cold
* '''risi''' grind, v.
* '''rlyll''' turn; twist, v.
* '''rmlm''' press together, v.
* '''rmsm''' mistake
* '''rmsmw''' blackberry
* '''rngn''' mouse; muscle
* '''rnkn''' sell; earn, v.
* '''rnsn''' fast; violent
* '''ro:ba''' older member of family
* '''ro:da''' thick; firm
* '''ro:ro''' protect, v.
* '''ro:yow''' calm; silent
* '''robha''' frog
* '''robho''' brother
* '''robu''' be fixed, v.
* '''roda''' slow
* '''rodi''' fall; sink, v.
* '''rodu''' like, v.
* '''rokha''' squeak, v.
* '''rokhu''' turtle
* '''roki''' knead clay, v.
* '''roko''' rip up; dig, v.
* '''roli''' bright
* '''romo''' sword
* '''ronoy''' husband's sister
* '''ropho''' dog
* '''ropo''' sharpen, v.
* '''rora''' lament, v.
* '''roru''' hang down, v.
* '''rothi''' brother-in-law
* '''rotu''' shin-bone
* '''rowo''' vulture
* '''royo''' cast off, v.
* '''rrkhr''' pluck, v.
* '''rrphr''' condense, v.
* '''ru''' he
* '''runu''' glitter brightly, v.
* '''rutu''' let fly at sth., v.
* '''ruwup''' eat; jaw; mouth, v.

==S==
* '''sa:qa''' bear
* '''sa:da''' dream
* '''sa:da''' yellow
* '''sa:ghi''' rub off, v.
* '''sa:na''' death; corpse
* '''sa:na''' yellow; brown
* '''sa:sa''' her
* '''saqa''' hunder, loud noise
* '''saba''' four
* '''sabi''' peel; break off, v.
* '''saga''' red
* '''saga''' red
* '''sahay''' pole; stake
* '''sakha''' tear to pieces, v.
* '''sama''' smoulder, v.
* '''sana''' sigh, v.
* '''sana''' skin; leather bag
* '''sani''' flow, v.
* '''sanu''' weave; plait, v.
* '''sapa''' chatter, v.
* '''sapha''' drop (of liquid)
* '''sapha''' think; feel, v.
* '''sara''' aim; go straight, v.
* '''sara''' prick, v.
* '''saru''' pliable
* '''sasan''' bald; bare
* '''sasar''' thrust together, v.
* '''sasu''' revile; abuse, v.
* '''satha''' know
* '''sawa''' two
* '''sawa''' two
* '''sawib''' break wind, v.
* '''saya''' wind, n.
* '''sayab''' next to, behind infront
* '''sayan''' anoint, v.
* '''sayan''' sanctify, v.
* '''se:ga''' jut out, v.
* '''se:khe''' back (direction, location)
* '''se:le''' dye, v.
* '''se:se''' drive; wound, v.
* '''se:tu''' injure; damage, v.
* '''seqi''' bristle, v.
* '''sebe''' look at, v.
* '''sebu''' announce, v.
* '''sege''' move, meal, v.
* '''segha''' wash, v.
* '''seghe''' follow, v.
* '''sela''' eyebrow
* '''sele''' fork of branch
* '''seleg''' dare, v.
* '''seli''' frothing up
* '''seme''' beard
* '''seme''' eye
* '''seney''' eat
* '''senu''' even; good
* '''sepa''' ploughshare
* '''sepi''' shrink, make small, v.
* '''sera''' frost
* '''sere''' slimy
* '''serer''' drive; thrust, v.
* '''sesa''' be hot; shine, v.
* '''sese''' stretch out, v.
* '''sesuth''' poplar
* '''sethe''' grass (type of), oats
* '''sewa''' roof
* '''sewel''' squash, v.
* '''sewi''' sparrow (?) name of bird
* '''seye''' sneeze, v.
* '''seyen''' bless, v.
* '''si:bhi''' black
* '''si:dhi''' ash
* '''si:gi''' be empty; leave, v.
* '''si:khi''' shut away, v.
* '''si:li''' find, v.
* '''si:ti''' young man
* '''sighi''' well-disposed
* '''sigikh''' sinew
* '''siki''' son
* '''simi''' cut off, v.
* '''sini''' one
* '''sini''' one
* '''sisi''' heel
* '''sisidh''' jutting object
* '''siti''' rot, v.
* '''siti''' spoil
* '''siyigh''' bubble up, v.
* '''siyis''' bump; swelling
* '''slml''' tumble down, v.
* '''slrl''' thick; big
* '''slsls''' overflow, v.
* '''sm:thm''' wasp
* '''smlmph''' be curved, v.
* '''so:bha''' stunned
* '''so:ma''' leave behind, v.
* '''so:ro''' doubt, be in doubt, v.
* '''so:ro''' release
* '''so:ro''' release
* '''soba''' grind one's teeth, v.
* '''sobo''' dress, v.
* '''sodho''' resin
* '''soghi''' disappear, v.
* '''soho''' hum; croon, v.
* '''soki''' build, v.
* '''solikh''' split, v.
* '''solo''' bird (water-bird)
* '''sona''' apple
* '''soni''' hand; arm
* '''sopha''' beaker
* '''sopo''' eat, v.
* '''sora''' grant; possess, v.
* '''soro''' offer a drink, v.
* '''soson''' active; healthy
* '''sosoph''' play; joke, v.
* '''soto''' press down, v.
* '''sowad''' guilt; duty
* '''sowop''' truly
* '''srhr''' blow softly, v.
* '''sryr''' press together, v.
* '''su''' top
* '''su''' top
* '''subu''' pour out, v.
* '''sudhu''' tire; rest, v.
* '''sudu''' tail
* '''sudu''' tail
* '''sulu''' muscle
* '''sumu''' thin shaft
* '''sunu''' stamp; thrust, v.
* '''supu''' tendril; trap
* '''suru''' duck down, v.
* '''susub''' grip, v.
* '''susuw''' dry out, v.
* '''sutu''' son-in-law
* '''sutu''' unripe
* '''suwukh''' gnawing insect
* '''suwup''' half

==T==
* '''ta:''' be, exist
* '''ta:ka''' hold, v.
* '''ta:nu''' barren
* '''ta:tha''' wine
* '''tabha''' cracking sound
* '''tagha''' buy; sell, v.
* '''taka''' grass
* '''taka''' stunted; curtailed
* '''tala''' grass (type of)
* '''talak''' wind, v.
* '''talum''' feel, v.
* '''tama''' die, v.
* '''tamu''' dust; sand
* '''tana''' fire
* '''tana''' vexacious
* '''tanaph''' weak; miserable
* '''tani''' scent
* '''tapa''' care; trouble, v.
* '''tapha''' claw
* '''tara''' place, location
* '''tara''' place, location
* '''tasal''' parade; show off, v.
* '''tasas''' stomach
* '''tata''' tie; bind, v.
* '''tathi''' chew, grind, v.
* '''tawab''' deceive, v.
* '''taya''' shoulder
* '''tayal''' corner
* '''tayar''' gall
* '''tayus''' peg
* '''te''' they
* '''te''' they
* '''te:ma''' mother-in-law
* '''te:ma''' mother-in-law
* '''tebe''' prettify, make happy, v.
* '''tedhe''' stumble, v.
* '''tege''' wax
* '''teghe''' stroke, v.
* '''teher''' split off, v.
* '''tekhe''' stick; stalk
* '''tela''' peg; wedge
* '''tele''' speak, v.
* '''tele''' speak
* '''tene''' guest; stranger
* '''tenel''' nut
* '''tera''' hit; cuff, v.
* '''tese''' hair
* '''tese''' purify, v.
* '''tesew''' berry (type of)
* '''tetu''' tie up, v.
* '''tha:mi''' maternal grandfather
* '''tha:ra''' run off (water), v.
* '''thadi''' stab, stick, v.
* '''thaga''' shut in, v.
* '''thaha''' torso, upper body
* '''thaha''' want, v.
* '''thala''' tree
* '''thala''' tree
* '''thalak''' sharpen, v.
* '''thama''' at
* '''thana''' dizziness; madness
* '''thapha''' have room, v.
* '''thara''' shout, raise voice, v.
* '''tharagh''' embrace, v.
* '''tharap''' pea
* '''thawal''' entrust, v.
* '''thawat''' roast; bake, v.
* '''thayan''' sky
* '''thebhi''' husband's brother
* '''thedha''' hop; tremble, v.
* '''thedi''' sea
* '''thela''' remain, v.
* '''themu''' pull, v.
* '''thene''' we, they and I
* '''thepa''' measure, v.
* '''thephun''' clash; fall, v.
* '''theqe''' burn, v.
* '''there''' companion
* '''thesa''' corpse; destruction
* '''thethi''' rip; rag, v.
* '''theti''' add, sum, v.
* '''theyul''' pointed
* '''thili''' rage, v.
* '''thimi''' look, v.
* '''thini''' swamp; blackish
* '''thipi''' apart; in two
* '''thlml''' rip, v.
* '''thnbhn''' worm; maggot
* '''tho:nom''' woo; marry, v.
* '''thodu''' streak past, v.
* '''thokho''' blind, dark
* '''thoko''' six
* '''thoko''' six
* '''thomi''' mud; mire
* '''thoya''' trough
* '''thoyokh''' and
* '''thuhu''' wish; want, v.
* '''thuhus''' meet, v.
* '''thumu''' snow; winter
* '''thuru''' hit, v.
* '''thusu''' polecat
* '''thuthu''' revulsion
* '''tibhi''' turn green, v.
* '''tighi''' shout; scream, v.
* '''timi''' stuff full, v.
* '''tirikh''' throat
* '''tiris''' sister
* '''tisi''' lung
* '''tithi''' mix, v.
* '''titi''' stain; dirty, v.
* '''tiwib''' shining bright
* '''tiyi''' path
* '''tiyi''' path
* '''tmdhm''' revile, v.
* '''tn:tn''' buzz, v.
* '''tnrn''' tree (type of)
* '''to:ro''' swell, v.
* '''tobho''' flat
* '''togho''' spirit
* '''toka''' stab, v.
* '''tomu''' evening
* '''toni''' drive, v.
* '''topho''' heal, v.
* '''tothu''' copulate, v.
* '''towan''' be excited, v.
* '''towos''' hair; beard
* '''toyoph''' hang slack, v.
* '''trsr''' pasture, v.
* '''trwr''' howl
* '''tugu, pheri''' give, v.
* '''tulu''' blow up, v.
* '''turu''' reduce; small, v.

==W==
* '''wa:ha''' time, occasion
* '''wa:su''' astonishment
* '''wa:ya''' kernel; corn
* '''waqa''' sap; resin
* '''waba''' scrape; gnaw, v.
* '''wala''' nine
* '''wala''' nine
* '''wali''' track; furrow, v.
* '''wama''' burst, v.
* '''wanu''' thick; dense
* '''wapa''' be glad, v.
* '''warith''' hungry
* '''wasa''' deformed
* '''watha''' thorn
* '''wathim''' throw shoot, v.
* '''waya''' evil; bad; mis-
* '''waya''' itch, v.
* '''we:de''' lake
* '''we:ma''' be hidden, v.
* '''we:re''' be able, v.
* '''we:re''' can, be able to
* '''weba''' spray, v.
* '''webe''' assail; assault, v.
* '''webu''' ball of dung; pill
* '''wegi''' gape, v.
* '''weke''' germ; sprout
* '''weli''' mite; louse
* '''weme''' unwilling
* '''wesa''' twig; bough
* '''wese''' empty, v.
* '''weye''' aweful
* '''wighi''' leather bag
* '''wighir''' fence of stakes
* '''wiki''' grasp for sth., v.
* '''wili''' wavy
* '''wl:yl''' perk
* '''wmtm''' wander, v.
* '''wmwmm''' mouse
* '''wonon''' heap
* '''woso''' warm time; summer
* '''wu:sul''' joint of animal
* '''wunu''' (negative particle)
* '''wunu''' not, no
* '''wunu''' no, not
* '''wusuph''' hold; grasp, v.
* '''wusus''' strangle, v.
* '''wuyup''' garlic; leek

==Y==
* '''ya''' (relative)
* '''ya:la''' buzz; hum, v.
* '''ya:ra''' howl, v.
* '''ya:ta''' louse
* '''yaga''' gather; collect, v.
* '''yama''' smear, v.
* '''yara''' snake
* '''yasa''' pinch, v.
* '''yasu''' tear up; open, v.
* '''yege''' dim; reddish
* '''yeghe''' call; cry, v.
* '''yeke''' enough
* '''yela''' sheep
* '''yele''' drink, v.
* '''yeli''' whole, well
* '''yephe''' harm, v.
* '''yera''' urinate, v.
* '''yesep''' sell, v.
* '''yeser''' alder tree
* '''yetu''' turn; wrap, v.
* '''yewegh''' strip
* '''yibhi''' away, off
* '''yigi''' salt
* '''yimi''' quickly
* '''ynqngh''' turn, v.
* '''ynnn''' slip, v.
* '''yo:qu''' tie, v.
* '''yo:ni''' be still; calm, v.
* '''yo:ri''' form a ball, v.
* '''yobho''' seed
* '''yobho''' scent out, v.
* '''yobho''' seed
* '''yodo''' pain; illness
* '''yolo''' move, hurry, v.
* '''yomi''' like; desire, v.
* '''yona''' push, v.
* '''yono''' statute; rule
* '''yonup''' thrust; injure, v.
* '''yoras''' buckle at the knees, v.
* '''yoro''' free, v.
* '''yotho''' show; be visible, v.
* '''yoyod''' talk, v.
* '''yrsr''' strap
* '''yudu''' big

[[Category:Dele]]
[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English-Dele root list</title>
    <id>694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6428</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T22:15:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+categories: general lexica, source material, dele</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{widetoc}}

==A==
* '''abhor; detest, v.''' rapa
* '''abscess''' phoda
* '''abuse, v.''' kese
* '''accustom oneself, v.''' bmghm
* '''across; through''' bhuru
* '''act cautiously, v.''' nokho
* '''act secretly, v.''' gobu
* '''active; healthy''' soson
* '''add, sum, v.''' theti
* '''agape''' patu
* '''aim; go straight, v.''' sara
* '''alder tree''' yeser
* '''all''' kayakh
* '''alone''' nryr
* '''along''' lana
* '''and''' thoyokh
* '''animals with armour''' rebhes
* '''announce, v.''' sebu
* '''anoint, v.''' sayan
* '''ant''' mlphl
* '''apart''' madhi
* '''apart; in two''' thipi
* '''appear; see, v.''' lm:dm
* '''apple''' sona
* '''apportion, v.''' leli
* '''arm''' rala
* '''around, both''' daha
* '''arrange, v.''' ghibil
* '''ash''' si:dhi
* '''ash tree''' lasa
* '''aside; one's own''' khela
* '''ask, v.''' phasa
* '''aspen tree''' ghama
* '''assail; assault, v.''' webe
* '''astonishment''' wa:su
* '''at''' thama
* '''attach, v.''' kasa
* '''attack, v.''' bomi
* '''attend, pay attention, v.''' mese
* '''awaken, v.''' gephe
* '''away, off''' yibhi
* '''aweful''' weye
* '''awl''' mesu
* '''axe''' niriw

==B==
* '''baa''' kesu
* '''babbling''' khowa
* '''back (direction, location)''' se:khe
* '''backside; rump''' bhubu
* '''bald; bare''' sasan
* '''bale''' phepi
* '''ball of dung; pill''' webu
* '''bank of river''' layar
* '''barb; tip''' naha
* '''bark''' phapa
* '''barley''' bapa
* '''barren''' ta:nu
* '''bathe, v.''' boda
* '''be able, v.''' we:re
* '''be afraid, v.''' malal
* '''be ashamed, v.''' reghep
* '''be astonished, v.''' nolo
* '''be at, be located''' khapi
* '''be aware of, v.''' dhini
* '''be bent, v.''' lene
* '''be caught, v.''' bapa
* '''be curved, v.''' smlmph
* '''be damp, v.''' lm:km
* '''be depressed, v.''' bharu
* '''be empty; leave, v.''' si:gi
* '''be ensnared, v.''' nama
* '''be excited, v.''' towan
* '''be fat; swarm, v.''' nmbm
* '''be fixed, v.''' robu
* '''be flat, v.''' pithi
* '''be friendly, v.''' malu
* '''be glad, v.''' wapa
* '''be guilty, v.''' raghi
* '''be happy, v.''' pemib
* '''be heavy; pregnant, v.''' neba
* '''be hidden, v.''' we:ma
* '''be hostile, v.''' mithi
* '''be hot; shine, v.''' sesa
* '''be influenced, v.''' namu
* '''be mouldy, v.''' bhabu
* '''be roused, v.''' pha:wadh
* '''be silent, v.''' noghi
* '''be still; calm, v.''' yo:ni
* '''be strong, v.''' dara
* '''be warm, v.''' kata
* '''be worth, v.''' maphi
* '''be, exist''' ta:
* '''beaker''' sopha
* '''beam; board''' bhuyuph
* '''bean''' prlrd
* '''bear''' sa:qa
* '''bear, give birth to, v.''' phara
* '''beard''' seme
* '''beautiful''' dhutu
* '''become bloated, v.''' bhuku
* '''become thin, v.''' nnbn
* '''bee''' khuwul
* '''beech tree''' dhana
* '''beer, bitter''' no:hom
* '''behind''' dhusu
* '''behold''' dhori
* '''belch, v.''' khoko
* '''bellow, v.''' phibis
* '''belly''' mene
* '''below''' momo
* '''below''' gawas
* '''bend, to crook, v.''' hiri
* '''bend; elbow, v.''' palidh
* '''bend; swing, v.''' loli
* '''berry (type of)''' tesew
* '''beside; outside''' miriw
* '''beyond''' gobhu
* '''big''' yudu
* '''bind, v.''' gewew
* '''bird''' gala
* '''bird (large)''' keghe
* '''bird (water-bird)''' solo
* '''bird of prey''' laka
* '''bird-cry''' la:wa
* '''bird-song''' gagu
* '''bite, v.''' hagha
* '''biting insects''' nobhagh
* '''bitter plant''' lirith
* '''bitter taste''' gehe
* '''black''' si:bhi
* '''blackberry''' rmsmw
* '''blackbird''' laga
* '''blame, v.''' pharam
* '''bleat, v.''' bidhi
* '''blemish''' mayar
* '''bless, v.''' seyen
* '''blind, dark''' thokho
* '''blood''' bhutu
* '''blood clot''' domo
* '''bloom, v.''' riki
* '''blow softly, v.''' srhr
* '''blow up, v.''' tulu
* '''blue''' luyun
* '''blue; plant dye''' dhese
* '''body part (curved)''' ghabi
* '''body; form''' nata
* '''body-part''' mesa
* '''bond; bundle''' nlkl
* '''bone''' khata
* '''bore through, v.''' neghe
* '''bore, stab, v.''' lala
* '''bottom''' bholo
* '''bow; incline, v.''' gabi
* '''bowel''' didi
* '''bow-wow''' pini
* '''branch''' neye
* '''break in, steal, v.''' lemeg
* '''break to pieces, v.''' qoso
* '''break wind, v.''' sawib
* '''break, v.''' rama
* '''break; grind, v.''' layah
* '''breasts''' nusu
* '''breathe, v.''' lamu
* '''bright''' roli
* '''bring,carry, v.''' dhasa
* '''bristle, v.''' seqi
* '''broad; flat''' ghama
* '''brother''' dala, robho
* '''brother-in-law''' rothi
* '''brown (dark), grey''' parar
* '''bubble up, v.''' siyigh
* '''buckle at the knees, v.''' yoras
* '''bud; twig''' moli
* '''build, v.''' soki
* '''bulb''' re:her
* '''bulge, v.''' lakha
* '''bull; cow''' pama
* '''bullock, young ox''' lara
* '''bump; swelling''' siyis
* '''bunch''' mngn
* '''burden''' goto
* '''burn, v.''' theqe
* '''burning; heat; anger''' gnlnl
* '''burst, v.''' wama
* '''butter, milk''' ghiti
* '''butterfat''' reli
* '''buttock; hip''' loya
* '''buy, v.''' lamap
* '''buy; sell, v.''' tagha
* '''buzz, v.''' tn:tn
* '''buzz; hum, v.''' ya:la

==C==
* '''calf of leg''' nese
* '''call; cry, v.''' yeghe
* '''calm; silent''' ro:yow
* '''can, be able to''' we:re
* '''care; trouble, v.''' tapa
* '''carp''' lrwrg
* '''carve, v.''' gha:wa
* '''cast off, v.''' royo
* '''cat''' me:we
* '''catch sight of, v.''' ghapha
* '''celebrate, v.''' bhidi
* '''center''' naka
* '''change, v.''' dhekhu
* '''chatter, v.''' sapa
* '''cheer up, v.''' nuwud
* '''chequered''' lalu
* '''cherry''' khona
* '''chew, grind, v.''' tathi
* '''chin(bone)''' gethu
* '''choose, v.''' karas
* '''clamber, v.''' pawu
* '''clash; fall, v.''' thephun
* '''claw''' tapha
* '''clear, pure''' khirigh
* '''cleft, hollow''' masan
* '''climb, stride, v.''' ghibhi
* '''close in, v.''' geyekh
* '''clothe, v.''' ghada
* '''cloud (dark)''' nele
* '''clucking''' radhar
* '''coagulate, v.''' basa
* '''coal''' dawad
* '''cold''' risi
* '''collapse, v.''' bele
* '''collect, v.''' bhoko
* '''colour (dark)''' kiwi
* '''colour (light)''' da:pha
* '''colour (type of)''' noho
* '''come forth, v.''' piri
* '''companion''' there
* '''complain, v.''' rana
* '''concern oneself with, v.''' raba
* '''concubine''' phisigh
* '''condense, v.''' rrphr
* '''contract a disease, v.''' dhosi
* '''cook, v.''' lr:lr
* '''copulate, v.''' tothu
* '''corner''' tayal
* '''corpse; destruction''' thesa
* '''cough, v.''' mabha
* '''cover, v.''' raga
* '''cow''' re:ne
* '''cracking sound''' tabha
* '''crawl, v.''' mowi
* '''creaking''' ludu
* '''cream''' gabha
* '''creator; producer''' mowok
* '''creep; crawl, v.''' bhothi
* '''croak (of frog or raven)''' khowo
* '''crops''' bhethe
* '''crouch down, v.''' gapha
* '''crumble, v.''' rara
* '''cry, make wild noises, v.''' mi:khi
* '''(cry of joy)''' a:
* '''curse''' bayan
* '''cut in, v.''' beki
* '''cut off, v.''' simi
* '''cut, injure, v.''' napu
* '''cut, prick, v.''' riqid

==D==
* '''damage, v.''' leyer
* '''damp''' nati
* '''dampen; wet, v.''' kala
* '''dangle, v.''' lm:wm:l
* '''dare, v.''' seleg
* '''dark''' lede
* '''daughter''' naya
* '''daughter-in-law''' de:nu
* '''day''' lmlm
* '''death; corpse''' sa:na
* '''deceive, v.''' tawab
* '''deep; hollow''' rasuy
* '''deer''' lipi
* '''defecate, v.''' gaka
* '''deformed''' wasa
* '''(demonstrative)''' r
* '''dense''' kaka
* '''desire; lust for, v.''' karak
* '''destroy, v.''' phere
* '''diaphragm; mind''' ge:ne
* '''die, v.''' tama
* '''dig, v.''' dhili
* '''dim; reddish''' yege
* '''dip into, v.''' bhedu
* '''dirt''' dlll
* '''disappear, v.''' soghi
* '''dish''' mopo
* '''dispute, v.''' dhani
* '''disturb, v.''' rese
* '''dive, v.''' dhatha
* '''divide, v.''' phe:ri
* '''dizziness; madness''' thana
* '''do''' ki:mi
* '''dog''' ropho
* '''door''' liphi
* '''doorpost''' do:bhu
* '''doubt, be in doubt, v.''' so:ro
* '''down''' phali
* '''draw lots, v.''' misi
* '''draw; scoop, v.''' kayagh
* '''dread; horror''' pese
* '''dream''' sa:da
* '''dress, v.''' sobo
* '''dribble; drip, v.''' dehes
* '''drink, v.''' yele
* '''drip, v.''' nata
* '''drive, v.''' toni
* '''drive; thrust, v.''' serer
* '''drive; wound, v.''' se:se
* '''drone; bark, v.''' dekhe
* '''drop (of liquid)''' sapha
* '''dry''' datha
* '''dry out, v.''' susuw
* '''dry; thirst, v.''' loyom
* '''duck''' geme
* '''duck down, v.''' suru
* '''dumbfound, v.''' khenen
* '''dung''' lota
* '''dung; dark liquid''' banin
* '''dust; sand''' tamu
* '''dwarf-like''' redu
* '''dwindle, v.''' hanu
* '''dye, v.''' se:le

==E==
* '''eagle''' lulu
* '''ear''' logo
* '''earth''' gara
* '''earth; floor''' palag
* '''eat''' seney
* '''eat, v.''' sopo
* '''eat; jaw; mouth, v.''' ruwup
* '''edge''' pabha
* '''egg''' nama
* '''eiderduck''' kha:wan
* '''eight''' khobo
* '''elbow; forearm''' lali
* '''elm''' kunu
* '''embrace, v.''' tharagh
* '''embrace; bind, v.''' mosodh
* '''(emphasis)''' de
* '''empty, v.''' wese
* '''enclosure''' raka
* '''encourage, v.''' delad
* '''endure, v.''' niwi
* '''enjoy, v.''' naqa
* '''enough''' yeke
* '''entrust, v.''' thawal
* '''envelop, v.''' ghodhu
* '''even; good''' senu
* '''evening''' tomu
* '''evil; bad; mis-''' waya
* '''excite; rouse, v.''' nopu
* '''(exclamation of joy)''' o:yo
* '''(exclamation of pain)''' akha:
* '''(exclamation)''' qeye
* '''explore, v.''' qeme
* '''extinguish, v.''' kosa
* '''eye''' seme
* '''eyebrow''' sela

==F==
* '''fabric (woven)''' le:su
* '''fabric; spun yarn''' mara
* '''fall, v.''' beta
* '''fall; sink, v.''' rodi
* '''false''' lemi
* '''far off''' dhaha
* '''fast; violent''' rnsn
* '''fat; thick''' goyos
* '''father''' da: 
* '''father-in-law''' khoda
* '''favourable''' gha:ki
* '''fear''' motho
* '''fear, v.''' ma:kha
* '''feast, v.''' binit
* '''feather''' khehe
* '''feed, v.''' naga
* '''feel, v.''' talum
* '''fence of stakes''' wighir
* '''ferment, v.''' dhekhu
* '''fetlock''' llthl
* '''fight; struggle, v.''' plthl
* '''fill up, v.''' layi
* '''find, v.''' si:li
* '''find; take, v.''' goro
* '''finger''' nodho
* '''fire''' tana
* '''firm''' datha
* '''fish''' ghoti
* '''fish (type of)''' khoku
* '''fist''' mede
* '''fit, suit, v.''' pono
* '''five''' noto
* '''fix, v.''' nadha
* '''flame; burn, v.''' bhani
* '''flat''' tobho
* '''flat of hand''' baka
* '''flea''' mada
* '''flee, v.''' lm:sm:p
* '''flesh; meat''' lehe
* '''flicker; blink, v.''' nalam
* '''flock; feather''' gasa
* '''flow, v.''' sani
* '''fly about, v.''' lete
* '''fly; gnat''' kama
* '''foam; spray''' ghosi
* '''fodder (green)''' phophi
* '''fog; foggy''' nede
* '''fold; to hide; skin, v.''' manag
* '''follow, v.''' seghe
* '''foot''' patha
* '''force, use force, v.''' khophi
* '''fork of branch''' sele
* '''form''' gapha
* '''form a ball, v.''' yo:ri
* '''four''' saba
* '''fragile, harm''' phegu
* '''free, v.''' yoro
* '''freeze; cold, v.''' dheseg
* '''frisky''' mapha
* '''frog''' robha
* '''front, brow''' ha:da
* '''frost''' sera
* '''frothing up''' seli
* '''full''' re:le

==G==
* '''gable; head''' duwu
* '''gain, earn, v.''' pheri
* '''gall''' tayar
* '''gape, v.''' wegi
* '''garlic; leek''' wuyup
* '''gather; collect, v.''' yaga
* '''germ; sprout''' weke
* '''get over, v.''' dunus
* '''gird, v.''' pena
* '''give, v.''' tugu, pheri
* '''gland''' laka
* '''glisten, v.''' dopa
* '''glitter brightly, v.''' runu
* '''glitter; white; birch , v.''' moro
* '''glowing coal''' miki
* '''glue''' maku
* '''gnat''' me:pe
* '''gnaw, v.''' kele
* '''gnawing insect''' suwukh
* '''go energetically, v.''' meye
* '''go, v.''' noro
* '''go; stride, v.''' lehe
* '''goat''' bunu
* '''goatskin''' km:pm
* '''god (name of)''' doyugh
* '''golden colour''' niki
* '''good''' matha
* '''goose''' khoti
* '''grab, v.''' khele
* '''grain''' ghawu
* '''grain (type of)''' lusu
* '''grain; kernel''' rati
* '''grant; possess, v.''' sora
* '''grasp for sth., v.''' wiki
* '''grass''' taka
* '''grass (type of)''' tala
* '''grass (type of), oats''' sethe
* '''gravel; grit''' khata
* '''grease; fat''' imi
* '''greedy''' bara
* '''green''' rakha
* '''grey''' hamu
* '''grind one's teeth, v.''' soba
* '''grind, v.''' risi
* '''grip, v.''' susub
* '''groin''' bhigi
* '''ground''' konokh
* '''grove, small wood''' resi
* '''grow up, v.''' gosol
* '''grow, v.''' bhisis
* '''growl; snarl, v.''' daga
* '''grumble, v.''' mimi
* '''grunt, v.''' geke
* '''guest; stranger''' tene
* '''guilt; duty''' sowad

==H==
* '''hack; hoe, v.''' nemi
* '''hail''' kabu
* '''hair''' tese
* '''hair; beard''' towos
* '''hair; wool''' ratha
* '''half''' suwup
* '''hand''' lama
* '''hand; arm''' soni
* '''hang down, v.''' roru
* '''hang slack, v.''' toyoph
* '''hang, v.''' bowo
* '''happen, come to pass''' maya
* '''happen, v.''' maya
* '''hard''' kuru
* '''harm, v.''' yephe
* '''harm; crime''' leme
* '''have room, v.''' thapha
* '''hazel''' latad
* '''he''' ru
* '''head''' kene
* '''heal, v.''' topho
* '''healthy''' nama
* '''heap''' wonon
* '''hear, v.''' lo:gho
* '''heart''' khara
* '''heath; free land''' gmwmm
* '''heavy''' dhema
* '''heavy; burdensome''' lema
* '''hedgehog''' kebhe
* '''heel''' sisi
* '''heel, back of knee;''' ghasag
* '''hello''' bhege
* '''help, enable, v.''' bebhe
* '''help, v.''' bama
* '''help; use, v.''' moso
* '''helping; serving''' ba:yan
* '''hem in; narrow, v.''' lini
* '''henbane''' geghe
* '''her''' sa:sa
* '''hesitate, v.''' ke:se
* '''hew, v.''' duwudh
* '''hide, v.''' bagha
* '''high; noble''' mobu
* '''hiss, v.''' haku
* '''hit, hew, v.''' naka
* '''hit, v.''' thuru
* '''hit; cuff, v.''' tera
* '''hit; sharp, v.''' gasi
* '''hit; thrust, v.''' mala
* '''hit; weaken, v.''' basam
* '''hit; wound, v.''' neka
* '''hoarse''' rasa
* '''hobble, v.''' redi
* '''hoe; mattock''' ri:ni
* '''hold fast, v.''' nagha
* '''hold in lap, v.''' beri
* '''hold, v.''' ta:ka
* '''hold; grasp, v.''' wusuph
* '''hollow''' himi
* '''hollow like a pipe''' bhayal
* '''hollow out, v.''' ghlkl
* '''hollow, cave''' nebak
* '''honey''' ledhu
* '''hoof''' limi
* '''hook''' diliph
* '''hoot, owl-noise''' bili
* '''hop; tremble, v.''' thedha
* '''horn''' da:ka
* '''hornless''' luyus
* '''horse''' khaghu
* '''hot; warm''' ese
* '''house''' dimi
* '''howl''' trwr
* '''howl, v.''' ya:ra
* '''hum; buzz, v.''' lebhu
* '''hum; croon, v.''' soho
* '''human being''' gosa
* '''humble, v.''' bhoba
* '''humming insect''' phawa
* '''humming sound''' kawu
* '''hunder, loud noise''' saqa
* '''hundred''' lidhi
* '''hungry''' warith
* '''hunt; desire, v.''' kha:la
* '''hurdle''' nubu
* '''hurry, v.''' qoyuk
* '''hurt, v.''' nolat
* '''husband's brother''' thebhi
* '''husband's mother''' busu
* '''husband's sister''' ronoy

==I==
* '''I''' ne
* '''ice''' dhatha
* '''in''' mi
* '''incline, v.''' bhere
* '''increase, v.''' pm:khm
* '''ingernail; toenail''' lada
* '''injure, v.''' peyeg
* '''injure; damage, v.''' se:tu
* '''intelligence''' bhuhun
* '''intend, v.''' leni
* '''(interrogative)''' kethe
* '''intestines''' dhotu
* '''intestines''' lolu
* '''intestines; stomach''' nasa
* '''it, one, they''' ra
* '''itch, v.''' waya
* '''itter''' bada

==J==
* '''jaw''' dudu
* '''jay''' noku
* '''joint of animal''' wu:sul
* '''jug; pot''' pebe
* '''juice''' matagh
* '''jump happily, v.''' luyup
* '''jump, v.''' gana
* '''jut out, v.''' se:ga
* '''jutting object''' sisidh

==K==
* '''kernel; corn''' wa:ya
* '''kill''' bhadha
* '''kindle, set alight, v.''' nosu
* '''kiss''' loba
* '''knead clay, v.''' roki
* '''knead, v.''' pona
* '''knee''' phebe
* '''knit; knot, v.''' mama
* '''know''' satha

==L==
* '''lack''' kha:san
* '''lack''' gara
* '''lack; empty, v.''' re:midh
* '''lake''' we:de
* '''lamb''' na:bhi
* '''lame''' lesi
* '''lament, v.''' rora
* '''lard; fat''' lidi
* '''lattice-work''' powak
* '''laugh, v.''' hoqo
* '''lay down, v.''' nn:sn:d
* '''lead, show the way, v.''' ketha
* '''lead, v.''' pahi
* '''leaf; bloom''' phaga
* '''lean on, v.''' loqor
* '''lean; bow, v.''' pr:br
* '''leather''' kiri
* '''leather bag''' wighi
* '''leave behind, v.''' so:ma
* '''leave behind, v.''' ranadh
* '''left''' negi
* '''left, on the left''' phara
* '''leg; bone''' lono
* '''leprosy''' knkn
* '''lessen; small, v.''' ra:ya
* '''lest''' reseb
* '''let fly at sth., v.''' rutu
* '''let; leave over, v.''' mowo
* '''lick, v.''' menu
* '''lie down, v.''' gadha
* '''lie; camp, v.''' meyagh
* '''life force''' bhama
* '''lift; weigh, v.''' me:du
* '''light (in movement)''' nomun
* '''light, v.''' mmmm
* '''light; pale''' mobi
* '''lightning''' na:su
* '''like, similar''' khili
* '''like, v.''' rodu
* '''like; desire, v.''' yomi
* '''like; love, v.''' nona
* '''like; spare, v.''' mamu
* '''limb''' geni
* '''limb of body''' nara
* '''line up, v.''' khorom
* '''linen''' liri
* '''lips''' rapur
* '''liquid; wine''' bata
* '''live, v.''' ka:ba
* '''liver''' o:dho
* '''living-space''' nege
* '''lofty''' pene
* '''loins; kidney''' nidhi
* '''long''' de:khe
* '''long and thin''' paghir
* '''look at, v.''' sebe
* '''look out for, v.''' dm:hm
* '''look, v.''' thimi
* '''loose''' mayaq
* '''lord''' morugh
* '''loud''' khlnl
* '''louse''' ya:ta
* '''lump''' gr:mr
* '''lumpy; knot''' klsl
* '''lung''' tisi
* '''lurk, v.''' lisi

==M==
* '''make; form, v.''' neghi
* '''man''' da:na
* '''man, life-force''' korug
* '''many''' ihi
* '''maple''' blnll
* '''mark; distinguish, v.''' phapa
* '''marrow; brain''' khaka
* '''marry, v.''' qalik
* '''master; lord''' khnbn
* '''maternal grandfather''' tha:mi
* '''measure, v.''' thepa
* '''meet, v.''' thuhus
* '''melt, v.''' khmqmh
* '''metal''' deli
* '''middle''' diyi
* '''milk''' dhlll
* '''milk, wipe, v.''' ghalad
* '''mill, grind''' dusu
* '''miserable; naked''' memi
* '''miss; deceive, v.''' gho:ma
* '''mist; steam''' dmbhm
* '''mistake''' rmsm
* '''mite; louse''' weli
* '''mix, v.''' tithi
* '''mock; scorn, v.''' kere
* '''moisten, v.''' lela
* '''moon''' mere
* '''mother''' ma:
* '''mother''' ma:
* '''mother-in-law''' te:ma
* '''mother-in-law''' te:ma
* '''mountain''' libhi
* '''mouse''' wmwmm
* '''mouse; muscle''' rngn
* '''mouth''' pewe
* '''move forward, v.''' bidi
* '''move violently, v.''' khaha
* '''move, hurry, v.''' yolo
* '''move, meal, v.''' sege
* '''move, set in motion, v.''' ne:ke
* '''move, v.''' rene
* '''mow, v.''' kera
* '''mud''' bisi
* '''mud''' phethe
* '''mud; mire''' thomi
* '''mud; swamp''' ridi
* '''muddy''' nnthn
* '''mummy''' migi
* '''mummy, daddy''' pala
* '''murmur, v.''' penek
* '''muscle''' sulu
* '''mussel''' rebur

==N==
* '''nail; penis''' ghele
* '''naked''' pesar
* '''name''' hayat
* '''nape of the neck''' mumu
* '''narrow''' kili
* '''narrow; thin''' gathi
* '''navel''' naba
* '''near to''' nuru
* '''neck''' kala
* '''need, v.''' badha
* '''needy''' qoha
* '''needy; sad; ill''' pawap
* '''(negative particle)''' wunu
* '''nephew''' bhekhe
* '''new''' bhini
* '''new''' bhini
* '''next to, behind infront''' sayab
* '''night''' ma:ha
* '''night''' ma:ha
* '''nine''' wala
* '''nine''' wala
* '''nipple; breast''' nusu
* '''no, not''' wunu
* '''noose, bow''' mana
* '''north wind''' nu:bhu
* '''nose''' dhaba
* '''nose''' dhaba
* '''not, no''' wunu
* '''notice, v.''' ghenas
* '''now''' lanir
* '''now, therefore''' rami
* '''nut''' tenel

==O==
* '''oak''' mola
* '''oath''' debe
* '''oath''' debe
* '''offer a drink, v.''' soro
* '''old''' hoqo
* '''old man''' misin
* '''older member of family''' ro:ba
* '''on each other''' lebhi
* '''one''' sini
* '''one''' sini
* '''one-eyed''' bhara
* '''oneself, for oneself''' bhiyim
* '''onion''' dhokho
* '''open, v.''' boyu
* '''opinion''' krrr
* '''opious; much''' na:pa
* '''opposite; towards''' napha
* '''orphan''' lo:si
* '''other, there''' mrlr
* '''out of''' paya
* '''outside''' paya
* '''over; above''' ghini
* '''overflow, v.''' slsls
* '''overpower, v.''' deghe

==P==
* '''pack, v.''' phema
* '''pail (wooden)''' memu
* '''pain; illness''' yodo
* '''pale; split''' reta
* '''pan''' muyug
* '''pant, v.''' lawad
* '''pant; breathe, v.''' mora
* '''parade; show off, v.''' tasal
* '''pass away, v.''' lawu
* '''passage, narrow place''' leke
* '''pasture, v.''' trsr
* '''path''' tiyi
* '''path''' tiyi
* '''pay attention to, v.''' nada
* '''pea''' tharap
* '''pea; legume''' khiniy
* '''pebble''' khe:ru
* '''peel; break off, v.''' sabi
* '''peel; skin''' kohas
* '''peg''' tayus
* '''peg; wedge''' tela
* '''pelt''' phosus
* '''penis''' kiki
* '''perish, v.''' ghama
* '''perk''' wl:yl
* '''person''' khewen
* '''person''' khewen
* '''piece of land''' nldhl
* '''pig''' nosol
* '''pile up, v.''' glll
* '''pillar''' phobu
* '''pinch, v.''' yasa
* '''pipe''' bono
* '''pit; hollow''' hedhi
* '''pitiful; small''' lapha
* '''place to stay''' maba
* '''place, location''' tara
* '''place, location''' tara
* '''place, v.''' migin
* '''plait, v.''' rapha
* '''plait, v.''' dori
* '''plait, weave, v.''' kosor
* '''plait; string, v.''' lolo
* '''plait; weave, v.''' guru
* '''plait; weave, v.''' pigi
* '''plaited container''' khuru
* '''plaited work''' nene
* '''plant (type of)''' nnwn
* '''plant; root''' renuw
* '''play; joke, v.''' sosoph
* '''pleased, well inclined''' golo
* '''pledge''' masu
* '''pliable''' saru
* '''plot; originate, v.''' khinip
* '''plough, v.''' nagi
* '''ploughshare''' sepa
* '''pluck, v.''' rrkhr
* '''plug; pin''' ke:mu
* '''pointed''' theyul
* '''pointed; stake''' qrtr
* '''poke; hit, v.''' reyit
* '''pole; mast''' beler
* '''pole; rod''' kharu
* '''pole; stake''' sahay
* '''pole; stem''' khasa
* '''pole; stick''' ne:su
* '''pole; stick; stem''' rata
* '''polecat''' thusu
* '''poplar''' sesuth
* '''poppy''' radha
* '''possess, v.''' pa:tha
* '''post''' qryrt
* '''pot for cooking''' gunu
* '''pot; vat''' nnln
* '''pour out, v.''' subu
* '''pour, v.''' mini
* '''praise aloud, v.''' pama
* '''prattle, v.''' khnln
* '''pray, v.''' ke:re
* '''pregnant animal''' lighi
* '''prepare, v.''' rawar
* '''press down, v.''' soto
* '''press together, v.''' sryr
* '''press together, v.''' rmlm
* '''press, v.''' ghmdm
* '''press; crowd, v.''' boqo
* '''press; crush, v.''' maka
* '''press; maltreat, v.''' kasa
* '''press; pain, v.''' kobi
* '''prettify, make happy, v.''' tebe
* '''prick, v.''' sara
* '''prickly plant''' lesedh
* '''produce, v.''' bheku
* '''promote; hurry, v.''' kiyim
* '''prosper, v.''' rikhi
* '''protect, v.''' ro:ro
* '''puddle; ditch''' phara
* '''puddle; swamp''' labha
* '''pull out, v.''' gm:phm
* '''pull, v.''' themu
* '''punch, thrust, v.''' dukhu
* '''purify, v.''' tese
* '''push away, v.''' liqi
* '''push, v.''' yona
* '''put away, v.''' mudu
* '''put, v.''' ma:ma

==Q==
* '''quack; croak, v.''' gmlm
* '''quail''' dhrwr
* '''quake, v.''' rana
* '''quick''' hephe
* '''quick; violent''' lo:ho
* '''quickly''' yimi
* '''quiver, v.''' khabha

==R==
* '''rag''' monu
* '''rage, v.''' thili
* '''rage; tower up, v.''' pho:nar
* '''raging''' meyem
* '''rain''' koho
* '''rain''' koho
* '''raised place''' ghali
* '''rape (vegetable)''' momi
* '''raw; coarse; bitter''' lali
* '''reach somewhere, v.''' dayap
* '''reach, v.''' la:tha
* '''reach; grip, v.''' khawan
* '''reath''' gomi
* '''recognise, v.''' kapa
* '''red''' saga
* '''red''' saga
* '''reduce; small, v.''' turu
* '''reed''' bana
* '''(relative)''' ya
* '''relatives''' ghawa
* '''release''' so:ro
* '''release''' so:ro
* '''religious concept''' pele
* '''remain, v.''' thela
* '''renounce, v.''' nrkr
* '''reproach, v.''' moba
* '''resin''' sodho
* '''resound, v.''' dhedi
* '''respect, v.''' piphi
* '''respect; punish, v.''' lu:nu
* '''rest comfortably, v.''' pm:nm:gh
* '''rest, v.''' maya
* '''revile, v.''' tmdhm
* '''revile; abuse, v.''' sasu
* '''revulsion''' thuthu
* '''reward; pay''' kebe
* '''rib; breast''' biyil
* '''ride a vehicle, v.''' penu
* '''right place''' galu
* '''ring''' go:mokh
* '''rip off, v.''' lemu
* '''rip to pieces, v.''' barat
* '''rip up, v.''' gere
* '''rip up; dig, v.''' roko
* '''rip up; open, v.''' bha:ka
* '''rip, v.''' thlml
* '''rip; rag, v.''' thethi
* '''rise, v.''' pinib
* '''rite, ceremony''' lithi
* '''rite, ceremony''' lithi
* '''river, flowing water''' phigi
* '''roast; bake, v.''' thawat
* '''rob; rub, v.''' haya
* '''rock''' geris
* '''rock; stone''' ghowim
* '''rod''' ku:ru
* '''roof''' sewa
* '''root''' khudu
* '''root (edible)''' khudu
* '''rope''' daba
* '''rot, v.''' siti
* '''rot; stink, v.''' re:be
* '''rotten''' dala
* '''round''' duru
* '''round object''' duru
* '''row; herd''' khoro
* '''row; oar, v.''' mowos
* '''rub off, v.''' sa:ghi
* '''rub past, v.''' rede
* '''rub, v.''' bhatu
* '''rub; bore, v.''' hara
* '''ruminate; throat, v.''' pheme
* '''run away, v.''' mlthl
* '''run off (water), v.''' tha:ra
* '''run, v.''' lada
* '''run; flow, v.''' khedhe
* '''run; roll, v.''' qenu

==S==
* '''sacrificial animal''' nrmr
* '''sad, afflicted''' llwlw
* '''sad, out of humour''' rephe
* '''salt''' yigi
* '''sanctify, v.''' sayan
* '''sand''' likhi
* '''sand''' likhi
* '''sap; resin''' waqa
* '''satisfy oneself, v.''' dhowom
* '''scab''' ghayat
* '''scent''' tani
* '''scent out, v.''' yobho
* '''scent, v.''' raga
* '''scorn, v.''' gala
* '''scrape, v.''' bana
* '''scrape; gnaw, v.''' waba
* '''scratch skin, v.''' gaya
* '''scratch, v.''' kiyi
* '''scratch; comb, v.''' logi
* '''scratch; dig, v.''' ku:su
* '''scratch; slit, v.''' nephe
* '''scratch; slit, v.''' lere
* '''scream, v.''' pala
* '''sea''' thedi
* '''secrete, v.''' ghisi
* '''see''' khama
* '''see, v.''' khama
* '''seed''' yobho
* '''seed''' yobho
* '''seek, v.''' hnsnw
* '''seethe, v.''' nari
* '''seize, v.''' phada
* '''seize; grasp, v.''' pebha
* '''sell, v.''' yesep
* '''sell; earn, v.''' rnkn
* '''separate, v.''' niri
* '''set in motion, v.''' bhighi
* '''set, v.''' khigi
* '''settle, v.''' paba
* '''seven''' po:so
* '''seven''' po:so
* '''sew, v.''' pana
* '''shadow''' gm:dm
* '''shake, v.''' gryr
* '''share, v.''' lm:mm
* '''sharp''' dhnqnr
* '''sharp; pointed''' khe:be
* '''sharp-edged''' khota
* '''sharpen, v.''' ropo
* '''sharpen, v.''' thalak
* '''she''' ri
* '''she''' ri
* '''sheath''' buwud
* '''sheep''' nomu
* '''sheep''' yela
* '''sheep; pelt''' phumul
* '''shimmer, v.''' phiti
* '''shin-bone''' rotu
* '''shine, light, v.''' phikhi
* '''shine, v.''' resu
* '''shine; (colour), v.''' khisip
* '''shine; light, v.''' phebe
* '''shine; look, v.''' mopho
* '''shining bright''' tiwib
* '''ship''' mo:ra
* '''shit; hole, v.''' kha:wam
* '''shoes; leather''' rayu
* '''short''' lari
* '''short; small''' reme
* '''shoulder''' taya
* '''shoulder; arm; thigh''' bhatha
* '''shoulder; hip''' namagh
* '''shout, raise voice, v.''' thara
* '''shout, v.''' bheseb
* '''shout; loud, v.''' khitit
* '''shout; scream, v.''' tighi
* '''show, v.''' dethib
* '''show; be visible, v.''' yotho
* '''shriek, cry, v.''' ghesi
* '''shriek, v.''' khuwu
* '''shrink, make small, v.''' sepi
* '''shrivel up, v.''' naba
* '''shut away, v.''' si:khi
* '''shut in, v.''' thaga
* '''shut off, v.''' nudu
* '''shut, v.''' ghmsm
* '''sickle''' baga
* '''side''' ghuru
* '''side''' ghuru
* '''sieve, v.''' moru
* '''sift; riddle, v.''' korun
* '''sigh, v.''' sana
* '''significant talk''' do:ma
* '''sinew''' sigikh
* '''sing, v.''' ghowa
* '''sing; rejoice, v.''' nasu
* '''sink in, v.''' ragha
* '''sip, v.''' mono
* '''sister''' tiris
* '''sister-in-law''' ntnr
* '''sit''' qama
* '''sit, v.''' qama
* '''six''' thoko
* '''six''' thoko
* '''skilled manually''' mili
* '''skin''' dheme
* '''skin''' dheme
* '''skin, v.''' panu
* '''skin; leather bag''' sana
* '''skull''' gobo
* '''sky''' thayan
* '''slack''' napa
* '''slack''' lmbm
* '''slack; silly''' keta
* '''slant; slope, v.''' dhene
* '''slanting''' beni
* '''sleep''' loro
* '''sleep, v.''' loro
* '''slide, v.''' bibhi
* '''slide; slippery, v.''' mabha
* '''slimy''' sere
* '''slip, v.''' ynnn
* '''slit, v.''' dhaphi
* '''slow''' roda
* '''small''' pekhe
* '''small''' pekhe
* '''small animal''' mewu
* '''small, weak''' dapap
* '''smash, v.''' rebe
* '''smear, v.''' yama
* '''smell, v.''' bhayu
* '''smile, v.''' dhapha
* '''smoke''' ho:mo
* '''smoke, v.''' ho:mo
* '''smooth; even''' gidhi
* '''smoulder, v.''' sama
* '''snake''' yara
* '''sneeze''' phala
* '''sneeze, v.''' seye
* '''snore, v.''' phasi
* '''snow''' libhi
* '''snow; winter''' thumu
* '''sober''' lawa
* '''soft; mild''' lele
* '''soft; tender''' nera
* '''sole of foot''' lanar
* '''something bent''' phama
* '''something of sticks''' brgr
* '''son''' siki
* '''son-in-law''' sutu
* '''soon''' de:phe
* '''sort out, v.''' rawap
* '''sound, v.''' biki
* '''sound; bellow, v.''' mo:tam
* '''sound; drone, v.''' heyek
* '''sound; hear, v.''' la:ya
* '''sour; bitter''' peba
* '''sow, v.''' baya
* '''space; room''' gighi
* '''span of hand''' gmgm
* '''spar''' bhimi
* '''sparkle, v.''' gono
* '''sparrow (?) name of bird''' sewi
* '''sparrow; finch''' llslw
* '''speak''' tele
* '''speak formally, v.''' khiphi
* '''speak, v.''' tele
* '''spear''' phele
* '''speckled''' mele
* '''spin, v.''' mege
* '''spirit''' togho
* '''spiritual depression''' la:na
* '''spit''' piwit
* '''spit; spew, v.''' piwit
* '''splash, v.''' gapi
* '''spleen; milt''' pmmm
* '''split off, v.''' teher
* '''split, v.''' solikh
* '''split; cut, v.''' luhu
* '''spoil''' siti
* '''spongy''' hara
* '''spots (bright and dark)''' mekhu
* '''spout, v.''' ganu
* '''spray, v.''' weba
* '''spray;, v.''' mana
* '''spread legs, v.''' gedi
* '''spring''' khini
* '''sprinkle, v.''' raga
* '''sprout, v.''' ri:si
* '''spy; watch, v.''' blml
* '''squash, v.''' sewel
* '''squash, v.''' rapa
* '''squeak, v.''' rokha
* '''squirrel; weasel''' ghata
* '''stab, stick, v.''' thadi
* '''stab, v.''' toka
* '''staff (as support)''' kethem
* '''stain; dirty, v.''' titi
* '''stake''' ghadi
* '''stall''' leghedh
* '''stamp into pieces, v.''' mighi
* '''stamp; thrust, v.''' sunu
* '''stand''' nuyu
* '''stand out, v.''' dirir
* '''stand up stiff, v.''' na:gha
* '''stand, v.''' nuyu
* '''star''' la:ya
* '''star''' la:ya
* '''stare, v.''' ghala
* '''starling''' pho:sut
* '''statute; rule''' yono
* '''stay overnight, v.''' khodo
* '''steal; act secretly, v.''' kutu
* '''steal; rob, v.''' dharu
* '''stem''' rili
* '''stem; reed''' kimi
* '''step back; shy, v.''' gawal
* '''ster''' kegu
* '''stick''' lagha
* '''stick (hammer-shaped)''' ri:bhi
* '''stick; club''' dawas
* '''stick; stalk''' tekhe
* '''stiff''' nete
* '''stiff; rigid''' kha:ka
* '''stink, v.''' gomo
* '''stomach''' tasas
* '''stone''' kha:wal
* '''stone; rock''' kha:wal
* '''stop, v.''' mulugh
* '''straight''' ripi
* '''strain, v.''' pa:pi
* '''strangle, v.''' wusus
* '''strap''' yrsr
* '''streak past, v.''' thodu
* '''stream, v.''' naghu
* '''strength''' ma:na
* '''strength (of youth)''' nawar
* '''stretch out hand for, v.''' mapa
* '''stretch out, v.''' sese
* '''stretch out; broad, v.''' dugu
* '''stretch, v.''' dhasuk
* '''stretch; totter, v.''' reri
* '''strew; sow, v.''' domu
* '''stride, v.''' khani
* '''strip''' yewegh
* '''strip; beam''' phini
* '''striped''' ri:gi
* '''strive, v.''' rakha
* '''stroke, v.''' teghe
* '''strong''' gho:kho
* '''strong; big''' drwrth
* '''struggle, v.''' biniw
* '''stuff full, v.''' timi
* '''stumble, v.''' tedhe
* '''stunned''' so:bha
* '''stunted; curtailed''' taka
* '''stupid''' nepi
* '''suck(le), v.''' nemu
* '''suck(le); breast, v.''' lilip
* '''suck, v.''' bhnsn
* '''suffer, v.''' layaw
* '''sulky''' bhoni
* '''sulphur''' re:sil
* '''summer''' homo
* '''summer; harvest''' noki
* '''sun''' hara
* '''sun''' hara
* '''support, v.''' rete
* '''surge, v.''' balu
* '''swallow, v.''' meme
* '''swallow, v.''' peled
* '''swallow, v.''' doni
* '''swamp; blackish''' thini
* '''swamp; lake''' phayuh
* '''swamped by water''' ragi
* '''swarm, v.''' phi:yin
* '''swarm; swell, v.''' niyik
* '''sweat, v.''' lesid
* '''sweep, v.''' pipi
* '''sweet''' nana
* '''swell up, v.''' pawa
* '''swell, v.''' to:ro
* '''swelling''' logo
* '''swift''' ra:pa
* '''swift; rapid''' paya
* '''swill, v.''' napa
* '''swim''' nada
* '''swim''' nada
* '''swing; spin, v.''' doro
* '''swirl, v.''' liwi
* '''swollen; thick''' klhl
* '''sword''' romo

==T==
* '''tail''' sudu
* '''tail''' sudu
* '''take; seize, v.''' phasath
* '''talk, v.''' yoyod
* '''tame, v.''' lapu
* '''tarry; live, v.''' nlylr
* '''taste something, v.''' horo
* '''taste, v.''' kaya
* '''taste; enjoy, v.''' losi
* '''tear''' meka
* '''tear to pieces, v.''' sakha
* '''tear up; open, v.''' yasu
* '''tear, v.''' kori
* '''tell lies, v.''' peseb
* '''ten''' rede
* '''ten''' rede
* '''tender; weak''' peqa
* '''tendril; trap''' supu
* '''tense; tight''' leres
* '''testicle''' righi
* '''that''' ala
* '''that''' ala
* '''that yonder''' ara
* '''they''' te
* '''they''' te
* '''thick; big''' slrl
* '''thick; dense''' wanu
* '''thick; firm''' ro:da
* '''thick-haired''' liti
* '''thigh; leg''' gha:ra
* '''thin''' rephi
* '''thin shaft''' sumu
* '''thing''' relu
* '''think about, v.''' kheghu
* '''think of, v.''' mo:du
* '''think, v.''' dhabha
* '''think; feel, v.''' sapha
* '''this''' ana
* '''this''' ana
* '''thorn''' watha
* '''thou''' dini
* '''thousand''' petha
* '''threaten, v.''' deda
* '''three''' kasa
* '''three''' kasa
* '''throat''' tirikh
* '''through''' lepe
* '''through''' lepe
* '''throw shoot, v.''' wathim
* '''throw, v.''' dhlnl
* '''throw; shoot, v.''' pepe
* '''throw; strew, v.''' lobi
* '''throw; toss, v.''' phalu
* '''thrush''' khoru
* '''thrust together, v.''' sasar
* '''thrust, v.''' ledu
* '''thrust, v.''' para
* '''thrust; hit, v.''' bhapa
* '''thrust; injure, v.''' yonup
* '''thud, dull noise''' nonu
* '''tie up, v.''' tetu
* '''tie, v.''' yo:qu
* '''tie; bind, v.''' tata
* '''time, occasion''' wa:ha
* '''tip''' baban
* '''tip, sting''' kedhi
* '''tire, make tired, v.''' kiwiy
* '''tire; rest, v.''' sudhu
* '''tired; weak''' kethe
* '''to, with''' lara
* '''tongue''' dele
* '''tongue''' dele
* '''tooth''' pene
* '''tooth''' pene
* '''top''' su
* '''top''' su
* '''torment, v.''' lmwm
* '''torment; pain''' goko
* '''torso, upper body''' thaha
* '''totter, v.''' loyus
* '''touch, v.''' nini
* '''touch; press, v.''' bhetha
* '''tower up, v.''' biyi
* '''tower; jut out, v.''' mnmn
* '''track; furrow, v.''' wali
* '''trail, v.''' nakha
* '''trample, v.''' desim
* '''tread down, v.''' gheye
* '''tread; go, v.''' domi
* '''tree''' thala
* '''tree''' thala
* '''tree (type of)''' tnrn
* '''tremble, v.''' bini
* '''trickle, v.''' kusuth
* '''trip, v.''' mahuh
* '''trip; trample, v.''' dhawa
* '''trouble oneself, v.''' gnrnkh
* '''trough''' thoya
* '''truly''' sowop
* '''tumble down, v.''' slml
* '''turn away, v.''' bona
* '''turn green, v.''' tibhi
* '''turn, v.''' riqi
* '''turn, v.''' bewa
* '''turn, v.''' ynqngh
* '''turn; twist, v.''' rlyll
* '''turn; wind, v.''' dhowak
* '''turn; wrap, v.''' yetu
* '''turtle''' rokhu
* '''twenty''' losu
* '''twig''' muhum
* '''twig (pliable)''' khaba
* '''twig (thin &amp; pliable)''' hrthr
* '''twig; bough''' wesa
* '''twig; branch''' batha
* '''twine threads, v.''' hepi
* '''twist to rope, v.''' beqel
* '''twitter, v.''' dere
* '''two''' sawa
* '''two''' sawa

==U==
* '''udder''' mesew
* '''under''' nere
* '''understand, v.''' bhami
* '''unite, v.''' lili
* '''unpleasant''' putu
* '''unripe''' sutu
* '''unwilling''' weme
* '''unwilling; vexed''' khapa
* '''up to''' pha:ra
* '''upwards''' depe
* '''urinate, v.''' yera

==V==
* '''vault, v.''' ghepu
* '''vault; breast''' phili
* '''vein; tendon''' bhebe
* '''venerate, v.''' rimi
* '''version''' kadha
* '''vessel''' mogo
* '''vexacious''' tana
* '''victory''' ghi:bi
* '''vine''' gheni
* '''vine; stem''' meri
* '''vomit, v.''' phiri
* '''vulture''' rowo
* '''vulva''' kama

==W==
* '''wade, v.''' lona
* '''walk''' rama
* '''walk''' rama
* '''wander about, v.''' beleh
* '''wander, v.''' wmtm
* '''wander; go, v.''' nrhrn
* '''wane, v.''' ra:wap
* '''want, v.''' thaha
* '''want; choose, v.''' damu
* '''want; wish, v.''' mete
* '''war; army''' boli
* '''ward off, v.''' norar
* '''warm''' kokha
* '''warm time; summer''' woso
* '''warm; roast, v.''' gha:yu
* '''wash, v.''' segha
* '''wasp''' sm:thm
* '''watch closely, v.''' redha
* '''water''' lu:su
* '''water''' lu:su
* '''water course''' dathi
* '''wave hand, v.''' ka:na
* '''wavy''' wili
* '''wax''' tege
* '''we''' ke
* '''we''' ke
* '''we, they and I''' thene
* '''we, you and I''' ghene
* '''weak; miserable''' tanaph
* '''weasel''' dhe:se
* '''weave, v.''' ginid
* '''weave; plait, v.''' sanu
* '''weed''' masa
* '''weep, v.''' me:le
* '''well up, v.''' dede
* '''well-disposed''' sighi
* '''wet''' ml:nlgh
* '''wet element''' getha
* '''wet, v.''' latu
* '''wetness; spring''' munu
* '''whale, large fish''' dhibi
* '''whirl, v.''' khasa
* '''whistle (wind), v.''' rilir
* '''whistle; pipe, v.''' ghana
* '''white''' pala
* '''white''' pala
* '''whole''' kalah
* '''whole, well''' yeli
* '''wide''' leghe
* '''wide; long''' nutu
* '''wild animal''' di:gi
* '''wild boar''' neke
* '''wind, n.''' saya
* '''wind, v.''' talak
* '''wine''' ta:tha
* '''winnow grain, v.''' khora
* '''wish, v.''' bhabha
* '''wish; want, v.''' thuhu
* '''wither, v.''' phapa
* '''without''' gese
* '''wizard''' garam
* '''woe; wolf''' kagha
* '''wolf''' luku
* '''woman''' mada
* '''woman''' mada
* '''womb''' ralar
* '''woo; marry, v.''' tho:nom
* '''wood (piece of)''' numu
* '''wood; forest''' karudh
* '''wool; flock''' nata
* '''wool; woollen garment''' lathu
* '''woollen''' midhi
* '''work with sharp tool, v.''' hala
* '''work, do, v.''' dlylb
* '''work, v.''' dhono
* '''world''' rada
* '''world''' rada
* '''worm''' resil
* '''worm; maggot''' thnbhn
* '''worry about sth, v.''' lothi
* '''worry, v.''' lewa
* '''wound; injure, v.''' pogho
* '''wrinkle up, v.''' bimir

==Y==
* '''yawn, v.''' rama
* '''year''' lapa
* '''year, to go''' loki
* '''yellow''' sa:da
* '''yellow; brown''' sa:na
* '''yesterday''' he:ge
* '''you''' le
* '''you''' le
* '''you (pl.)''' ge
* '''young''' pimi
* '''young man''' si:ti
* '''young of animal''' ghete

[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Source material]]
[[Category:Dele]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Widetoc</title>
    <id>695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5246</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-13T18:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added __NOTOC__</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|}
__NOTOC__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Latin characters</title>
    <id>696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4065</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-21T23:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>M</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==A==
===a===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| a || &amp;amp;#x0061; || Latin small letter a
|-
| ａ || &amp;amp;#xFF41; || Fullwidth Latin small letter a
|-
| ◌ͣ || &amp;amp;#x0363; || Combining Latin small letter a
|-
| 𝐚 || &amp;amp;#x1D41A; || Mathematical bold small a
|-
| 𝑎 || &amp;amp;#x1D44E; || Mathematical italic small a
|-
| 𝒂 || &amp;amp;#x1D482; || Mathematical bold italic small a
|-
| 𝒶 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B6; || Mathematical script small a
|-
| 𝓪 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EA; || Mathematical bold script small a
|-
| 𝔞 || &amp;amp;#x1D51E; || Mathematical Fraktur small a
|-
| 𝕒 || &amp;amp;#x1D552; || Mathematical double-struck small a
|-
| 𝖆 || &amp;amp;#x1D586; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small a
|-
| 𝖺 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BA; || Mathematical sans-serif small a
|-
| 𝗮 || &amp;amp;#x1D5EE; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small a
|-
| 𝘢 || &amp;amp;#x1D622; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small a
|-
| 𝙖 || &amp;amp;#x1D656; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small a
|-
| 𝚊 || &amp;amp;#x1D68A; || Mathematical monospace small a
|-
| ⓐ || &amp;amp;#x24D0; || Circled Latin small letter a
|-
| A || &amp;amp;#x0041; || Latin capital letter A
|-
| Ａ || &amp;amp;#xFF21; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter A
|-
| 𝐀 || &amp;amp;#x1D400; || Mathematical bold capital A
|-
| 𝐴 || &amp;amp;#x1D434; || Mathematical italic capital A
|-
| 𝑨 || &amp;amp;#x1D468; || Mathematical bold italic capital A
|-
| 𝒜 || &amp;amp;#x1D49C; || Mathematical script capital A
|-
| 𝓐 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D0; || Mathematical bold script capital A
|-
| 𝔄 || &amp;amp;#x1D504; || Mathematical Fraktur capital A
|-
| 𝔸 || &amp;amp;#x1D538; || Mathematical double-struck capital A
|-
| 𝕬 || &amp;amp;#x1D56C; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital A
|-
| 𝖠 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A0; || Mathematical sans-serif capital A
|-
| 𝗔 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D4; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital A
|-
| 𝘈 || &amp;amp;#x1D608; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital A
|-
| 𝘼 || &amp;amp;#x1D63C; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital A
|-
| 𝙰 || &amp;amp;#x1D670; || Mathematical monospace capital A
|-
| Ⓐ || &amp;amp;#x24B6; || Circled Latin capital letter A
|-
| ª || &amp;amp;#x00AA; || Feminine ordinal indicator
|-
| ᴬ || &amp;amp;#x1D2C; || Modifier letter capital A
|-
| ᵃ || &amp;amp;#x1D43; || Modifier letter small A
|-
| á || &amp;amp;#x00E1; || Latin small letter a with acute
|-
| Á || &amp;amp;#x00C1; || Latin capital letter A with acute
|-
| à || &amp;amp;#x00E0; || Latin small letter a with grave
|-
| À || &amp;amp;#x00C0; || Latin capital letter A with grave
|-
| ă || &amp;amp;#x0103; || Latin small letter a with breve
|-
| Ă || &amp;amp;#x0102; || Latin capital letter A with breve
|-
| ắ || &amp;amp;#x1EAF; || Latin small letter a with breve and acute
|-
| Ắ || &amp;amp;#x1EAE; || Latin capital letter A with breve and acute
|-
| ằ || &amp;amp;#x1EB1; || Latin small letter a with breve and grave
|-
| Ằ || &amp;amp;#x1EB0; || Latin capital letter A with breve and grave
|-
| ẵ || &amp;amp;#x1EB5; || Latin small letter a with breve and tilde
|-
| Ẵ || &amp;amp;#x1EB4; || Latin capital letter A with breve and tilde
|-
| ẳ || &amp;amp;#x1EB3; || Latin small letter a with breve and hook above
|-
| Ẳ || &amp;amp;#x1EB2; || Latin capital letter A with breve and hook above
|-
| â || &amp;amp;#x00E2; || Latin small letter a with circumflex
|-
| Â || &amp;amp;#x00C2; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex
|-
| ấ || &amp;amp;#x1EA5; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and acute
|-
| Ấ || &amp;amp;#x1EA4; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and acute
|-
| ầ || &amp;amp;#x1EA7; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and grave
|-
| Ầ || &amp;amp;#x1EA6; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and grave
|-
| ẫ || &amp;amp;#x1EAB; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and tilde
|-
| Ẫ || &amp;amp;#x1EAA; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and tilde
|-
| ẩ || &amp;amp;#x1EA9; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and hook above
|-
| Ẩ || &amp;amp;#x1EA8; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and hook above
|-
| ǎ || &amp;amp;#x01CE; || Latin small letter a with caron
|-
| Ǎ || &amp;amp;#x01CD; || Latin capital letter A with caron
|-
| å || &amp;amp;#x00E5; || Latin small letter a with ring above
|-
| Å || &amp;amp;#x00C5; || Latin capital letter A with ring above
|-
| Å || &amp;amp;#x212B; || Angstrom sign
|-
| ǻ || &amp;amp;#x01FB; || Latin small letter a with ring above and acute
|-
| Ǻ || &amp;amp;#x01FA; || Latin capital letter A with ring above and acute
|-
| ä || &amp;amp;#x00E4; || Latin small letter a with diaeresis
|-
| Ä || &amp;amp;#x00C4; || Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
|-
| ǟ || &amp;amp;#x01DF; || Latin small letter a with diaeresis and macron
|-
| Ǟ || &amp;amp;#x01DE; || Latin capital letter A with diaeresis and macron
|-
| ã || &amp;amp;#x00E3; || Latin small letter a with tilde
|-
| Ã || &amp;amp;#x00C3; || Latin capital letter A with tilde
|-
| ȧ || &amp;amp;#x0227; || Latin small letter a with dot above
|-
| Ȧ || &amp;amp;#x0226; || Latin capital letter A with dot above
|-
| ǡ || &amp;amp;#x01E1; || Latin small letter a with dot above and macron
|-
| Ǡ || &amp;amp;#x01E0; || Latin capital letter A with dot above and macron
|-
| ą || &amp;amp;#x0105; || Latin small letter a with ogonek
|-
| Ą || &amp;amp;#x0104; || Latin capital letter A with ogonek
|-
| ā || &amp;amp;#x0101; || Latin small letter a with macron
|-
| Ā || &amp;amp;#x0100; || Latin capital letter A with macron
|-
| ả || &amp;amp;#x1EA3; || Latin small letter a with hook above
|-
| Ả || &amp;amp;#x1EA2; || Latin capital letter A with hook above
|-
| ȁ || &amp;amp;#x0201; || Latin small letter a with double grave
|-
| Ȁ || &amp;amp;#x0200; || Latin capital letter A with double grave
|-
| ȃ || &amp;amp;#x0203; || Latin small letter a with inverted breve
|-
| Ȃ || &amp;amp;#x0202; || Latin capital letter A with inverted breve
|-
| ạ || &amp;amp;#x1EA1; || Latin small letter a with dot below
|-
| Ạ || &amp;amp;#x1EA0; || Latin capital letter A with dot below 
|-
| ặ || &amp;amp;#x1EB7; || Latin small letter a with breve and dot below
|-
| Ặ || &amp;amp;#x1EB6; || Latin capital letter A with breve and dot below
|-
| ậ || &amp;amp;#x1EAD; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and dot below
|-
| Ậ || &amp;amp;#x1EAC; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and dot below
|-
| ḁ || &amp;amp;#x1E01; || Latin small letter a with ring below
|-
| Ḁ || &amp;amp;#x1E00; || Latin capital letter A with ring below
|-
| ㏂ || &amp;amp;#x33C2; || Square am
|-
| ℀ || &amp;amp;#x2100; || Account of
|-
| ℁ || &amp;amp;#x2101; || Addressed to the subject
|-
| ㏟ || &amp;amp;#x33DF; || Square a over m
|-
| ㍳ || &amp;amp;#x3373; || Square AU
|-
| ẚ || &amp;amp;#x1E9A; || Latin small letter a with right half ring
|-
| ᴀ || &amp;amp;#x1D00; || Latin letter small capital A
|}

=== æ (ash) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| æ || &amp;amp;#x00E6; || Latin small letter ae
|-
| Æ || &amp;amp;#x00C6; || Latin capital letter AE
|-
| ᴭ || &amp;amp;#x1D2D; || Modifier letter capital AE
|-
| ǽ || &amp;amp;#x01FD; || Latin small letter ae with acute
|-
| Ǽ || &amp;amp;#x01FC; || Latin capital letter AE with acute
|-
| ǣ || &amp;amp;#x01E3; || Latin small letter ae with macron
|-
| Ǣ || &amp;amp;#x01E2; || Latin capital letter AE with macron
|-
| ᴁ || &amp;amp;#x1D01; || Latin small capital AE
|}

=== ᴂ (turned ash) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ᴂ || &amp;amp;#x1D02; || Latin small letter turned ae
|-
| ᵆ || &amp;amp;#x1D46; || Modifier letter small turned ae
|}

=== ɐ (turned a) ===

{| 
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɐ || &amp;amp;#x0250; || Latin small letter turned a
|-
| ᵄ || &amp;amp;#x1D44; || Modifier letter small turned a
|}

=== ɑ (alpha) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɑ || &amp;amp;#x0251; || Latin small letter alpha
|-
| ᵅ || &amp;amp;#x1D45; || Modifier letter small alpha
|}

===ɒ (turned alpha)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɒ || &amp;amp;#x0252; || Latin small letter turned alpha
|}

==B==
=== b ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| b || &amp;amp;#x0062; || Latin small letter b
|-
| ｂ || &amp;amp;#xFF42; || Fullwidth Latin small letter b
|-
| 𝐛 || &amp;amp;#x1D41B; || Mathematical bold small b
|-
| 𝑏 || &amp;amp;#x1D44F; || Mathematical italic small b
|-
| 𝒃 || &amp;amp;#x1D483; || Mathematical bold italic small b
|-
| 𝒷 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B7; || Mathematical script small b
|-
| 𝓫 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EB; || Mathematical bold script small b
|-
| 𝔟 || &amp;amp;#x1D51F; || Mathematical Fraktur small b
|-
| 𝕓 || &amp;amp;#x1D553; || Mathematical double-struck small b
|-
| 𝖇 || &amp;amp;#x1D587; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small b
|-
| 𝖻 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BB; || Mathematical sans-serif small b
|-
| 𝗯 || &amp;amp;#x1D5EF; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small b
|-
| 𝘣 || &amp;amp;#x1D623; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small b
|-
| 𝙗 || &amp;amp;#x1D657; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small b
|-
| 𝚋 || &amp;amp;#x1D68B; || Mathematical monospace small b
|-
| ⓑ || &amp;amp;#x24D1; || Circled Latin small letter b
|-
| B || &amp;amp;#x0042; || Latin capital letter B
|-
| Ｂ || &amp;amp;#xFF22; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter B
|-
| ℬ || &amp;amp;#x212C; || Script capital B
|-
| 𝐁 || &amp;amp;#x1D401; || Mathematical bold capital B
|-
| 𝐵 || &amp;amp;#x1D435; || Mathematical italic capital B
|-
| 𝑩 || &amp;amp;#x1D469; || Mathematical bold italic capital B
|-
| 𝓑 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D1; || Mathematical bold script capital B
|-
| 𝔅 || &amp;amp;#x1D505; || Mathematical Fraktur capital B
|-
| 𝔹 || &amp;amp;#x1D539; || Mathematical double-struck capital B
|-
| 𝕭 || &amp;amp;#x1D56D; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital B
|-
| 𝖡 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A1; || Mathematical sans-serif capital B
|-
| 𝗕 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D5; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital B
|-
| 𝘉 || &amp;amp;#x1D609; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital B
|-
| 𝘽 || &amp;amp;#x1D63D; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital B
|-
| 𝙱 || &amp;amp;#x1D671; || Mathematical monospace capital B
|-
| Ⓑ || &amp;amp;#x24B7; || Circled Latin capital letter B
|-
| ᴮ || &amp;amp;#x1D2E; || Modifier letter capital B
|-
| ᵇ || &amp;amp;#x1D47; || Modifier letter small b
|-
| ḃ || &amp;amp;#x1E03; || Latin small letter b with dot above
|-
| Ḃ || &amp;amp;#x1E02; || Latin capital letter B with dot above
|-
| ḅ || &amp;amp;#x1E05; || Latin small letter b with dot below
|-
| Ḅ || &amp;amp;#x1E04; || Latin capital letter B with dot below
|-
| ḇ || &amp;amp;#x1E07; || Latin small letter b with line below
|-
| Ḇ || &amp;amp;#x1E06; || Latin capital letter B with line below
|-
| ㍴ || &amp;amp;#x3374; || Square bar
|-
| ㏃ || &amp;amp;#x33C3; || Square Bq
|-
| ʙ || &amp;amp;#x0299; || Latin letter small capital B
|}

=== ƀ (struck b) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| ƀ || &amp;amp;#x0180; || Latin small letter b with stroke
|-
| ᴯ || &amp;amp;#x1D2F; || Modifier letter capital barred B 
|-
| ᴃ || &amp;amp;#x1D03; || Latin letter small capital barred B
|}

=== ɓ (hooked b) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɓ || &amp;amp;#x0253; || Latin small letter b with hook
|-
| Ɓ || &amp;amp;#x0181; || Latin capital letter B with hook
|}

===ƃ (top-barred b)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƃ || &amp;amp;#x0183; || Latin small letter b with topbar
|-
| Ƃ || &amp;amp;#x0182; || Latin capital letter B with topbar
|}

==C==
=== c ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| c  || &amp;amp;#x0063; || Latin small letter c
|-
| ｃ || &amp;amp;#xFF43; || Fullwidth Latin small letter c
|-
| ◌ͨ || &amp;amp;#x0368; || Combining Latin small letter c
|-
| ⅽ || &amp;amp;#x217D; || Small Roman numeral one hundred
|-
| 𝐜 || &amp;amp;#x1D41C; || Mathematical bold small c
|-
| 𝑐 || &amp;amp;#x1D450; || Mathematical italic small c
|-
| 𝒄 || &amp;amp;#x1D484; || Mathematical bold italic small c
|-
| 𝒸 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B8; || Mathematical script small c
|-
| 𝓬 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EC; || Mathematical bold script small c
|-
| 𝔠 || &amp;amp;#x1D520; || Mathematical Fraktur small c
|-
| 𝕔 || &amp;amp;#x1D554; || Mathematical double-struck small c
|-
| 𝖈 || &amp;amp;#x1D588; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small c
|-
| 𝖼 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BC; || Mathematical sans-serif small c
|-
| 𝗰 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F0; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small c
|-
| 𝘤 || &amp;amp;#x1D624; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small c
|-
| 𝙘 || &amp;amp;#x1D658; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small c
|-
| 𝚌 || &amp;amp;#x1D68C; || Mathematical monospace small c
|-
| ⓒ || &amp;amp;#x24D2; || Circled Latin small letter c
|-
| C || &amp;amp;#x0043; || Latin capital letter C
|-
| Ｃ || &amp;amp;#xFF23; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter C
|-
| Ⅽ || &amp;amp;#x216D; || Roman numeral one hundred
|-
| ℂ || &amp;amp;#x2102; || Double-struck capital C
|-
| ℭ || &amp;amp;#x212D; || Black-letter capital C
|-
| 𝐂 || &amp;amp;#x1D402; || Mathematical bold capital C
|-
| 𝐶 || &amp;amp;#x1D436; || Mathematical italic capital C
|-
| 𝑪 || &amp;amp;#x1D46A; || Mathematical bold italic capital C
|-
| 𝒞 || &amp;amp;#x1D49E; || Mathematical script capital C
|-
| 𝓒 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D2; || Mathematical bold script capital C
|-
| 𝕮 || &amp;amp;#x1D56E; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital C
|-
| 𝖢 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A2; || Mathematical sans-serif capital C
|-
| 𝗖 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D6; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital C
|-
| 𝘊 || &amp;amp;#x1D60A; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital C
|-
| 𝘾 || &amp;amp;#x1D63E; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital C
|-
| 𝙲 || &amp;amp;#x1D672; || Mathematical monospace capital C
|-
| Ⓒ || &amp;amp;#x24B8; || Circled Latin capital letter C
|-
| ć || &amp;amp;#x0107; || Latin small letter c with acute
|-
| Ć || &amp;amp;#x0106; || Latin capital letter C with acute
|-
| ĉ || &amp;amp;#x0109; || Latin small letter c with circumflex
|-
| Ĉ || &amp;amp;#x0108; || Latin capital letter C with circumflex
|-
| č || &amp;amp;#x010D; || Latin small letter c with caron
|-
| Č || &amp;amp;#x010C; || Latin capital letter C with caron
|-
| ċ || &amp;amp;#x010B; || Latin small letter c with dot above
|-
| Ċ || &amp;amp;#x010A; || Latin capital letter C with dot above
|-
| ç || &amp;amp;#x00E7; || Latin small letter c with cedilla
|-
| Ç || &amp;amp;#x00C7; || Latin capital letter C with cedilla
|-
| ḉ || &amp;amp;#x1E09; || Latin small letter c with cedilla and acute
|-
| Ḉ || &amp;amp;#x1E08; || Latin capital letter C with cedilla and acute
|-
| ℅ || &amp;amp;#x2105; || Care of
|-
| ℆ || &amp;amp;#x2106; || Cada una
|-
| ㏆ || &amp;amp;#x33C6; || Square C over kg
|-
| ㎈ || &amp;amp;#x3388; || Square cal
|-
| ㏄ || &amp;amp;#x33C4; || Square cc
|-
| ㏅ || &amp;amp;#x33C5; || Square cd
|-
| ㎝ || &amp;amp;#x339D; || Square cm
|-
| ㎠ || &amp;amp;#x33A0; || Square cm squared
|-
| ㎤ || &amp;amp;#x33A4; || Square cm cubed
|-
| ㏇ || &amp;amp;#x33C7; || Square co
|-
| ᴄ || &amp;amp;#x1D04; || Latin letter small capital C
|}

=== ƈ (hooked c) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƈ || &amp;amp;#x0188; || Latin small letter c with hook
|-
| Ƈ || &amp;amp;#x0187; || Latin capital letter C with hook
|}

===ɕ (curled c) ===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɕ || &amp;amp;#x0255; || Latin small letter c with curl
|}

==D==
=== d ===

{| 
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| d || &amp;amp;#x0064; || Latin small letter d
|-
| ｄ || &amp;amp;#xFF44; || Fullwidth Latin small letter d
|-
| ◌ͩ || &amp;amp;#x0369; || Combining Latin small letter d
|-
| ⅾ || &amp;amp;#x217E; || Small Roman numeral five hundred
|-
| ⅆ || &amp;amp;#x2146; || Double-struck italic small d
|-
| 𝐝 || &amp;amp;#x1D41D; || Mathematical bold small d
|-
| 𝑑 || &amp;amp;#x1D451; || Mathematical italic small d
|-
| 𝒅 || &amp;amp;#x1D485; || Mathematical bold italic small d
|-
| 𝒹 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B9;  || Mathematical script small d
|-
| 𝓭 || &amp;amp;#x1D4ED; || Mathematical bold script small d
|-
| 𝔡 || &amp;amp;#x1D521; || Mathematical Fraktur small d
|-
| 𝕕 || &amp;amp;#x1D555; || Mathematical double-struck small d
|-
| 𝖉 || &amp;amp;#x1D589; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small d
|-
| 𝖽 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BD; || Mathematical sans-serif small d
|-
| 𝗱 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F1; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small d
|-
| 𝘥 || &amp;amp;#x1D625; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small d
|-
| 𝙙 || &amp;amp;#x1D659; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small d
|-
| 𝚍 || &amp;amp;#x1D68D; || Mathematical monospace small d
|-
| ⓓ || &amp;amp;#x24D3; || Circled Latin small letter d
|-
| D || &amp;amp;#x0044; || Latin capital letter D
|-
| Ｄ || &amp;amp;#xFF24; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter D
|-
| Ⅾ || &amp;amp;#x216E; || Roman numeral five hundred
|-
| ⅅ || &amp;amp;#x2145; || Double-struck italic capital D
|-
| 𝐃 || &amp;amp;#x1D403; || Mathematical bold capital D
|-
| 𝐷 || &amp;amp;#x1D437; || Mathematical italic capital D
|-
| 𝑫 || &amp;amp;#x1D46B; || Mathematical bold italic capital D
|-
| 𝒟 || &amp;amp;#x1D49F; || Mathematical script capital D
|-
| 𝓓 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D3; || Mathematical bold script capital D
|-
| 𝔇 || &amp;amp;#x1D507; || Mathematical Fraktur capital D
|-
| 𝔻 || &amp;amp;#x1D53B; || Mathematical double-struck capital D
|-
| 𝕯 || &amp;amp;#x1D56F; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital D
|-
| 𝖣 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A3; || Mathematical sans-serif capital D
|-
| 𝗗 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D7; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital D
|-
| 𝘋 || &amp;amp;#x1D60B; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital D
|-
| 𝘿 || &amp;amp;#x1D63F; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital D
|-
| 𝙳 || &amp;amp;#x1D673; || Mathematical monospace capital D
|-
| Ⓓ || &amp;amp;#x24B9; || Circled Latin capital letter D
|-
| ᴰ || &amp;amp;#x1D30;  || Modifier letter capital D
|-
| ᵈ || &amp;amp;#x1D48; || Modifier letter small d
|-
| ď || &amp;amp;#x010F; || Latin small letter d with caron
|-
| Ď || &amp;amp;#x010E; || Latin capital letter D with caron
|-
| ḋ || &amp;amp;#x1E0B; || Latin small letter d with dot above
|-
| Ḋ || &amp;amp;#x1E0A; || Latin capital letter D with dot above
|-
| ḑ || &amp;amp;#x1E11; || Latin small letter d with cedilla
|-
| Ḑ || &amp;amp;#x1E10; || Latin capital letter D with cedilla
|-
| ḍ || &amp;amp;#x1E0D; || Latin small letter d with dot below
|-
| Ḍ || &amp;amp;#x1E0C; || Latin capital letter D with dot below
|-
| ḓ || &amp;amp;#x1E13; || Latin small letter d with circumflex below
|-
| Ḓ || &amp;amp;#x1E12; || Latin capital letter D with circumflex below
|-
| ḏ || &amp;amp;#x1E0F; || Latin small letter d with line below
|-
| Ḏ || &amp;amp;#x1E0E; || Latin capital letter D with line below
|-
| ㍲ || &amp;amp;#x3372; || Square da
|-
| ㏈ || &amp;amp;#x33C8; || Square dB
|-
| ㎗ || &amp;amp;#x3397; || Square dl
|-
| ㍷ || &amp;amp;#x3377; || Square dm
|-
| ㍸ || &amp;amp;#x3378; || Square dm squared
|-
| ㍹ || &amp;amp;#x3379; || Square dm cubed
|-
| ǳ || &amp;amp;#x01F3; || Latin small letter dz
|-
| ʣ || &amp;amp;#x02A3; || Latin small letter dz digraph
|-
| ǲ || &amp;amp;#x01F2; || Latin capital letter D with small letter z
|-
| Ǳ || &amp;amp;#x01F1; || Latin capital letter DZ
|-
| ǆ || &amp;amp;#x01C6; || Latin small letter dz with caron
|-
| ǅ || &amp;amp;#x01C5; || Latin capital letter D with small letter z with caron
|-
| Ǆ || &amp;amp;#x01C4; || Latin capital letter DZ with caron
|-
| ʥ || &amp;amp;#x02A5; || Latin small letter dz digraph with curl
|-
| ʤ || &amp;amp;#x02A4; || Latin small letter dezh digraph
|-
| ᴅ || &amp;amp;#x1D05; || Latin letter small capital D
|}

=== đ (struck d) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| đ || &amp;amp;#x0111; || Latin small letter d with stroke
|-
| Đ || &amp;amp;#x0110; || Latin capital letter D with stroke
|}

===ɖ (tailed d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɖ || &amp;amp;#x0256; || Latin small letter d with tail
|-
| Ɖ || &amp;amp;#x0189; || Latin capital letter African D
|}

===ɗ (hooked d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɗ || &amp;amp;#x0257; || Latin small letter d with hook
|-
| Ɗ || &amp;amp;#x018A; || Latin capital letter D with hook
|}

===ƌ (top-barred d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƌ || &amp;amp;#x018C; || Latin small letter d with topbar
|-
| Ƌ || &amp;amp;#x018B; || Latin capital letter D with topbar
|}

===ȡ (curled d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ȡ || &amp;amp;#x0221; || Latin small letter d with curl
|}

===ð (eth)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ð || &amp;amp;#x00F0; || Latin small letter eth
|-
| Ð || &amp;amp;#x00D0; || Latin capital letter eth
|-
| ᴆ || &amp;amp;#x1D06; || Latin letter small capital eth
|}

==E==
=== e ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| e || &amp;amp;#x0065; || Latin small letter e
|-
| ｅ || &amp;amp;#xFF45; || Fullwidth Latin small letter e
|-
| ◌ͤ || &amp;amp;#x0364; || Combining Latin small letter e
|-
| ℯ || &amp;amp;#x212F; || Script small e
|-
| ⅇ || &amp;amp;#x2147; || Double-struck italic small e
|-
| 𝐞 || &amp;amp;#x1D41E; || Mathematical bold small e
|-
| 𝑒 || &amp;amp;#x1D452; || Mathematical italic small e
|-
| 𝒆 || &amp;amp;#x1D486; || Mathematical bold italic small e
|-
| 𝓮 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EE; || Mathematical bold script small e
|-
| 𝔢 || &amp;amp;#x1D522; || Mathematical Fraktur small e
|-
| 𝕖 || &amp;amp;#x1D556; || Mathematical double-struck small e
|-
| 𝖊 || &amp;amp;#x1D58A; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small e
|-
| 𝖾 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BE; || Mathematical sans-serif small e
|-
| 𝗲 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F2; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small e
|-
| 𝘦 || &amp;amp;#x1D626; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small e
|-
| 𝙚 || &amp;amp;#x1D65A; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small e
|-
| 𝚎 || &amp;amp;#x1D68E; || Mathematical monospace small e
|-
| ⓔ || &amp;amp;#x24D4; || Circled Latin small letter e
|-
| E || &amp;amp;#x0045; || Latin capital letter E
|-
| Ｅ || &amp;amp;#xFF25; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter E
|-
| ℰ || &amp;amp;#x2130; || Script capital E
|-
| 𝐄 || &amp;amp;#x1D404; || Mathematical bold capital E
|-
| 𝐸 || &amp;amp;#x1D438; || Mathematical italic capital E
|-
| 𝑬 || &amp;amp;#x1D46C; || Mathematical bold italic capital E
|-
| 𝓔 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D4; || Mathematical bold script capital E
|-
| 𝔈 || &amp;amp;#x1D508; || Mathematical Fraktur capital E
|-
| 𝔼 || &amp;amp;#x1D53C; || Mathematical double-struck capital E
|-
| 𝕰 || &amp;amp;#x1D570; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital E
|-
| 𝖤 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A4; || Mathematical sans-serif capital E
|-
| 𝗘 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D8; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital E
|-
| 𝘌 || &amp;amp;#x1D60C; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital E
|-
| 𝙀 || &amp;amp;#x1D640; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital E
|-
| 𝙴 || &amp;amp;#x1D674; || Mathematical monospace capital E
|-
| Ⓔ || &amp;amp;#x24BA; || Circled Latin capital letter E
|-
| ᴱ || &amp;amp;#x1D31; || Modifier letter capital E
|-
| ᵉ || &amp;amp;#x1D49; || Modifier letter small e
|-
| é || &amp;amp;#x00E9; || Latin small letter e with acute
|-
| É || &amp;amp;#x00C9; || Latin capital letter E with acute
|-
| è || &amp;amp;#x00E8; || Latin small letter e with grave
|-
| È || &amp;amp;#x00C8; || Latin capital letter E with grave
|-
| ĕ || &amp;amp;#x0115; || Latin small letter e with breve
|-
| Ĕ || &amp;amp;#x0114; || Latin capital letter E with breve
|-
| ê || &amp;amp;#x00EA; || Latin small letter e with circumflex
|-
| Ê || &amp;amp;#x00CA; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex
|-
| ế || &amp;amp;#x1EBF; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and acute
|-
| Ế || &amp;amp;#x1EBE; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and acute
|-
| ề || &amp;amp;#x1EC1; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and grave
|-
| Ề || &amp;amp;#x1EC0; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and grave
|-
| ễ || &amp;amp;#x1EC5; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and tilde
|-
| Ễ || &amp;amp;#x1EC4; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and tilde
|-
| ể || &amp;amp;#x1EC3; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and hook above
|-
| Ể || &amp;amp;#x1EC2; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and hook above
|-
| ě || &amp;amp;#x011B; || Latin small letter e with caron
|-
| Ě || &amp;amp;#x011A; || Latin capital letter E with caron
|-
| ë || &amp;amp;#x00EB; || Latin small letter e with umlaut
|-
| Ë || &amp;amp;#x00CB; || Latin capital letter E with umlaut
|-
| ẽ || &amp;amp;#x1EBD; || Latin small letter e with tilde
|-
| Ẽ || &amp;amp;#x1EBC; || Latin capital letter E with tilde
|-
| ė || &amp;amp;#x0117; || Latin small letter e with dot above
|-
| Ė || &amp;amp;#x0116; || Latin capital letter E with dot above
|-
| ȩ || &amp;amp;#x0229; || Latin small letter e with cedilla
|-
| Ȩ || &amp;amp;#x0228; || Latin capital letter E with cedilla
|-
| ḝ || &amp;amp;#x1E1D; || Latin small letter e with cedilla and breve
|-
| Ḝ || &amp;amp;#x1E1C; || Latin capital letter E with cedilla and breve
|-
| ę || &amp;amp;#x0119; || Latin small letter e with ogonek
|-
| Ę || &amp;amp;#x0118; || Latin capital letter E with ogonek
|-
| ē || &amp;amp;#x0113; || Latin small letter e with macron
|-
| Ē || &amp;amp;#x0112; || Latin capital letter E with macron
|-
| ḗ || &amp;amp;#x1E17; || Latin small letter e with macron and acute
|-
| Ḗ || &amp;amp;#x1E16; || Latin capital letter E with macron and acute
|-
| ḕ || &amp;amp;#x1E15; || Latin small letter e with macron and grave
|-
| Ḕ || &amp;amp;#x1E14; || Latin capital letter E with macron and grave
|-
| ẻ || &amp;amp;#x1EBB; || Latin small letter e with hook above
|-
| Ẻ || &amp;amp;#x1EBA; || Latin capital letter E with hook above
|-
| ȅ || &amp;amp;#x0205; || Latin small letter e with double grave
|-
| Ȅ || &amp;amp;#x0204; || Latin capital letter E with double grave
|-
| ȇ || &amp;amp;#x0207; || Latin small letter e with inverted breve
|-
| Ȇ || &amp;amp;#x0206; || Latin capital letter E with inverted breve
|-
| ẹ || &amp;amp;#x1EB9; || Latin small letter e with dot below
|-
| Ẹ || &amp;amp;#x1EB8; || Latin capital letter E with dot below
|-
| ệ || &amp;amp;#x1EC7; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and dot below
|-
| Ệ || &amp;amp;#x1EC6; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and dot below
|-
| ḙ || &amp;amp;#x1E19; || Latin small letter e with circumflex below
|-
| Ḙ || &amp;amp;#x1E18; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex below
|-
| ḛ || &amp;amp;#x1E1B; || Latin small letter e with tilde below
|-
| Ḛ || &amp;amp;#x1E1A; || Latin capital letter E with tilde below
|-
| ㋍ || &amp;amp;#x32CD; || Square erg
|-
| ㋎ || &amp;amp;#x32CE; || Square eV
|-
| ᴇ || &amp;amp;#x1D07; || Latin letter small capital E
|}

=== ǝ (schwa or turned e) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ǝ || &amp;amp;#x01DD; || Latin small letter turned e
|-
| Ǝ || &amp;amp;#x018E; || Latin capital letter reversed E
|-
| ᴲ || &amp;amp;#x1D32; || Modifier letter capital reversed E
|-
| ə || &amp;amp;#x0259; || Latin small letter schwa
|-
| Ə || &amp;amp;#x018F; || Latin capital letter schwa
|-
| ᵊ || &amp;amp;#x1D4A; || Modifier letter small schwa
|-
| ɚ || &amp;amp;#x025A; || Latin small letter schwa with hook
|}

===ɛ (epsilon)===
{| 
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɛ || &amp;amp;#x025B; || Latin small letter open e
|-
| Ɛ || &amp;amp;#x0190; || Latin capital letter open E
|-
| ℇ || &amp;amp;#x2107; || Euler constant
|-
| ᵋ || &amp;amp;#x1D4B; || Modifier letter small open e
|}

===ɘ (reversed e)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɘ || &amp;amp;#x0258; || Latin small letter reversed e
|}

===ɜ (reversed epsilon)===
{| 
! example !! entity !! name
| ɜ || &amp;amp;#x025C; || Latin small letter reversed open e
|-
| ᴈ || &amp;amp;#x1D08; || Latin small letter turned open e
|-
| ᵌ || &amp;amp;#x1D4C; || Modifier letter small turned open e
|-
| ɝ  || &amp;amp;#x025D; || Latin small letter reversed open e with hook
|}

===ɞ (reversed closed epsilon)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɞ || &amp;amp;#x025E; || Latin small letter closed reversed open e
|}

===ʚ (closed epsilon)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʚ || &amp;amp;#x029A; || Latin small letter closed open e
|}

===ɤ (rams horn)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɤ || &amp;amp;#x0264; || Latin small letter rams horn
|}

== F ==
===f===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| f || &amp;amp;#x0066; || Latin small letter f
|-
| ｆ || &amp;amp;#xFF46; || Fullwidth Latin small letter f
|-
| 𝐟 || &amp;amp;#x1D41F; || Mathematical bold small f
|-
| 𝑓 || &amp;amp;#x1D453; || Mathematical italic small f 
|-
| 𝒇 || &amp;amp;#x1D487; || Mathematical bold italic small f
|-
| 𝒻 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BB; || Mathematical script small f
|-
| 𝓯 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EF; || Mathematical bold script small f
|-
| 𝔣 || &amp;amp;#x1D523; || Mathematical Fraktur small f
|-
| 𝕗 || &amp;amp;#x1D557; || Mathematical double-struck small f
|-
| 𝖋 || &amp;amp;#x1D58B; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small f 
|-
| 𝖿 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BF; || Mathematical sans-serif small f
|-
| 𝗳 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F3; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small f
|-
| 𝘧 || &amp;amp;#x1D627; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small f
|-
| 𝙛 || &amp;amp;#x1D65B; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small f
|-
| 𝚏 || &amp;amp;#x1D68F; || Mathematical monospace small f
|-
| ⓕ || &amp;amp;#x24D5; || Circled Latin small letter f
|-
| F || &amp;amp;#x0046; || Latin capital letter F
|-
| Ｆ || &amp;amp;#xFF26; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter F
|-
| ℱ || &amp;amp;#x2131; || Script capital F
|-
| 𝐅 || &amp;amp;#x1D405; || Mathematical bold capital F
|-
| 𝐹 || &amp;amp;#x1D439; || Mathematical italic capital F
|-
| 𝑭 || &amp;amp;#x1D46D; || Mathematical bold italic capital F
|-
| 𝓕 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D5; || Mathematical bold script capital F
|-
| 𝔉 || &amp;amp;#x1D509; || Mathematical Fraktur capital F
|-
| 𝔽 || &amp;amp;#x1D53D; || Mathematical double-struck capital F
|-
| 𝕱 || &amp;amp;#x1D571; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital F
|-
| 𝖥 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A5; || Mathematical sans-serif capital F
|-
| 𝗙 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D9; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital F
|-
| 𝘍 || &amp;amp;#x1D60D; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital F
|-
| 𝙁 || &amp;amp;#x1D641; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital F
|-
| 𝙵 || &amp;amp;#x1D675; || Mathematical monospace capital F
|-
| Ⓕ || &amp;amp;#x24BB; || Circled Latin capital letter F
|-
| ḟ || &amp;amp;#x1E1F; || Latin small letter f with dot above
|-
| Ḟ || &amp;amp;#x1E1E; || Latin capital letter F with dot above
|-
| ℻ || &amp;amp;#x213B; || Facsimile sign
|-
| ﬀ || &amp;amp;#xFB00; || Latin small ligature ff
|-
| ﬃ || &amp;amp;#xFB03; || Latin small ligature ffi
|-
| ﬄ || &amp;amp;#xFB04; || Latin small ligature ffl
|-
| ﬁ || &amp;amp;#xFB01; || Latin small ligature fi
|-
| ﬂ || &amp;amp;#xFB02; || Latin small ligature fl
|-
| ㎙ || &amp;amp;#x3399; || Square fm
|-
| ʩ || &amp;amp;#x02A9; || Latin small letter feng digraph
|}

=== ƒ (hooked f) ===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƒ || &amp;amp;#x0192; || Latin small letter f with hook
|-
| Ƒ || &amp;amp;#x0191; || Latin capital letter F with hook
|}

== G ==
===g===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| g || &amp;amp;#x0067; || Latin small letter g
|-
| ｇ || &amp;amp;#xFF47; || Fullwidth Latin small letter g
|-
| ℊ || &amp;amp;#x210A; || Script small g
|-
| 𝐠 || &amp;amp;#x1D420; || Mathematical bold small g
|-
| 𝑔 || &amp;amp;#x1D454; || Mathematical italic small g
|-
| 𝒈 || &amp;amp;#x1D488; || Mathematical bold italic small g
|-
| 𝓰 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F0; || Mathematical bold script small g
|-
| 𝔤 || &amp;amp;#x1D524; || Mathematical Fraktur small g
|-
| 𝕘 || &amp;amp;#x1D558; || Mathematical double-struck small g
|-
| 𝖌 || &amp;amp;#x1D58C; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small g
|-
| 𝗀 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C0; || Mathematical sans-serif small g
|-
| 𝗴 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F4; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small g 
|-
| 𝘨 || &amp;amp;#x1D628; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small g
|-
| 𝙜 || &amp;amp;#x1D65C; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small g
|-
| 𝚐 || &amp;amp;#x1D690; || Mathematical monospace small g
|-
| ⓖ || &amp;amp;#x24D6; || Circled Latin small letter g
|-
| G || &amp;amp;#x0047; || Latin capital letter G
|-
| Ｇ || &amp;amp;#xFF27; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter G
|-
| 𝐆 || &amp;amp;#x1D406; || Mathematical bold capital G
|-
| 𝐺 || &amp;amp;#x1D43A; || Mathematical italic capital G
|-
| 𝑮 || &amp;amp;#x1D46E; || Mathematical bold italic capital G
|-
| 𝒢 || &amp;amp;#x1D4A2; || Mathematical script capital G
|-
| 𝓖 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D6; || Mathematical bold script capital G
|-
| 𝔊 || &amp;amp;#x1D50A; || Mathematical Fraktur capital G
|-
| 𝔾 || &amp;amp;#x1D53E; || Mathematical double-struck capital G
|-
| 𝕲 || &amp;amp;#x1D572; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital G
|-
| 𝖦 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A6; || Mathematical sans-serif capital G
|-
| 𝗚 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DA; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital G
|-
| 𝘎 || &amp;amp;#x1D60E; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital G
|-
| 𝙂 || &amp;amp;#x1D642; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital G
|-
| 𝙶 || &amp;amp;#x1D676; || Mathematical monospace capital G
|-
| Ⓖ || &amp;amp;#x24BC; || Circled Latin capital letter G
|-
| ᴳ || &amp;amp;#x1D33; || Modifier letter capital G
|-
| ᵍ || &amp;amp;#x1D4D; || Modifier letter small g
|-
| ǵ || &amp;amp;#x01F5; || Latin small letter g with acute
|-
| Ǵ || &amp;amp;#x01F4; || Latin capital letter G with acute
|-
| ğ || &amp;amp;#x011F; || Latin small letter g with breve
|-
| Ğ || &amp;amp;#x011E; || Latin capital letter G with breve
|-
| ĝ || &amp;amp;#x011D; || Latin small letter g with circumflex
|-
| Ĝ || &amp;amp;#x011C; || Latin capital letter G with circumflex
|-
| ǧ || &amp;amp;#x01E7; || Latin small letter g with caron
|-
| Ǧ || &amp;amp;#x01E6; || Latin capital letter G with caron
|-
| ġ || &amp;amp;#x0121; || Latin small letter g with dot above
|-
| Ġ || &amp;amp;#x0120; || Latin capital letter G with dot above
|-
| ģ || &amp;amp;#x0123; || Latin small letter g with cedilla
|-
| Ģ || &amp;amp;#x0122; || Latin capital letter G with cedilla
|-
| ḡ || &amp;amp;#x1E21; || Latin small letter g with macron
|-
| Ḡ || &amp;amp;#x1E20; || Latin capital letter G with macron
|-
| ㏿ || &amp;amp;#x33FF; || Square gal
|-
| ㎇ || &amp;amp;#x3387; || Square GB
|-
| ㎓ || &amp;amp;#x3393; || Square GHz
|-
| ㎬ || &amp;amp;#x33AC; || Square GPa
|-
| ㏉ || &amp;amp;#x33C9; || Square Gy
|-
| ɡ || &amp;amp;#x0261; || Latin small letter script g
|-
| ɢ || &amp;amp;#x0262; || Latin small capital letter G
|}

===ǥ (struck g)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ǥ || &amp;amp;#x01E5; || Latin small letter g with stroke
|-
| Ǥ || &amp;amp;#x01E4; || Latin capital letter G with stroke
|}

===ɠ (hooked g)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɠ || &amp;amp;#x0260; || Latin small letter g with hook
|-
| Ɠ || &amp;amp;#x0193; || Latin capital letter G with hook
|-
| ʛ || &amp;amp;#x029B; || Latin letter small capital G with hook
|}

===ɣ (gamma)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɣ || &amp;amp;#x0263; || Latin small letter gamma
|-
| Ɣ || &amp;amp;#x0194; || Latin capital letter gamma
|-
| ˠ || &amp;amp;#x02E0; || Modifier letter small gamma
|}

===ƣ (gha)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƣ || &amp;amp;#x01A3; || Latin small letter oi
|-
| Ƣ || &amp;amp;#x01A2; || Latin capital letter OI
|}

== H ==

===h===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| h || &amp;amp;#x0068; || Latin small letter h
|-
| ｈ || &amp;amp;#xFF48; || Fullwidth Latin small letter h
|-
| ◌ͪ || &amp;amp;#x036A; || Combining small letter h
|-
| ℎ || &amp;amp;#x210E; || Planck constant
|-
| 𝐡 || &amp;amp;#x1D421; || Mathematical bold small h
|-
| 𝒉 || &amp;amp;#x1D489; || Mathematical bold italic small h 
|-
| 𝒽 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BD; || Mathematical script small h
|-
| 𝓱 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F1; || Mathematical bold script small h
|-
| 𝔥 || &amp;amp;#x1D525; || Mathematical Fraktur small h
|-
| 𝕙 || &amp;amp;#x1D559; || Mathematical double-struck small h
|-
| 𝖍 || &amp;amp;#x1D58D; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small h
|-
| 𝗁 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C1; || Mathematical sans-serif small h
|-
| 𝗵 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F5; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small h
|-
| 𝘩 || &amp;amp;#x1D629; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small h
|-
| 𝙝 || &amp;amp;#x1D65D; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small h
|-
| 𝚑 || &amp;amp;#x1D691; || Mathematical monospace small h
|-
| ⓗ || &amp;amp;#x24D7; || Circled Latin small letter h
|-
| H || &amp;amp;#x0048; || Latin capital letter H
|-
| Ｈ || &amp;amp;#xFF28; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter H
|-
| ℋ || &amp;amp;#x210B; || Script capital H
|-
| ℌ || &amp;amp;#x210C; || Black-letter capital H
|-
| ℍ || &amp;amp;#x210D; || Double-struck capital H
|-
| 𝐇 || &amp;amp;#x1D407; || Mathematical bold capital H
|-
| 𝐻 || &amp;amp;#x1D43B; || Mathematical italic capital H
|-
| 𝑯 || &amp;amp;#x1D46F; || Mathematical bold italic capital H
|-
| 𝓗 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D7; || Mathematical bold script capital H
|-
| 𝕳 || &amp;amp;#x1D573; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital H
|-
| 𝖧 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A7; || Mathematical sans-serif capital H
|-
| 𝗛 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DB; ||  Mathematical sans-serif bold capital H
|-
| 𝘏 || &amp;amp;#x1D60F; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital H
|-
| 𝙃 || &amp;amp;#x1D643; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital H
|-
| 𝙷 || &amp;amp;#x1D677; || Mathematical monospace capital H
|-
| Ⓗ || &amp;amp;#x24BD; || Circled Latin capital letter H
|-
| ʰ || &amp;amp;#x02B0; || Modifier letter small h
|-
| ᴴ || &amp;amp;#x1D34; || Modifier letter capital H
|-
| ĥ || &amp;amp;#x0125; || Latin small letter h with circumflex
|-
| Ĥ || &amp;amp;#x0124; || Latin capital letter H with circumflex
|-
| ȟ || &amp;amp;#x021F; || Latin small letter h with caron
|-
| Ȟ || &amp;amp;#x021E; || Latin capital letter H with caron
|-
| ḧ || &amp;amp;#x1E27; || Latin small letter h with diaeresis
|-
| Ḧ || &amp;amp;#x1E26; || Latin capital letter H with diaeresis
|-
| ḣ || &amp;amp;#x1E23; || Latin small letter h with dot above
|-
| Ḣ || &amp;amp;#x1E22; || Latin capital letter H with dot above
|-
| ḩ || &amp;amp;#x1E29; || Latin small letter h with cedilla
|-
| Ḩ || &amp;amp;#x1E28; || Latin capital letter H with cedilla
|-
| ḥ || &amp;amp;#x1E25; || Latin small letter h with dot below
|-
| Ḥ || &amp;amp;#x1E24; || Latin capital letter H with dot below
|-
| ḫ || &amp;amp;#x1E2B; || Latin small letter h with breve below
|-
| Ḫ || &amp;amp;#x1E2A; || Latin capital letter H with breve below
|-
| ẖ || &amp;amp;#x1E96; || Latin small letter h with line below
|-
| ㏊ || &amp;amp;#x33CA; || Square ha
|-
| ㋌ || &amp;amp;#x32CC; || Square hg
|-
| ㏋ || &amp;amp;#x33CB; || Square HP
|-
| ㍱ || &amp;amp;#x3371; || Square hPa
|-
| ㎐ || &amp;amp;#x3390; || Square Hz
|-
| ʜ || &amp;amp;#x029C; || Latin letter small capital H
|}

===ƕ (hwair)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƕ || &amp;amp;#x0195; || Latin small letter hv
|-
| Ƕ || &amp;amp;#x01F6; || Latin capital letter hwair
|}

===ħ (struck h)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ħ || &amp;amp;#x0127; || Latin small letter h with stroke
|-
| ℏ || &amp;amp;#x210F; || Planck constant over two pi
|-
| Ħ || &amp;amp;#x0126; || Latin capital letter H with stroke
|}

===ɦ (hooked h)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɦ || &amp;amp;#x0266; || Latin small letter h with hook
|-
| ʱ || &amp;amp;#x02B1; || Modifier letter small h with hook
|}

===ɧ (hooked heng)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɧ || &amp;amp;#x0267; || Latin small letter heng with hook
|}

===ʻ (turned comma)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʻ || &amp;amp;#x02BB; || Modifier letter turned comma
|-
| ʽ || &amp;amp;#x02BD; || Modifier letter reversed comma
|}

== I ==

===i===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| i || &amp;amp;#x0069; || Latin small letter i
|-
| ｉ || &amp;amp;#xFF49; || Fullwidth Latin small letter i
|-
| ◌ͥ || &amp;amp;#x0365; || Combining Latin small letter i
|-
| ⅰ || &amp;amp;#x2170; || Small Roman numeral one
|-
| ℹ || &amp;amp;#x2139; || Information source
|-
| ⅈ || &amp;amp;#x2148; || Double-struck italic small i
|-
| 𝐢 || &amp;amp;#x1D422; || Mathematical bold small i
|-
| 𝑖 || &amp;amp;#x1D456; || Mathematical italic small i
|-
| 𝒊 || &amp;amp;#x1D48A; || Mathematical bold italic small i
|-
| 𝒾 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BE; || Mathematical script small i
|-
| 𝓲 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F2; || Mathematical bold script small i
|-
| 𝔦 || &amp;amp;#x1D526; || Mathematical Fraktur small i
|-
| 𝕚 || &amp;amp;#x1D55A; || Mathematical double-struck small i
|-
| 𝖎 || &amp;amp;#x1D58E; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small i
|-
| 𝗂 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C2; || Mathematical sans-serif small i
|-
| 𝗶 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F6; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small i
|-
| 𝘪 || &amp;amp;#x1D62A; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small i
|-
| 𝙞 || &amp;amp;#x1D65E; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small i
|-
| 𝚒 || &amp;amp;#x1D692; || Mathematical monospace small i
|-
| ⓘ || &amp;amp;#x24D8; || Circled Latin small letter i
|-
| I || &amp;amp;#x0049; || Latin capital letter I
|-
| Ｉ || &amp;amp;#xFF29; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter I
|-
| Ⅰ || &amp;amp;#x2160; || Roman numeral one
|-
| ℐ || &amp;amp;#x2110; || Script capital I
|-
| ℑ || &amp;amp;#x2111; || Black-letter capital I
|-
| 𝐈 || &amp;amp;#x1D408; || Mathematical bold capital I
|-
| 𝐼 || &amp;amp;#x1D43C; || Mathematical italic capital I
|-
| 𝑰 || &amp;amp;#x1D470; || Mathematical bold italic capital I
|-
| 𝓘 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D8; || Mathematical bold script capital I
|-
| 𝕀 || &amp;amp;#x1D540; || Mathematical double-struck capital I
|-
| 𝕴 || &amp;amp;#x1D574; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital I
|-
| 𝖨 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A8; || Mathematical sans-serif capital I
|-
| 𝗜 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DC; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital I
|-
| 𝘐 || &amp;amp;#x1D610; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital I
|-
| 𝙄 || &amp;amp;#x1D644; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital I
|-
| 𝙸 || &amp;amp;#x1D678; || Mathematical monospace capital I
|-
| Ⓘ || &amp;amp;#x24BE; || Circled Latin capital letter I
|-
| ᴵ || &amp;amp;#x1D35; || Modifier letter capital I
|-
| ⁱ || &amp;amp;#x2071; || Superscript Latin small letter i
|-
| ᵢ || &amp;amp;#x1D62; || Latin subscript small letter i
|-
| í || &amp;amp;#x00ED; || Latin small letter i with acute
|-
| Í || &amp;amp;#x00CD; || Latin capital letter I with acute
|-
| ì || &amp;amp;#x00EC; || Latin small letter i with grave
|-
| Ì || &amp;amp;#x00CC; || Latin capital letter I with grave
|-
| ĭ || &amp;amp;#x012D; || Latin small letter i with breve
|-
| Ĭ || &amp;amp;#x012C; || Latin capital letter I with breve
|-
| î || &amp;amp;#x00EE; || Latin small letter i with circumflex
|-
| Î || &amp;amp;#x00CE; || Latin capital letter I with circumflex
|-
| ǐ || &amp;amp;#x01D0; || Latin small letter i with caron
|-
| Ǐ || &amp;amp;#x01CF; || Latin capital letter I with caron
|-
| ï || &amp;amp;#x00EF; || Latin small letter i with diaeresis
|-
| Ï || &amp;amp;#x00CF; || Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
|-
| ḯ || &amp;amp;#x1E2F; || Latin small letter i with diaeresis and acute
|-
| Ḯ || &amp;amp;#x1E2E; || Latin capital letter I with diaeresis and acute
|-
| ĩ || &amp;amp;#x0129; || Latin small letter i with tilde
|-
| Ĩ || &amp;amp;#x0128; || Latin capital letter I with tilde
|-
| İ || &amp;amp;#x0130; || Latin capital letter I with dot above
|-
| į || &amp;amp;#x012F; || Latin small letter i with ogonek
|-
| Į || &amp;amp;#x012E; || Latin capital letter I with ogonek
|-
| ī || &amp;amp;#x012B; || Latin small letter i with macron
|-
| Ī || &amp;amp;#x012A; || Latin capital letter I with macron
|-
| ỉ || &amp;amp;#x1EC9; || Latin small letter i with hook above
|-
| Ỉ || &amp;amp;#x1EC8; || Latin capital letter I with hook above
|-
| ȉ || &amp;amp;#x0209; || Latin small letter i with double grave
|-
| Ȉ || &amp;amp;#x0208; || Latin capital letter I with double grave
|-
| ȋ || &amp;amp;#x020B; || Latin small letter i with inverted breve
|-
| Ȋ || &amp;amp;#x020A; || Latin capital letter I with inverted breve
|-
| ị || &amp;amp;#x1ECB; || Latin small letter i with dot below
|-
| Ị || &amp;amp;#x1ECA; || Latin capital letter I with dot below
|-
| ḭ || &amp;amp;#x1E2D; || Latin small letter i with tilde below
|-
| Ḭ || &amp;amp;#x1E2C; || Latin capital letter I with tilde below
|-
| ⅱ || &amp;amp;#x2171; || Small Roman numeral two
|-
| Ⅱ || &amp;amp;#x2161; || Roman numeral two
|-
| ⅲ || &amp;amp;#x2172; || Small Roman numeral three
|-
| Ⅲ || &amp;amp;#x2162; || Roman numeral three
|-
| ĳ || &amp;amp;#x0133; || Latin small ligature ij
|-
| Ĳ || &amp;amp;#x0132; || Latin capital ligature IJ
|-
| ㏌ || &amp;amp;#x33CC; || Square in
|-
| ㍺ || &amp;amp;#x337A; || Square iu
|-
| ⅳ || &amp;amp;#x2173; || Small Roman numeral four
|-
| Ⅳ || &amp;amp;#x2163; || Roman numeral four
|-
| ⅸ || &amp;amp;#x2178; || Small Roman numeral nine
|-
| Ⅸ || &amp;amp;#x2168; || Roman numeral nine
|-
| ı || &amp;amp;#x0131; || Latin small letter dotless i
|-
| ɪ || &amp;amp;#x026A; || Latin letter small capital I
|}

===ᴉ (turned i)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ᴉ || &amp;amp;#x1D09; || Latin small letter turned i
|-
| ᵎ || &amp;amp;#x1D4E; || Modifier letter small turned i
|}

===ɨ (struck i)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name 
|-
| ɨ || &amp;amp;#x0268; || Latin small letter i with stroke
|-
| Ɨ || &amp;amp;#x0197; || Latin capital letter I with stroke
|}

===ɩ (iota)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɩ || &amp;amp;#x0269; || Latin small letter iota
|-
| Ɩ || &amp;amp;#x0196; || Latin capital letter iota
|}

== J ==
===j===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| j || &amp;amp;#x006A; || Latin small letter j
|-
| ｊ || &amp;amp;#xFF4A; || Fullwidth Latin small letter j
|-
| ⅉ || &amp;amp;#x2149; || Double-struck italic small j
|-
| 𝐣 || &amp;amp;#x1D423; || Mathematical bold small j
|-
| 𝑗 || &amp;amp;#x1D457; || Mathematical italic small j
|-
| 𝒋 || &amp;amp;#x1D48B; || Mathematical bold italic small j
|-
| 𝒿 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BF; || Mathematical script small j
|-
| 𝓳 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F3; || Mathematical bold script small j
|-
| 𝔧 || &amp;amp;#x1D527; || Mathematical Fraktur small j
|-
| 𝕛 || &amp;amp;#x1D55B; || Mathematical double-struck small j
|-
| 𝖏 || &amp;amp;#x1D58F; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small j
|-
| 𝗃 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C3; || Mathematical sans-serif small j
|-
| 𝗷 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F7; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small j
|-
| 𝘫 || &amp;amp;#x1D62B; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small j
|-
| 𝙟 || &amp;amp;#x1D65F; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small j
|-
| 𝚓 || &amp;amp;#x1D693; || Mathematical monospace small j
|-
| ⓙ || &amp;amp;#x24D9; || Circled Latin small letter j
|-
| J || &amp;amp;#x004A; || Latin capital letter J
|-
| Ｊ || &amp;amp;#xFF2A; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter J
|-
| 𝐉 || &amp;amp;#x1D409; || Mathematical bold capital J
|-
| 𝐽 || &amp;amp;#x1D43D; || Mathematical italic capital J
|-
| 𝑱 || &amp;amp;#x1D471; || Mathematical bold italic capital J
|-
| 𝒥 || &amp;amp;#x1D4A5; || Mathematical script capital J
|-
| 𝓙 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D9; || Mathematical bold script capital J
|-
| 𝔍 || &amp;amp;#x1D50D; || Mathematical Fraktur capital J
|-
| 𝕁 || &amp;amp;#x1D541; || Mathematical double-struck capital J
|-
| 𝕵 || &amp;amp;#x1D575; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital J
|-
| 𝖩 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A9; || Mathematical sans-serif capital J
|-
| 𝗝 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DD; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital J
|-
| 𝘑 || &amp;amp;#x1D611; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital J
|-
| 𝙅 || &amp;amp;#x1D645; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital J
|-
| 𝙹 || &amp;amp;#x1D679; || Mathematical sans-serif monospace capital J
|-
| Ⓙ || &amp;amp;#x24BF; || Circled Latin capital letter J
|-
| ʲ || &amp;amp;#x02B2; || Modifier letter small j
|-
| ᴶ || &amp;amp;#x1D36; || Modifier letter capital J
|-
| ĵ || &amp;amp;#x0135; || Latin small letter j with circumflex
|-
| Ĵ || &amp;amp;#x0134; || Latin capital letter J with circumflex
|-
| ǰ || &amp;amp;#x01F0; || Latin small letter j with caron
|-
| ᴊ || &amp;amp;#x1D0A; || Latin letter small capital J
|}

===ʝ (crossed-tail j)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʝ || &amp;amp;#x029D; || Latin small letter j with crossed tail
|}

===ɟ (dotless struck j)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɟ || &amp;amp;#x025F; || Latin small letter dotless j with stroke
|}

===ʄ (dotless hooked and struck j)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʄ || &amp;amp;#x0284; || Latin small letter dotless j with stroke and hook
|}

== K ==

===k===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| k || &amp;amp;#x006B; || Latin small letter k
|-
| ｋ || &amp;amp;#xFF4B; || Fullwidth Latin small letter k
|-
| 𝐤 || &amp;amp;#x1D424; || Mathematical bold small k
|-
| 𝑘 || &amp;amp;#x1D458; || Mathematical italic small k
|-
| 𝒌 || &amp;amp;#x1D48C; || Mathematical bold italic small k
|-
| 𝓀 || &amp;amp;#x1D4C0; || Mathematical script small k
|-
| 𝓴 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F4; || Mathematical bold script small k
|-
| 𝔨 || &amp;amp;#x1D528; || Mathematical Fraktur small k
|-
| 𝕜 || &amp;amp;#x1D55C; || Mathematical double-struck small k
|-
| 𝖐 || &amp;amp;#x1D590; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small k
|-
| 𝗄 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C4; || Mathematical sans-serif small k
|-
| 𝗸 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F8; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small k
|-
| 𝘬 || &amp;amp;#x1D62C; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small k
|-
| 𝙠 || &amp;amp;#x1D660; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small k
|-
| 𝚔 || &amp;amp;#x1D694; || Mathematical monospace small k
|-
| ⓚ || &amp;amp;#x24DA; || Circled Latin small letter k
|-
| K || &amp;amp;#x004B; || Latin capital letter K
|-
| K || &amp;amp;#x212A; || Kelvin sign
|-
| Ｋ || &amp;amp;#xFF2B; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter K
|-
| 𝐊 || &amp;amp;#x1D40A; || Mathematical bold capital K
|-
| 𝐾 || &amp;amp;#x1D43E; || Mathematical italic capital K
|-
| 𝑲 || &amp;amp;#x1D472; || Mathematical bold italic capital K
|-
| 𝒦 || &amp;amp;#x1D4A6; || Mathematical script capital K
|-
| 𝓚 || &amp;amp;#x1D4DA; || Mathematical bold script capital K
|-
| 𝔎 || &amp;amp;#x1D50E; || Mathematical Fraktur capital K
|-
| 𝕂 || &amp;amp;#x1D542; || Mathematical double-struck capital K
|-
| 𝕶 || &amp;amp;#x1D576; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital K
|-
| 𝖪 || &amp;amp;#x1D5AA; || Mathematical sans-serif capital K
|-
| 𝗞 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DE; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital K
|-
| 𝘒 || &amp;amp;#x1D612; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital K
|-
| 𝙆 || &amp;amp;#x1D646; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital K
|-
| 𝙺 || &amp;amp;#x1D67A; || Mathematical monospace capital K
|-
| Ⓚ || &amp;amp;#x24C0; || Circled Latin capital letter K
|-
| ᴷ || &amp;amp;#x1D37; || Modifier letter capital K
|-
| ᵏ || &amp;amp;#x1D4F; || Modifier letter small k
|-
| ḱ || &amp;amp;#x1E31; || Latin small letter k with acute
|-
| Ḱ || &amp;amp;#x1E30; || Latin capital letter K with acute
|-
| ǩ || &amp;amp;#x01E9; || Latin small letter k with caron
|-
| Ǩ || &amp;amp;#x01E8; || Latin capital letter K with caron
|-
| ķ || &amp;amp;#x0137; || Latin small letter k with cedilla
|-
| Ķ || &amp;amp;#x0136; || Latin capital letter K with cedilla
|-
| ḳ || &amp;amp;#x1E33; || Latin small letter k with dot below
|-
| Ḳ || &amp;amp;#x1E32; || Latin capital letter K with dot below
|-
| ḵ || &amp;amp;#x1E35; || Latin small letter k with line below
|-
| Ḵ || &amp;amp;#x1E34; || Latin capital letter K with line below
|-
| ㎄ || &amp;amp;#x3384; || Square kA
|-
| ㎅ || &amp;amp;#x3385; || Square KB
|-
| ㎉ || &amp;amp;#x3389; || Square kcal
|-
| ㎏ || &amp;amp;#x338F; || Square kg
|-
| ㎑ || &amp;amp;#x3391; || Square kHz
|-
| ㏍ || &amp;amp;#x33CD; || Square KK
|-
| ㎘ || &amp;amp;#x3398; || Square kl
|-
| ㎞ || &amp;amp;#x339E; || Square km
|-
| ㏎ || &amp;amp;#x33CE; || Square KM capital
|-
| ㎢ || &amp;amp;#x33A2; || Square km squared
|-
| ㎦ || &amp;amp;#x33A6; || Square km cubed
|-
| ㎪ || &amp;amp;#x33AA; || Square kPa
|-
| ㏏ || &amp;amp;#x33CF; || Square kt
|-
| ㎸ || &amp;amp;#x33B8; || Square kV
|-
| ㎾ || &amp;amp;#x33BE; || Square kW
|-
| ㏀ || &amp;amp;#x33C0; || Square k ohm
|-
| ᴋ || &amp;amp;#x1D0B; || Latin letter small capital K
|}

===ƙ (hooked k)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƙ || &amp;amp;#x0199; || Latin small letter k with hook
|-
| Ƙ || &amp;amp;#x0198; || Latin capital letter K with hook
|}

===ʞ (turned k)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʞ || &amp;amp;#x029E; || Latin small letter turned k
|}

== L ==

===l===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| l || &amp;amp;#x006C; || Latin small letter l
|-
| ｌ || &amp;amp;#xFF4C; || Fullwidth Latin small letter l
|-
| ⅼ || &amp;amp;#x217C; || Small Roman numeral fifty
|-
| ℓ || &amp;amp;#x2113; || Script small l
|-
| 𝐥 || &amp;amp;#x1D425; || Mathematical bold small l
|-
| 𝑙 || &amp;amp;#x1D459; || Mathematical italic small l
|-
| 𝒍 || &amp;amp;#x1D48D; || Mathematical bold italic small l
|-
| 𝓁 || &amp;amp;#x1D4C1; || Mathematical script small l
|-
| 𝓵 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F5; || Mathematical bold script small l
|-
| 𝔩 || &amp;amp;#x1D529; || Mathematical Fraktur small l
|-
| 𝕝 || &amp;amp;#x1D55D; || Mathematical double-struck small l
|-
| 𝖑 || &amp;amp;#x1D591; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small l
|-
| 𝗅 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C5; || Mathematical sans-serif small l
|-
| 𝗹 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F9; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small l
|-
| 𝘭 || &amp;amp;#x1D62D; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small l
|-
| 𝙡 || &amp;amp;#x1D661; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small l
|-
| 𝚕 || &amp;amp;#x1D695; || Mathematical monospace small l
|-
| ⓛ || &amp;amp;#x24DB; || Circled Latin small letter l
|-
| L || &amp;amp;#x004C; || Latin capital letter L
|-
| Ｌ || &amp;amp;#xFF2C; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter L
|-
| Ⅼ || &amp;amp;#x216C; || Roman numeral fifty
|-
| ℒ || &amp;amp;#x2112; || Script capital L
|-
| 𝐋 || &amp;amp;#x1D40B; || Mathematical bold capital L
|-
| 𝐿 || &amp;amp;#x1D43F; || Mathematical italic capital L
|-
| 𝑳 || &amp;amp;#x1D473; || Mathematical bold italic capital L
|-
| 𝓛 || &amp;amp;#x1D4DB; || Mathematical bold script capital L
|-
| 𝔏 || &amp;amp;#x1D50F; || Mathematical Fraktur capital L
|-
| 𝕃 || &amp;amp;#x1D543; || Mathematical double-struck capital L
|-
| 𝕷 || &amp;amp;#x1D577; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital L
|-
| 𝖫 || &amp;amp;#x1D5AB; || Mathematical sans-serif capital L
|-
| 𝗟 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DF; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital L
|-
| 𝘓 || &amp;amp;#x1D613; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital L
|-
| 𝙇 || &amp;amp;#x1D647; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital L
|-
| 𝙻 || &amp;amp;#x1D67B; || Mathematical monospace capital L
|-
| Ⓛ || &amp;amp;#x24C1; || Circled Latin capital letter L
|-
| ˡ || &amp;amp;#x02E1; || Modifier letter small l
|-
| ᴸ || &amp;amp;#x1D38; || Modifier letter capital L
|-
| ĺ || &amp;amp;#x013A; || Latin small letter l with acute
|-
| Ĺ || &amp;amp;#x0139; || Latin capital letter L with acute
|-
| ľ || &amp;amp;#x013E; || Latin small letter l with caron
|-
| Ľ || &amp;amp;#x013D; || Latin capital letter L with caron
|-
| ļ || &amp;amp;#x013C; || Latin small letter l with cedilla
|-
| Ļ || &amp;amp;#x013B; || Latin capital letter L with cedilla
|-
| ḷ || &amp;amp;#x1E37; || Latin small letter l with dot below
|-
| Ḷ || &amp;amp;#x1E36; || Latin capital letter L with dot below
|-
| ḹ || &amp;amp;#x1E39; || Latin small letter l with dot below and macron
|-
| Ḹ || &amp;amp;#x1E38; || Latin capital letter L with dot below and macron
|-
| ḽ || &amp;amp;#x1E3D; || Latin small letter l with circumflex below
|-
| Ḽ || &amp;amp;#x1E3C; || Latin capital letter L with circumflex below
|-
| ḻ || &amp;amp;#x1E3B; || Latin small letter l with line below
|-
| Ḻ || &amp;amp;#x1E3A; || Latin capital letter L with line below
|-
| ŀ || &amp;amp;#x0140; || Latin small letter l with middle dot
|-
| Ŀ || &amp;amp;#x013F; || Latin capital letter L with middle dot
|-
| ǉ || &amp;amp;#x01C9; || Latin small letter lj
|-
| ǈ || &amp;amp;#x01C8; || Latin capital letter L with small letter j
|-
| Ǉ || &amp;amp;#x01C7; || Latin capital letter LJ
|-
| ㏐ || &amp;amp;#x33D0; || Square lm
|-
| ㏑ || &amp;amp;#x33D1; || Square ln
|-
| ㏒ || &amp;amp;#x33D2; || Square log
|-
| ʪ || &amp;amp;#x02AA; || Latin small letter ls digraph
|-
| ㋏ || &amp;amp;#x32CF; || Limited liability sign
|-
| ㏓ || &amp;amp;#x33D3; || Square lx
|-
| ʫ || &amp;amp;#x02AB; || Latin small letter lz digraph
|-
| ʟ || &amp;amp;#x029F; || Latin letter small capital L
|}

===ł (struck l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ł || &amp;amp;#x0142; || Latin small letter l with stroke
|-
| Ł || &amp;amp;#x0141; || Latin capital letter L with stroke
|-
| ᴌ || &amp;amp;#x1D0C; || Latin letter small capital L with stroke
|}

===ƚ (barred l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƚ || &amp;amp;#x019A; || Latin small letter l with bar
|}

===ɫ (tildate l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɫ || &amp;amp;#x026B; || Latin small letter l with middle tilde 
|}

===ɬ (belted l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɬ || &amp;amp;#x026C; || Latin small letter l with belt
|}

===ɭ (hooked l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɭ || &amp;amp;#x026D; || Latin small letter l with retroflex hook
|}

===ȴ (curled l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ȴ || &amp;amp;#x0234; || Latin small letter l with curl
|}

===ɮ (lezh)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɮ || &amp;amp;#x026E; || Latin small letter lezh
|}

===ƛ (struck lambda)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƛ || &amp;amp;#x019B; || Latin small letter lambda with stroke
|}

===ʎ (turned y)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʎ || &amp;amp;#x028E; || Latin small letter turned y
|}

== M ==

===m===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| m || &amp;amp;#x006D; || Latin small letter m
|-
| ｍ || &amp;amp;#xFF4D; || Fullwidth Latin small letter m
|-
| ◌ͫ || &amp;amp;#x036B; || Combining Latin small letter m
|-
| ⅿ || &amp;amp;#x217F; || Small roman numeral one thousand
|-
| 𝐦 || &amp;amp;#x1D426; || Mathematical bold small m
|-
| 𝑚 || &amp;amp;#x1D45A; || Mathematical italic small m
|-
| 𝒎 || &amp;amp;#x1D48E; || Mathematical bold italic small m
|-
| 𝓂 || &amp;amp;#x1D4C2; || Mathematical script small m
|-
| 𝓶 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F6; || Mathematical bold script small m
|-
| 𝔪 || &amp;amp;#x1D52A; || Mathematical Fraktur small m
|-
| 𝕞 || &amp;amp;#x1D55E; || Mathematical double-struck small m
|-
| 𝖒 || &amp;amp;#x1D592; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small m
|-
| 𝗆 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C6; || Mathematical sans-serif small m
|-
| 𝗺 || &amp;amp;#x1D5FA; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small m
|-
| 𝘮 || &amp;amp;#x1D62E; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small m
|-
| 𝙢 || &amp;amp;#x1D662; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small m
|-
| 𝚖 || &amp;amp;#x1D696; || Mathematical monospace small m
|-
| ⓜ || &amp;amp;#x24DC; || Circled Latin small letter m
|-
| M || &amp;amp;#x004D; || Latin capital letter M
|-
| Ｍ || &amp;amp;#xFF2D; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter M
|-
| Ⅿ || &amp;amp;#x216F; || Roman numeral one thousand
|-
| ℳ || &amp;amp;#x2133; || Script capital M
|-
| 𝐌 || &amp;amp;#x1D40C; || Mathematical bold capital M
|-
| 𝑀 || &amp;amp;#x1D440; || Mathematical italic capital M
|-
| 𝑴 || &amp;amp;#x1D474; || Mathematical bold italic capital M
|-
| 𝓜 || &amp;amp;#x1D4DC; || Mathematical bold script capital M
|-
| 𝔐 || &amp;amp;#x1D510; || Mathematical Fraktur capital M
|-
| 𝕄 || &amp;amp;#x1D544; || Mathematical double-struck capital M
|-
| 𝕸 || &amp;amp;#x1D578; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital M
|-
| 𝖬 || &amp;amp;#x1D5AC; || Mathematical sans-serif capital M
|-
| 𝗠 || &amp;amp;#x1D5E0; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital M
|-
| 𝘔 || &amp;amp;#x1D614; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital M
|-
| 𝙈 || &amp;amp;#x1D648; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital M
|-
| 𝙼 || &amp;amp;#x1D67C; || Mathematical monospace capital M
|-
| Ⓜ || &amp;amp;#x24C2; || Circled Latin capital letter M
|-
| ᴹ || &amp;amp;#x1D39; || Modifier letter capital M
|-
| ᵐ || &amp;amp;#x1D50; || Modifier letter small m
|-
| ḿ || &amp;amp;#x1E3F; || Latin small letter m with acute
|-
| Ḿ || &amp;amp;#x1E3E; || Latin capital letter M with acute
|-
| ṁ || &amp;amp;#x1E41; || Latin small letter m with dot above
|-
| Ṁ || &amp;amp;#x1E40; || Latin capital letter M with dot above
|-
| ṃ || &amp;amp;#x1E43; || Latin small letter m with dot below
|-
| Ṃ || &amp;amp;#x1E42; || Latin capital letter M with dot below
|-
| ㎧ || &amp;amp;#x33A7; || Square m over s
|-
| ㎨ || &amp;amp;#x33A8; || Square m over s squared
|-
| ㎡ || &amp;amp;#x33A1; || Square m squared
|-
| ㎥ || &amp;amp;#x33A5; || Square m cubed
|-
| ㎃ || &amp;amp;#x3383; || Square mA
|-
| ㏔ || &amp;amp;#x33D4; || Square mb small
|-
| ㎆ || &amp;amp;#x3386; || Square MB
|-
| ㎎ || &amp;amp;#x338E; || Square mg
|-
| ㎒ || &amp;amp;#x3392; || Square MHz
|-
| ㏕ || &amp;amp;#x33D5; || Square mil
|-
| ㎖ || &amp;amp;#x3396; || Square Ml
|-
| ㎜ || &amp;amp;#x339C; || Square mm
|-
| ㎟ || &amp;amp;#x339F; || Square mm squared
|-
| ㎣ || &amp;amp;#x33A3; || Square mm cubed
|-
| ㏖ || &amp;amp;#x33D6; || Square mol
|-
| ㎫ || &amp;amp;#x33AB; || Square MPa
|-
| ㎳ || &amp;amp;#x33B3; || Square ms
|-
| ㎷ || &amp;amp;#x33B7; || Square mV
|-
| ㎹ || &amp;amp;#x33B9; || Square MV mega
|-
| ㎽ || &amp;amp;#x33BD; || Square mW
|-
| ㎿ || &amp;amp;#x33BF; || Square MW mega
|-
| ㏁ || &amp;amp;#x33C1; || Square M ohm
|-
| ᴍ || &amp;amp;#x1D0D; || Latin letter small capital M
|}

===ɱ (hooked m)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɱ || &amp;amp;#x0271; || Latin small letter m with hook
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help talk:Goals</title>
    <id>697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4047</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-09T00:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Help talk:Goals moved to FrathWiki talk:About</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki talk:About]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vlad</title>
    <id>707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4073</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-08T03:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">☃</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vlad/Spelling</title>
    <id>708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4074</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-13T11:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Spelling System No. 1==
===Bad Example===
:There was movement at the station, for the word had passed around
:That the colt from old Regret had got away,
:And had joined the wild bush horses - he was worth a thousand pound,
:So all the cracks had gathered to the fray.
:
:Đê wəz mūvmnt æt đə stæiʃn, fô đə wĕd əd pâst əræun
:Đæt đə cołt frm ołd Rəgret əd got əwæi,
:Æn əd joind đə waiłd buʃ hôsəz - hī wəz wĕŧ ə ŧæuzn pæun,
:səu ôł đə cræcs əd gæđəd tə đə fræi.
{| border=1
| Letter
| Vlad's phones
| RP phoneme
|-
| Pp
| pʰ,p
| p
|-
| Tt
| tʰ,t
| t
|-
| Kk
| cʰ,c
| k
|-
| Bb
| b
| b
|-
| Dd
| d
| d
|-
| Gg
| ɡ
| ɡ
|-
| Cc
| kʰ,k
| k
|-
| ʼ
| ʔ
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Ff
| f
| f
|-
| Ťť (or perhaps Ŧŧ, Þþ)
| θ
| θ
|-
| s
| s
| s
|-
| Šš (or perhaps Ʃʃ)
| ʃ
| ʃ
|-
| Çç (or perhaps Ƕƕ)
| ç
| hj
|-
| Xx (or perhaps Ĥĥ,Ȟȟ,Ħħ)
| x
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Hh
| h,χ
| h
|-
| Vv
| v
| v
|-
| Ďď (or perhaps Đđ)
| ð
| ð
|-
| Zz
| z
| z
|-
| Žž (or perhaps Ƶƶ,Ʒʒ)
| ʒ
| ʒ
|-
| Čč (or perhaps tš/tʃ)
| tʃ
| tʃ,t
|-
| Jj
| dʒ
| dʒ,d
|-
| Mm
| m
| m
|-
| Nn
| n,ɱ
| n
|-
| Ņņ
| ɲ
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Ŋŋ (or perhaps Ňň)
| ŋ
| ŋ
|-
| Ww
| w
| w,ʍ
|-
| Yy
| j
| j
|-
| Ll
| l
| l
|-
| Łł (or perhaps Ľľ)
| ɫ
| l
|-
| Ļļ
| ʎ
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Ḓḓ (or perhaps Ḍḍ)
| ɾ
| t,d
|-
| Rr
| ɹ,ʋ̴
| r
|}
{| border=1
| Letter
| Vlad's phones
| RP phoneme
|-
| Īī
| iː,ɨː
| i
|-
| Ūū
| ʉː,yː
| u
|-
| Ii
| ɪ
| ɪ,ə
|-
| Îî
| ɪː
| ɪə,i
|-
| Uu
| ʊ,ʏ
| ʊ
|-
| Ûû
| ʊː
| ʊ
|-
| Ee (or perhaps Ɛɛ)
| e
| e
|-
| Êê
| eː
| eə
|-
| Oo (or perhaps Ɔɔ)
| ɔ
| ɒ
|-
| Ôô
| oː
| ɔː
|-
| Aa
| ɐ
| ʌ,ə
|-
| Ââ
| ɐː
| ɑ
|-
| Ææ
| æ,ɛ
| æ
|-
| Ǣǣ (Æ̂æ̂)
| æː
| æ
|-
| Əə
| ə
| ə
|-
| (Ə̂ə̂) (maybe Ĕĕ)
| ɜː
| ɜ
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Vlad</title>
    <id>709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34708</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T06:21:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epigraphist</username>
        <id>1233</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  Welcome to the wiki. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:03, 13 Sep 2004 (PDT)

Did you work on the proto-Klingon page?  Can you contact me : roger158 at msu.edu.  I'm involved in Klingon,too.

[[User:Epigraphist|Epigraphist]] 06:21, 31 July 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Races of Nother</title>
    <id>713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4079</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-27T11:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>134.169.20.16</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A list of the sentient races of the happentrack called [[Nother]], their descriptions and properties.

==Major races==
===Humans===
'''Humans''' are the most common race on Earth, thus of them little need be said; they are of negligible magical talent, and live the shortest lives: an average of 60 years in modern times, and a limit of about double that.  

===Demihumans===
The '''demihumans''' (or ''terras'' /ˈtɛrəs/, sg. and pl.) are second to humans in ubiquity.  Genetically they don't differ enough from humans to be considered a separate species; the greatest difference is their capacity for [[magic of Nother|magic]].  All normal demihumans can do illusionary magic to varying degrees, and many have additionally a talent of substantial magic.  This may contribute to their longer lifespans, an average of 75, a limit of about 150.

A demihuman's natural appearance ''can'' be purely human, though for the most part they bear any of a range of physical features on the human frame that distinguish them, the least of them being distinctive eye, hair, and skin colors; fur, or unusual hair patterns; short horns, ridges, and other protuberances; and unusual height or body proportions.  

===Rami===
The '''rami''' (/ˈrɑmi/, sg. and pl., variously spelled) are a nonhuman people, but roughly man-shaped; the most noticeable difference is the presence of a tail and wings.  The tail is prehensile; the wings manipulable but not powerful enough to enable actual flight.  Rami have no magical ability whatever; some claim them to lack imaginative faculties altogether, but this is disputed.  Rami live from 120 to 200 years.

Rami coloration varies similarly to human coloration, though instead of being along a basically peach–brown–dark-brown spectrum with other undertones, the basic colors are light-blue–blue-gray–dark-gray.

===Dragons===
The '''dragons''' are by nature polymorphs.  Their native form is draconic; they may assume easily a human or rami form, and for convenience that is generally how they present themselves.  They generally prefer the rami form, which retains more familiar anatomy.  They accumulate considerable substantive magic ability over the span of their lives.   They are solitary by nature, and have been known to live at least two hundred years.  

==Minor races==
*Trents
*Brownies
*Maccans (/məˈkæn/, /ˈmækən/)
*Griffins

==Preternatural† races==
(†for lack of a better word)
*Nightmare, or ''incubus''

[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother</title>
    <id>714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44866</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-24T04:29:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>x.x</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

==Languages of Nother==
*[[Atlantic]]
*[[Âdlantki]]
*[[Nother/Drake|Drake]]
*[[Kirumb]]
*[[Trentish]]

==Other articles==
*[[Races of Nother]]

[[Category:Nother]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Kirumb</title>
    <id>715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46378</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T21:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;|Kirumb (''Kirómbos'')
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
| Southeastern Europe
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timespan:
| 1st c. BC (?) to 500 AD 
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| —
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[List of language families|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[List of language families|classification]]:
|''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Kirumb'''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Âdlantki]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Atlantic]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lawngreen&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Author:
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|}

* Website: http://frath.net/kirumb
* Descendants: [[Âdlantki]], [[Atlantic]] (and others, not yet created)

* [[../Kirumb phonology|../Kirumb phonology]]
* [[../Kirumb lexicon|../Kirumb lexicon]]

&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;/&gt;
{{stub}}

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Nother]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag med.png</title>
    <id>716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31731</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:05:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Conflag med.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlang Flag</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang flag</title>
    <id>717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45996</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Christian Thalmann's original artwork of the Conlang flag at various sizes */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Conlang flag.svg|thumb|right|323px|The Conlang flag]]

The '''conlang flag''' consists of a rising sun behind a ziggurat or terraced tower.  The purple represents creativity, and the tower alludes to the [[wikipedia:Tower of Babel|Tower of Babel]] and to the never-ending building process involved in [[conlang]]ing.  

The flag was voted on by the members of the [[List of mailing lists|CONLANG]] mailing list in September [[2004]].  A rapid series of designs were created by many people, many iterating on earlier versions:  the design includes the suggestions of many.  

The final design was drawn by [[Christian Thalmann]].

{{stub}}

== Christian Thalmann's original artwork of the Conlang flag at various sizes ==

[[Image:Conflag big.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag big.png]]

[[Image:Conflag med.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag med.png]]

[[Image:Conflag sma.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag sma.png]]

[[Image:Conflag sim.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag sim.png]]

[[Image:Conflag dim.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag dim.png]]

[[Image:Conflag mic.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag mic.png]]

[[Image:Conflag thm.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag thm.png]]

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang flag</title>
    <id>718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43203</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-17T06:36:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Flag Creation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Now that's a pf**king cool flag!
That's really all I have to say. :) --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 07:51, 25 Sep 2004 (PDT)
That is amazing! The artist could easily sell merchandise with that, IMHO.  [[User:Dazi|Dazi]] 17:15, 11 Aug 2005 (PDT)

I like the flag a lot. It reminds me also of a path going towards the sun. --[[User:Imploder|Imploder]] 00:42, 25 August 2006 (PDT)

===Wikipedia link===
I put in the Wikipedia link to the Tower of Babel.  The double brackets were already there, but there was no link.  [[User:Caeruleancentaur|Charlie]] 12:11, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

:Absolutely. Well done! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:43, 26 May 2008 (UTC)


===Flag Creation===
Hey, I thought I'd put a note here about everyone that had a hand in creating the flag.  There were actually quite a number of us.

(1) A fellow named Adrian (I forget his last name, and he's since disappeared) is the one who came up with the idea for having a flag, and he handled all the voting and hosted the site that showcased the proposals.

(2) The idea for the sun in the background and the two color bars came from my flag (David Peterson), that was originally a black band on the bottom, sky blue on the top, and a rising sun in the middle with the Egyptian glyph for &quot;tongue&quot; in black in the middle of the sun.

(3) Sai Emrys came up with the idea of using purple and black, since that color combination wasn't used in any other flag.

(4) Jeffrey Henning came up with the idea of using the Tower of Babel on the flag.

(5) Someone specific (though I forget who) came up with the idea of separating the purple from the black with a yellow band.

(6) Someone else specific also came up with the idea of a curved ground rather than a flat ground.

(7) Christian Thalmann came up with the design combining all these elements, and the final ziggurat design (he improved it significantly from Jeffrey's first sketch).

Just thought I should make a note of this somewhere, as it was kind of a community-wide effort on the Conlang-L.  [[User:Dedalvs|Dedalvs]] 20:07, 28 January 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indo-European languages</title>
    <id>719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48973</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T19:02:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See also */ trimming</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Indo-European languages''' are a [[language family|family]] of several hundred [[language]]s and dialects (443 according to the [[SIL International|SIL]] estimate), including most of the major languages of [[Europe]], as well as many in West, Central and [[Southern Asia]]. Contemporary languages in this family include [[Hindi]], [[Bengali]], [[German]], [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Spanish]] (each with more than [[1 E8|100 million]] native speakers), as well as numerous smaller national or minority languages. Indo-European is the largest family of languages in the world today, with its languages spoken by approximately 3 billion native speakers; the second largest family of tongues is [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]. There are other, controversial supergroupings.

==Descendants==
Languages descended from [[Proto-Indo-European]].  

===Natural languages===
''Category:'' [[:Category:Indo-European natlangs|Indo-European natlangs]]
{| valign=top
|
* [[Albanian]]
* [[Armenian]]
* [[Greek]]
* [[Illyrian]]
* [[Messapic]]
* [[Phrygian]]
* [[Tocharian]]
* [[Thracian]]
* [[Venetic]]
|
* [[Anatolian languages]]
* [[Balto-Slavic languages]]
* [[Celtic languages]]
* [[Germanic languages]]
* [[Indo-Iranian languages]]
* [[Italic languages]]
|}
===Constructed languages===
* ''Category:'' [[:Category:Indo-European conlangs|Indo-European conlangs]]


==Classification==
The various subgroups of the [[Indo-European]] family include (in historical order of their first attestation):

* [[Anatolian languages]] &amp;mdash; earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the [[Hittites]].
* [[Indo-Iranian languages]], descending from a common ancestor, [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
**[[Indo-Aryan languages]], including [[Sanskrit]], attested from the 2nd millennium BC
**[[Iranian languages]], attested from roughly 1000 BC, including [[Avestan]], [[Kurdish]] and [[Persian]]
**[[Dardic languages]]
**[[Nuristani languages]]
* [[Greek language]] &amp;mdash; fragmentary records in [[Mycenaean]] from the 14th century BC; [[Homer]] dates to the 8th century BC. See [[Proto-Greek language]], [[History of the Greek language]].
* [[Italic languages]] &amp;mdash; including [[Latin]] and its descendants, the [[Romance languages]], attested from the 1st millennium BC.
* [[Celtic languages]] &amp;mdash; [[Gaulish]] inscriptions date as early as the 6th century BC; [[Old Irish]] texts from the 6th century AD, see [[Proto-Celtic language]]. 
* [[Germanic languages]] (including [[Old English language|English]]) &amp;mdash; earliest testimonies in [[runic]] inscriptions from around the 2nd century, earliest coherent texts in [[Gothic language|Gothic]], 4th century, see [[Proto-Germanic language]].
* [[Armenian language]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 5th century.
* [[Tocharian languages]] &amp;mdash; extinct tongues of the [[Tocharians]], extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
* [[Balto-Slavic languages]], believed by many Indo-Europeanists to derive from a common proto-language later than Proto-Indo-European, while others are skeptical and think that Baltic and Slavic are no more closely related than any other two branches of Indo-European.
** [[Slavic languages]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 9th century, earliest texts in [[Old Church Slavonic]].
** [[Baltic languages]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 14th century, and, for languages attested that late, they retain unusually many archaic features attributed to [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].
* [[Albanian language]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 15th century (1462); relations with Illyrian, Dacian, or Thracian proposed.

In addition to the classical ten branches listed above, there are several extinct languages, about which very little is known:
* [[Illyrian languages]] &amp;mdash; possibly related to Messapian or Venetic; relation to Albanian also proposed.
* [[Venetic language]] &amp;mdash; close to Italic.
* [[Liburnian language]] &amp;mdash; apparently grouped with Venetic.
* [[Messapian language]] &amp;mdash; not conclusively deciphered.
* [[Phrygian language]] &amp;mdash; language of ancient [[Phrygia]], possibly close to Greek, Thracian, or Armenian.
*[[Paionian language]] &amp;mdash; extinct language once spoken north of Macedon.
* [[Thracian language]] &amp;mdash; possibly close to Dacian.
* [[Dacian language]] &amp;mdash; possibly close to Thracian and Albanian.
* [[Ancient Macedonian language]] &amp;mdash; probably related to Greek, others propose relation to Illyrian, Thracian or Phrygian.
* [[Ligurian language]] &amp;mdash; possibly not Indo-European; possibly close to or part of Celtic

There were no doubt other Indo-European languages which are now lost without a trace. The fragmentary [[Raetian language]] cannot be classified with any certainty.

Further subfamilies have been suggested, among them [[Italo-Celtic]] and [[Graeco-Aryan]]. Neither of these is widely accepted. [[Indo-Hittite]] refers to the hypothesis that there is a significant separation between Anatolian and all the remaining groups.

===Satem and Centum languages===
[[Image:Centum Satem map.png|thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta]]/[[Abashevo culture|Abashevo]]/[[Srubna culture|Srubna]]  cultures).]]

The Indo-European sub-branches are often classified in a [[Satem]] and a [[Centum]] group. This is based on the varying treatments of the three original [[Velar consonant|velar]] rows. Satem languages lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds, and at the same time [[sibilant|assibilated]] the palatal velars. The centum languages, on the other hand, lost the distinction between palatal velars and pure velars. Thus, geographically, the  &quot;eastern&quot; languages are Satem (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, but not including Tocharian and Anatolian), and the &quot;western&quot; languages are Centum (Germanic, Italic, Celtic). The [[Satem-Centum isogloss]] runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (thought to be related by a number of scholars), with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features. Some scholars think that there may be some languages that classify neither as Satem nor as Centum (Anatolian, Tocharian, and possibly Albanian). It should be noted that the grouping does not imply a claim of [[monophyly]]: there never was a &quot;proto-Centum&quot; or a &quot;proto-Satem&quot;, but the sound changes spread by areal contact among already distinct post-PIE languages (say, during the 3rd millennium BC).

{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Image:IndoEuropeanTreeA.PNG|thumb|800px| Indo-European Language Tree]]
|}

===Suggested superfamilies===
Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages are part of a hypothetical [[Nostratic language]] superfamily, and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families, such as [[South Caucasian languages]], [[Altaic languages]], [[Uralic languages]], [[Dravidian languages]], [[Afro-Asiatic languages]]. This theory is controversial, as is the similar [[Eurasiatic languages|Eurasiatic]] theory of [[Joseph Greenberg]], and the [[Proto-Pontic]] of John Colarusso.

==History==
{| align=right
|[[Image:IE5500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language]] in the [[Kurgan]] framework]]
|-
|[[Image:IE4500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|mid-[[3rd millennium BC]] distribution]]
|-
|[[Image:IE3500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|mid [[2nd millennium BC]] distribution]]
|-
|[[Image:IE2500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|distribution around [[250 BC]]]]
|-
|[[Image:IE1500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire]] and [[Migrations period]] distribution]]
|-
|[[Image:IE0500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islam]]ic, [[Hungary|Hungarian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] expansions)]]
|}

''See also: [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], [[Historical linguistics]], [[Glottochronology]].''

The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was first proposed by  [[Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn]] in [[1647]], proposing their derivation from &quot;[[Scythian]]&quot;. However, the suggestions of van Boxhorn did not become widely known and were not pursued. The hypothesis was again proposed by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]], who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Persian]]. Systematic comparison of these and other old languages conducted by [[Franz Bopp]] supported this theory, and Bopp's ''Comparative Grammar'', appearing between [[1833]] and [[1852]] is considered the starting point of [[Indo-European studies]] as an academic discipline. 

The common ancestral (reconstructed) language is called  [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE). There is disagreement as to the original [[geography|geographic]] location (the so-called &quot;[[Urheimat]]&quot; or &quot;original homeland&quot;) from where it originated. There are two main candidates today: 
# the steppes north of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]] (see [[Kurgan]]) 
# [[Anatolia]] (see [[Colin Renfrew]]).
Proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis tend to date the proto-language to ca. [[4000 BC]], while proponents of Anatolian origin usually date it several millennia earlier, associating the spread of Indo-European languages with the Neolithic spread of farming (see [[Indo-Hittite]]).

===Kurgan hypothesis===
{{main|Kurgan hypothesis}}
The Kurgan hypothesis was originally suggested by [[Marija Gimbutas]] in the [[1950s]]. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, early PIE was spoken in the [[chalcolithic]] steppe cultures of the [[5th millennium BC]] between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Volga]].  

Currently, her theories do not hold credence with most reputable scholars. Ms. Gimbutas's so-called Kurgan peoples theory relies heavily on Kurgan burial mounds. Unfortunately, it is unproven that these so-called Kurgan peoples were ever members of the Indo-European culture-linguistic group. Precisely because '''known''' ancient Indo-European cultures, (i.e. the Indo-Aryans [people of India], the Greeks, Estruscan/Romans, and the ancient norse peoples), universally practiced '''cremation''' and '''not''' burial. This contradiction with known and recorded cultural practices of [[cremation]] amongst proven ancient, yet geographically diverse Indo-Europeans groups, casts doubt on the probability that the so-called Kurgan culture were Indo-European. With these caveats in mind, below is outlined Gimbutas' Kurgan hypothesis.

Timeline
*[[4500 BC|4500]]&amp;ndash;4000: '''Early PIE'''. [[Sredny Stog culture|Sredny Stog]], [[Dnieper-Donets culture|Dnieper-Donets]] and [[Samara culture|Sarama]] cultures, [[domestication of the horse]].
*[[4000 BC|4000]]&amp;ndash;3500: The [[Yamna culture]], the prototypical [[kurgan]] builders, emerges in the steppe, and the [[Maykop culture]] in the northern [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasus]]. [[Indo-Hittite]] models postulate the separation of [[Anatolian languages|Proto-Anatolian]] before this time.
*[[3500 BC|3500]]&amp;ndash;3000: '''Middle PIE'''. The Yamna culture is at its peak, representing the classical reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European society]], with [[Ukrainian stone stela|stone idols]], early two-wheeled proto-chariots, predominantly practicing [[animal husbandry]], but also with permanent settlements and [[hillfort]]s, subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers. Contact of the Yamna culture with late [[Neolithic Europe]] cultures results in the &quot;kurganized&quot; [[Globular Amphora culture|Globular Amphora]] and [[Baden culture|Baden]] cultures. The [[Maykop culture]] shows the earliest evidence of the beginning [[Bronze Age]], and bronze weapons and artefacts are introduced to Yamna territory. Probable early [[Satemization]].
*[[3000 BC|3000]]&amp;ndash;2500: '''Late PIE'''. The Yamna culture extends over the entire Pontic steppe. The [[Corded Ware culture]] extends from the [[Rhine]] to the [[Volga]], corresponding to the latest phase of Indo-European unity, the vast &quot;kurganized&quot; area disintegrating into various independent languages and cultures, still in loose contact enabling the spread of technology and early loans between the groups, except for the Anatolian and Tocharian branches, which are already isolated from these processes. The Centum-Satem break is probably complete, but the phonetic trends of Satemization remain active.
*[[2500 BC|2500]]&amp;ndash;2000: The breakup into the proto-languages of the attested dialects is complete. [[Proto-Greek]] is spoken in the [[Balkans]], [[Indo-Iranian languages|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] north of the Caspian in the [[Sintashta-Petrovka]] culture. The Bronze Age reaches [[Central Europe]] with the [[Beaker culture]], likely composed of various Centum dialects. [[Proto-Balto-Slavic]] (or alternatively, [[Proto-Slavic]] and [[Proto-Baltic]] communities in close contact) develops in north-eastern Europe. The [[Tarim mummies]] possibly correspond to proto-[[Tocharians]].
*[[2000 BC|2000]]&amp;ndash;1500: The [[chariot]] is invented, leading to the split and rapid spread of [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] from the [[Andronovo culture]] and the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] over much of [[Central Asia]], Northern [[India]], [[Iran]] and Eastern [[Anatolia]]. Proto-Anatolian is split into [[Hittite language|Hittite]] and [[Luwian]]. The pre-Proto-Celtic [[Unetice culture]] has an active metal industry ([[Nebra skydisk]]). 
*[[1500 BC|1500]]&amp;ndash;1000: The [[Nordic Bronze Age]] develops (pre-)[[Proto-Germanic]], and the (pre-)[[Proto-Celtic]] [[Urnfield]] and [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the [[Iron Age]].  [[Proto-Italic]] migration into the [[Italian peninsula]]. Redaction of the [[Rigveda]] and rise of the [[Vedic civilization]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Flourishing and decline of the [[Hittite Empire]]. The [[Mycenaean civilization]] gives way to the [[Greek Dark Ages]]. 
*[[1000 BC]]&amp;ndash;[[500 BC]]: The [[Celtic languages]] spread over Central and Western Europe. Northern Europe enters the [[Pre-Roman Iron Age]], the formative phase of [[Proto Germanic]]. [[Homer]] initiates Greek literature and early [[Classical Antiquity]]. The Vedic Civilization  gives way to the [[Mahajanapadas]]. [[Zoroaster]] composes the [[Gatha]]s, rise of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], replacing the [[Elamites]] and [[Babylonia]]. The [[Cimmerians]] ([[Srubna culture]]) are replaced by [[Scythians]] in the Pontic steppe. [[Armenians]] succeed the [[Urartu]] culture. Separation of Proto-Italic into [[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrian]] and [[Latin-Faliscan languages|Latin-Faliscan]], and foundation of [[Rome]]. Genesis of the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Old Italic alphabet|Old Italic]]  alphabets. A variety of [[Paleo-Balkan languages]] are spoken  in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are [[language death|extinct]].

===Competing hypotheses===
[[Colin Renfrew]] in [[1987]] suggested that the spread of Indo-European was associated with the [[Neolithic revolution]], spreading peacefully into Europe from [[Asia Minor]] from around [[7000 BC]] with the advance of farming (''wave of advance''). Accordingly, all of [[Neolithic Europe]] would have been Indo-European speaking, and the Kurgan migrations would at best have replaced Indo-European dialects with other Indo-European dialects.

[[Thomas Gamkrelidze]] and [[Vyacheslav V. Ivanov]] in [[1984]] placed the Indo-European homeland on [[Lake Urmia]]. They suggested that [[Armenian language|Armenian]] was the language which stayed in the Indo-European cradle while other Indo-European languages left the homeland. They are also the originators of the [[Glottalic theory]].

Some people have pointed to the [[Black Sea deluge theory]], dating the genesis of the [[Sea of Azov]] to ca. [[5600 BC]], as a direct cause of the Indo-European expansion. This event occurred in still clearly Neolithic times and is rather too early to fit with Kurgan archaeology. It may still be imagined as an event in the remote past of the [[Sredny Stog culture]], and the people living on the land now beneath the Sea of Azov as possible  pre-Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Other theories exist, often with a [[nationalism|nationalistic]] flavour, sometimes bordering on [[national mysticism]], typically positing the development ''in situ'' of the proponents' respective homes. One prominent example of such are the Indian theories that derive [[Vedic Sanskrit]] from the [[Indus valley civilization]], postulating that Vedic Sanskrit is essentially identical to Proto-Indo-European, and that all other dialects must ultimately trace back to the early Indus valley civilization of ca. 3000 BC. This theory is not widely accepted by scholars. See [[Indo-Aryan migration]] for a discussion. Another example may be the [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]] proposed by Italian theorists that derives Indo-European from the European [[Paleolithic]] cultures.

==Sound changes==
{{main|Indo-European sound laws}}
As the  Proto-Indo-European language broke up, its sound system diverged as well, according to various [[sound law]]s in the daughter languages. Notable among these are [[Grimm's law]] in [[Proto-Germanic]], loss of prevocalic ''*p-'' in [[Proto-Celtic]], loss of prevocalic ''*s-'' in [[Proto-Greek]], [[Brugmann's law]] in [[Proto-Indo-Iranian]], as well as [[Satemization]] treated above.  [[Grassmann's law]] and [[Bartholomae's law]] may or may not have been still common Indo-European.

==References==
* {{cite book | last = Watkins | first = Calvert | title = The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 0618082506 }}

* [[August Schleicher]], ''A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages'' (1861/62).

* Leszek Bednarczuk (red.), ''Języki indoeuropejskie''. PWN. Warszawa. 1986 (in Polish). &lt;!-- is this a book? --&gt;.

==See also==
* [[Language family]]
* [[Proto-Indo-European language]]
* [[List of Indo-European roots]]
* [[List of Indo-European languages]]
* [[List of languages]]

== External links ==
;Databases
* [http://www.indoeuropean.nl The Indo-European Database]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90017 IE language family overview (SIL)]
* [http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/group?id=4 Indo-European] at the  LLOW-database
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie.html Indo-European Documentation Center] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]

;Evolution
* [http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/indoeuropean.html The Evolution of the Indo-European Languages, by Dr. C. George Boeree].
* [http://www.HJHolm.de A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages] by Hans J. Holm
* [http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/psych/research/Evolution/Gray&amp;Atkinson2003.pdf Gray &amp; Atkinson, article on PIE Phylogeny]

;Lexicon
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html Indo-European Roots, from the American Heritage Dictionary].
* [http://www.geocities.com/protoillyrian Indo-European Root/lemmas] (by Andi Zeneli)

[[Category:Indo-European languages|*]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germanic languages</title>
    <id>720</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42423</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-30T19:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Norwegian and Swedish Back Vowel Chain Shift */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Sound Changes in Germanic Languages=
==Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic==
''These may not be 100% accurate.''
* ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ → k, g, gʰ

===[[Grimm's law]]===
*bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ → β, ð, ɣ, β/ɣ
*b, d, g, gʷ → p, t, k, kʷ/k
*p, t, k, kʷ → f, θ, x, xʷ

===[[Verner's law]]===
*f, θ, s, x, xʷ → β, ð, z, ɣ, ɣʷ (except initially or following IE stress)

===Vowel changes===
*aː → oː
*e → i
*eː → æː
*ei → iː
*eːi → eː (?)
*oi → ai
*oːi → oː (?)
*aːi → oː (?)
*eu → iu
*ou → au

==[[High German Consonant Shift]]==
This shift separates [[High German]] from other Germanic languages.
The 4 stages of the shift could be defined as follows:
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]],
# Geminated, [[Nasal|nasal]]-adjacent and [[Liquid|liquid]]-adjacent voiceless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Affricate|affricates]],
# Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
# All interdental fricatives (/[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ and /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /[[Voiced dental stop|d̻]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]/. &lt;br&gt;
The last stage was shared by [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]].

The shift occurred in the period before [[Old High German]] existed, and in fact was the marker of Old High German.

==English [[Great Vowel Shift]]==
The Great Vowel Shift is where the vowels of [[Middle English]] were raised or diphthongised (for already high vowels).  This is the difference between Middle English and [[Modern English]].

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
| '''Diphthong''' || aj || ||aw
|-
|  '''High''' || ↑ &lt;br&gt; i || || ↑ &lt;br&gt; u
|-
| '''Mid''' || ↑ &lt;br&gt; e || || ↑ &lt;br&gt; o
|-
| '''Low''' || ↑&lt;br&gt;æ || ←  a ||
|}

==Norwegian and Swedish Back Vowel Chain Shift==
The back vowel chain shift of Norwegian and Swedish has the long vowels raise, and in the case of the highest vowels, fronted towards /yː/.  It would look as follows:

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! Front Rd.
! Central
! Back
|-
|  '''High'''  || ʉ* ← || ← || ←  u
|-
| '''Mid-High'''  || || ||  ↑ &lt;br&gt;   o
|-
| '''Mid-Low''' || || ||  ↑ &lt;br&gt;   ɔ
|-
| '''Low'''  || || a  ↗ ||
|}
*This symbol is used to contrast it with the Nor./Swed. /y/ sound.
All vowels are Long.

==Danish Front Vowel Shift==

=Listing of Germanic Languages=
* [[West Germanic]]
** [[German]]
*** Stages of High German:
****[[Old High German]]
****[[Middle High German]]
****[[Early New High German]]
****[[New High German]] or Modern (Standard) German
*** Stages of Low German
**** [[Old Saxon]]
**** [[Middle Low Saxon]]
**** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German
** Stages of Dutch:
*** [[Old Dutch]]
*** [[Middle Dutch]]
*** [[Dutch]]
**Anglo-Frisian
***Stages of Frisian:
****[[Old Frisian]]
****[[Frisian]]
*** [[English]]
****Stages of English:
*****[[Anglo-Saxon]]
*****[[Middle English]]
*****[[Early Modern English]]
*****[[Modern English]]
******[[Scots]]
*[[North Germanic]]
**[[Old Norse]]
***[[Old West Norse]]
****[[Icelandic]]
****[[Norwegian]]
***[[Old East Norse]]
****[[Old Swedish]]
****[[Swedish]]
****[[Old Danish]]
****[[Danish]]
*[[East Germanic]]
**[[Gothic]]

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Source material]]
[[Category:Germanic natlangs|!]]
[[Category:Germanic conlangs|!]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Indo-European languages</title>
    <id>721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4086</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-27T08:35:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sound changes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sound changes from the thread at [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=1533&amp;postdays=0&amp;postorder=asc&amp;start=0 the ZBB] should probably be moved here under the appropriate languages, as they're a useful resource. I'll do so if I have time. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 01:35, 27 Sep 2004 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang relay</title>
    <id>722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36177</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T16:02:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix tense re: relay 15</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''conlang relay''' is a translation game involving conlangs.  It is similar to the game called by names such as Telephone or Chinese Whispers, where a message is whispered from person to person, often in the process being changed beyond recognition.  Instead of by whispers, in a relay the text is passed by translation:  it is translated from the conlang it is received in, into one's own conlang, and then passed to the next person to be translated.  The resulting text is generally much changed; a tendency noticed in early relays was for the original texts to mutate into creation myths.

[[Conlang Relay 15]] began on March 31st 2008; some of the results are already hosted here, others will be posted eventually.

==External links==
* [http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/relayrule.html Rules for the Conlang Relay Game]
* [http://www.valdyas.org/mailman/listinfo/relay CONLANG Translation Relay] — mailing list for organization of conlang relays
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay10/old_relays.html List of participants in previous relays] 
* [http://dedalvs.free.fr/relay/oldrelays.html David J. Peterson's list]  of old relays and their participants &amp;mdash; very complete up to Relay 14, LCC2 relay, and Inverse Relay #1
* [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/relay.cgi Preliminary Relay Scheduler] at [http://www.theiling.de/ Theiling Online]

===Former relays===
* [http://www.valdyas.org/irina/valdyas/taal/hanleni_halsen/relay.html Starlings' Song Translation Relay]
* [http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/bastrelay2.html Bast Relay Translation Game of 1999]  (Second Relay)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/http%3A//www.geocities.com/nicole_eap/onaila/relay/ Third Conlang Translation Relay] [Internet Archive]
* [http://www.geocities.com/laopooh/tsiressa/relay.html Tenth Anniversary Conlang Relay] (Fourth Relay)
* [http://www.valdyas.org/irina/relay5/ Fifth CONLANG Translation Relay]
* [http://nik_taylor.tripod.com/relay/ Sixth Conlang Translation Relay]
* [http://suzsoiz.free.fr/relay Relay 6.5]
* [http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay7/ Seventh Conlang Translation Relay] (incomplete)
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay8/relay.html Conlang Translation Relay 8]
* [http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ Conlang Relay 9]
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay10/index.html Conlang Relay 10/R]
* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/relay11/ Conlang Relay 11]
* [[Conlang Relay 12]]
* [http://www.conlang.info/relay/relay13.html Conlang Relay 13]
[[Category:Collaborations]] [[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hangraphy</title>
    <id>723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19219</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-14T02:39:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leon math</username>
        <id>270</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Characters */ italisice</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''This is a project anyone can contribute to.  Discuss changes on the [[Talk:Hangraphy|talk page]].''
----

Hangraphy (maybe 漢抓?) is a system for representing Indo-European roots with Han characters (漢字, ''hanzi'').  After having done so, we can add a kind of okurigana for inflections and such and we have a readymade scheme to represent all Indo-European languages.  Oversimplificated?  You betcha.

For an example, we can take the numbers, which are pretty basic.

{| cellpadding=5
| 1 || 一 || *oi-[no-] || en: ''one'', ru: ''один'', la: ''unus'', etc.
|-
| 2 || 二 || *dwo- || en: ''two'', es: ''dos'', grc: ''δύο'', ...
|-
| 3 || 三 || *tri- || en: ''three'', fr: ''trois'', de: ''drei'' ...
|-
| 4 || 四 || *kʷetwor- || en: ''four'', fr: ''quatre''
|-
| 5 || 五 || *penkʷe || en: ''five'', fr: ''cinq''
|-
| 6 || 六 || *(s)(w)eḱs || en: ''six'', fr: ''six''
|-
| 7 || 七 || *septem || en: ''seven'', fr: ''sept''
|-
| 8 || 八 || *oḱtō || en: ''eight'', fr: ''huit''
|-
| 9 || 九 || *newn || en: ''nine'', fr: ''neuf''
|-
| 10 || 十 || *deḱm || en: ''ten'', fr: ''dix''
|}

Since words get borrowed about so much, some diverse words in a language may be spelled with the same zi, e.g. 一 goes in English words derived from &quot;one&quot;, such as &quot;alone&quot; or &quot;only&quot;, but it also goes in words of Latin origin such as &quot;unique&quot; or &quot;union&quot;.

Of course some of these words inflect, so the Latin word for &quot;one&quot;, for example, won't just be 一, but perhaps something like 一us, 一a, 一um.
----
===Characters===
''I think a better approach would be to assign roots to each 字 first, and then flesh out the individual languages, rather than the other way around. The old stuff is still here, but commented out.'' --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 02:40, 8 Nov 2004 (PST)

:These assignments are not final - feel free to change if a better root fits.
{|
! zi !! root, ''meaning'' !! English !! Latin !! Greek !! Sanskrit !! notes
|-
| 一 || *oi-no-, ''one, unique'' || one, an, a || unus, una, unum
|-
| 二 || *dwo-, ''two'' || two || duo, duae
|-
| 三 || *trei-, ''three'' || three || tres, tria
|-
| 四 || *kʷetwer-, ''four'' || four || quattuor
|-
| 五 || *penkʷe, ''five'' || five || quinque
|-
| 六 || *s(w)eks, ''six'' || six || sex
|-
| 七 || *septm̥, ''seven'' || seven || septem
|-
| 八 || *oktō(u), ''eight'' || eight || octo
|-
| 九 || *newn̥, ''nine'' || nine || novem
|-
| 十 || *dekm̥, ''ten'' || ten || decem
|-
| 百 || *km̥-tom, ''hundred'' || hund[red] || centum || || ||  *''Is this unfair to the langs who form their hundred another way? Are there any?''
|-
| 男 || *wī-ro-, ''man'' || were[wolf] || vir
|-
| 女 || *gʷen-, ''woman'' || queen; quean || || gyne; gynaik-
|-
| 人 || *man-¹, ''man'' || man 
|-
| 土 || *dhghem-, ''earth'' || '''OE''' guma || humus; homo || || मनुः (manuḥ)
|-
| 不 || *no-, ''no''，''not'' || || || ||
|}

[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Hangraphy</title>
    <id>724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17182</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-07T05:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eritain</username>
        <id>280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unresolved Issues */ multiple reflexes of one root with different pronunciations: propose minimal furigana</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==OLD Issues==
*Will borrowed words from hanzi-using languages be written as in that language, like 大君 for ''tycoon''?
*:I should expect so.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:15, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*What do we do about concepts that differ between European and Asian langauges? There are hanzi for both ''older brother'' and ''younger brother'' while IE only has one, and there's no hanzi to distinguish ''cow'' from ''bull''. ''I'm working from Japanese; there may be other characters in use in other languages.''
*:Well, *gwou- appears to not be gender-specific to start with, so it could just use　牛.   Family terms may be a problem, we may just have to choose a &quot;nearby&quot; character arbitrarily and claim [[semantic drift]].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:15, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
* I disagree with the usage of 男 and 女. For hero, there is the perfectly good 英 (Japanese: ei; Mandarin: ying1). For queen, there's 妃 (Japanese: kisaki; Mandarin: fei1) [primarily used for princess in Japanese though]. We could invent some, for instance, by composing 女皇, or we could use digraphs like Japanese; for instance, 明日 does not decompose into anything (in contrast to, say, something like 神風).
*:The roots of hero and queen originally had the basic meaning of &quot;man&quot; and &quot;woman&quot;. So there. :) --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 07:47, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*Japanese has no word for &quot;in&quot;, expressing it as &quot;at the middle of&quot;. Is there a 字 we could use for it?
*:Hmm, there's 在, which is Chinese basically for &quot;is located at/in&quot;.  Prepositions may be another rough spot.  However maybe we could some of the 字 that stand for locations that Japanese doesn't use prepositions for ''as'' prepositions (though probably not 中, which could maybe stand better for *medhyo, En. middle, La. medium, Grc. mesos). —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:08, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
Out of the choices for *al- [old] that were put up, I suspect &quot;老&quot; would be the better choice, as its meaning from what I can tell is closest to the original (something like &quot;grow [old]&quot;).   Besides &quot;'''ol'''d&quot; and &quot;'''al'''tus&quot; it also shows up in &quot;'''al'''umnus&quot;, &quot;ad'''ol'''escent&quot;, &quot;ad'''ul'''t&quot;, etc.    [If not actually another character entirely? hmm...]

古 seems more likely for, say, *sen-, la: &quot;senex&quot;, whence senior, senate, etc. (though for such a simple character maybe it should go to a more common root)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:24, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*In Japanese, 古 (mostly) refers to the age of objects, not people, so I don't think it would be appropriate for senex. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 22:37, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*Thirteen is three-ten, and thirty is thrice-ten. How do we distinguish pairs like these? It looks like this'll produce a whole lot of homographs. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 01:58, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
**I like the word you coin for this. I suggest we fix this by writing down the infix, like in Japanese, ao(i)mori (green forest) vs. Aomori (place name). Maybe something like 三十 and 三回十 (or 三次十, or even 三ice十) (Granted, none of those will even look natural in Chinese or Japanese, the very fact is that they are ordering the morphememes in reverse is bad enough) - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 04:59, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*:The -ty is not the same &quot;ten&quot; as |ten| is.  It's from a Germanic element *tigu- (which may or may not be related) meaning something like &quot;decad, group of ten&quot; so we might use a separate character such as 拾 or perhaps better 什.  [Similar goes for like Latin, where -gint- marks decads and -decim teens].
==Unresolved Issues==
*Are there appropriate characters for prefixes and suffixes? A feminine suffix for ''regina'' and ''vixen'' would be useful, but not nearly as useful as the various suffixes Latin uses.
*:A lot of the prefixes are just the regular prepositions, so we could use their 字 for them...—[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:08, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*:Suffixes will be harder, as a lot of them outside a few basic ones like *-no- and *-to- they're pretty locally focussed.  For example the suffix of ''vixen'' (*-i(:)n-) doesn't appear to be the same suffix as that of ''regina'' (originally *-niH2-, apparently)... For suffixes, then, perhaps we can break the root-correspondence and go for functional correspondence instead (but that'll mean establishing a standard set of correspondences, and finding a way to handle synonymous suffixes...)... Either that or just spell suffixes out.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:08, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*How do we distinguish between a native word and a borrowed word using the same character? Will they be distinguished at all?
*:Hmm.  We could use a kind of furigana/ruby to spell out the word... or maybe use a 字 that represents the source language as determiner/disambiguator?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:15, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*::Yeah, English in particular is going to have the onyomi/konyomi problem in spades. I recall a proposal (can't find it now) to use (optionally brush-stroke-styled) futhorc for okurigana. It would work for furigana, too, and it's an appealing proposal. But I wouldn't want to spell out every reading in full. I suggest minimal phonetic disambiguation. Let's take for an example ''break/frac-/frag-/-fring-/'' and kin. Assume (I haven't checked) that in English overall, ''break'' is the most common reflex. Then, in standard orthography, it gets the bare character. (Well, OK. Actually, some of the senses of ''brake'' count here too: sheet-metal brakes and canebrakes are cognate with ''break,'' but vehicular brakes are not. So we'll need to sample a corpus, see what fraction of ''brake'' citations have those senses, and adjust the frequency counts to inflate the frequency of ''break'' and deflate ''brake'' accordingly.) Maybe ''frac-'' is next, so we write it with the character plus a ruby ''f''; and then ''frag-'' with ''f,'' possibly a filler symbol, and ''g''. By the time we get down to ''frangible'' and ''infringe,'' we've added the ''n'' and a vowel character, and then we hit ''friable,'' where we spell the root ''fr'' and use a symbol that means there are '''not''' other unwritten consonants, but that we are spelling the reading out in full. Of course, that's the generic public-schools-and-newspapers standard; a scientific journal might adopt a house style guide that says ''frac-'' or ''frag-'' is written without ruby, and require a ''b'' for ''break;'' likewise a tort law publication would surely write ''infringe'' without annotating it every time. There's one other problem with this, which is the spelling of vowels; vowel systems of English dialects vary like mad even before you try to spell them with an orthography (like futhorc or Roman letters) that reflects an archaic form of the system. It's not such a problem for ''frangible'' and ''infringe,'' but there could easily be some IE root that has two reflexes in English that differ only in vowel, and whose vowels are pronounced very differently in different dialects. We could adopt the heavy approach, which is to declare or create a reference dialect and spell the vowels according to it, or we could adopt a lighter approach: Repurpose the vowel runes as vowel-quality runes that mean 'front,' 'back,' 'high,' 'low,' 'tense,' 'lax,' or what have you. (Faking up, of course, a fairly mnemonic pairing so that the 'i' rune means either 'high' or 'front', etc.) Then we write these pairs with minimal indication of the necessary contrast, and let each reader render the particulars of the vowel according to dialect. I think this is much prettier, more flexible, and more Han-like (Hanly? Hannish?) than trying to explicitly render the full pronunciation from one reference dialect would be. [[User:Eritain|Eritain]] 21:07, 6 December 2006 (PST)
*What's to be done about words that replace the original IE stem? If 犬 is to be English ''hound'', then what will ''dog'' be?
*What about taboo forms?

===-to- suffix===

For the suffix *-to-, which in most languages (except, um, Greek) represents a completed action, I suggest maybe 了, which in Chinese forms a similar function (marking perfective aspect).   So for example en: &quot;right&quot; and la: &quot;rect(us)&quot; would be 「王了」.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:35, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*I'm not sure, but I'm guessing this developed into the Latin perfect participle. What about the thematic vowel? Would that be written, or considered part of the root? That would be nice, as it makes the conjugations appear a lot more orderly. :) --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 22:05, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
::Yeah, it's the participle.  It's also the English participle and past tense in -ed, and also the ordinal number marker -th: 四了 = fourth/quart(us), and 十了 = tenth/tithe...  I think we can get away with dropping the stem vowel when there's no (or little) ambiguity, but it may become a problem later... that and ablaut.  It seems all fine to add letters to the end of a word but they don't look the same in the middle.  We may have to import [[wikipedia:Bopomofo|Bopomofo]] or some such. ;)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:44, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)
::: Where do you get your information? :) I feel like I'm missing out. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 08:09, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)
:::: My main sources are Calvert Watkins, ''American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots'' (much of which is available online, [http://bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html]),
:::: Andrew Sihler, ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin'',
:::: and Julius Pokorny, ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (whose data is  at http://www.indoeuropean.nl/ )  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:22, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*Won't it look a bit odd, having all those English verbs of Latin origin ending with -ate written as though they were pas tense? And then reduplicating for the real past tense? Ugh.. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 23:24, 4 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*:Perhaps... I guess that's what we get for borrowing so many verbs in participle form :|  
*:For cleanliness' sake, isn't there a 字 that indicates the previous sign be doubled?  々, I believe.  We could use that for reduplication too, maybe.
*:Hmm, the basic sense of &quot;了&quot; is &quot;perfect&quot;, which is something that is basically default in English anyway: imperfects (&quot;progressives&quot;) are marked specially, with -ing.  Thus e.g. 予(na)了 &quot;donate&quot; doesn't get used in any imperfect constructions:  only in things like &quot;I donate [regularly]&quot; (habitual), &quot;[If] I donate&quot; (irrealis), and &quot;I [will/should/like to] donate&quot; (infinitive).  If it was past, we'd have &quot;予(na)了々&quot; (it will look like a &quot;rule&quot; that verbs in -了 take a ppl in -々)  or &quot;(was) 予(na)了ing&quot;.  So it mightn't look ''too'' odd, except in the case of verbs that have 了-less homographs....   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:19, 5 Oct 2004 (PDT)

=== Synonyms ===

What to do with all the synonyms? There are probably 5+ roots meaning &quot;to shine&quot;; I can't use the same hanzi for all of them! -- [[User:Ran|Ran]] 13:52, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)

:There are synonymous and near-synonymous hanzi as well.  Kanjidic has at least ten 字 with a gloss of at least &quot;shine&quot; as well: 輝照耀陽暉曄焜煥煕熈...  Ideally we'd pick 字 that have in their use connotations similar to those that show in their descendent words, though this mayn't always be possible.
:Note also that PIE meanings, though usually given pretty definitely, are somewhat flexible as well.  For example the basic form given for a root is a verb, although many are used just as much so for nouns as well (which means that even a &quot;verb&quot; root doesn't need to be spelled with a &quot;verb&quot; 字).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:13, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)


Thinking of breathing life into this again..perhaps there's a better way of going about the assignment of 字 to roots? --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 03:03, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

:(Yeah, lack of action I partly blame on myself; I haven't been in a creative way at all lately, whether for conlangs or otherwise...)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:34, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

==Kokuji==
Would it be going to far to create our own 字? I was thinking for dog (and OE docga) we could have 犬 (hound) with some phonetic on the side. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 04:42, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

:Hmm, I don't know.  Does unicode have a method for building 字 this way?  Or would they be all divided online?  (I suggest 狗, btw.)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:34, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

::I'm not sure. But if there is a way, there probably aren't any fonts that do it anyway... There is combining grapheme joiner (034F). :shrugs:--[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 21:49, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

::Kind of -- there's the &quot;Ideographic Description Characters&quot; block at U+2FF0-U+2FFF which has metacharacters for things such as &quot;character composed of two characters side-by-side&quot; etc. -- [[User:Pne|pne]] 09:30, 10 July 2006 (PDT)

And so 犬狗 = hound-dog. Let's hear it for redundancy! :-P

== Archived stuff ==

Older content that may or may not be superseded:

{|
! !! IE !! Meaning !! English !! Latin !! Greek
|-
| 至 || *ad- || ''to, near, at'' || at || ad
|-
| 驅 / 趕 || *ag- || ''to drive, draw, move'' || || ag(o), ag(ere), eg(i), ac(tus)
|-
| 日 || *agh- || ''a day (considered as a span of time)'' || day, daw(n) (d- is a bit suss)
|-
| 田 || *agro- || ''field'' (probably derivative of *ag-) || acre || ager, agr(i)
|-
| 擁 || *aik- || ''to be master of, possess'' || ough(t), owe, ow(n)
|-
| 襲 ? || *aim- || ''copy'' || || aem(ulus); im(itor), im(itari), im(itatus)
|-
| 欲 || *ais- || ''to wish, desire'' || as(k)
|-
| 壽 ? || *aiw-, ayu- || ''vital force, life, long life, eternity'' || ? || aev(um); ae(tas); ae(ternus) || (→eon)
|-
| 鋒 || *ak- || ''sharp'' || egg (''to egg on''), ha(mmer)?  || ac(us); ac(er), ac(ris), ac(re)
|-
| 水 || *akʷ-ā- || ''water'' || is(land) || aqu(a)
|-
| 另 || *al- || ''beyond'' || o(ther), el(se)|| il(le)?; ul(s), ul(tra); al(ter); al(ius) || (→allo-)
|-
| 育 || *al- || ''to grow, nourish'' || ol(d), el(der) || al(tus); al(mus); al(o), al(ere), al(ui), al(tus)
|-
| 全 || *al- || ''all'' || all, al(beit), al(ready), al(so), al(though), al(ways)
|-
| 白 || *albho- || ''white'' || elf? || alb(us)
|-
| 幻 ? || *alu- || ''in words related to sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication'' || ale
|-
| 圍 || *ambhi, m̥bhi || ''around'' (probably *ant-bhi, ''from both sides'') || ? || amb(io); amb(ulo)|| (→amphi-) 
|-
| || *an- || ''on'' || on
|-
| 気 || *anə- || ''spirit/breath, to breathe'' || || ani(mus); ani(mal); (''ha''lo &amp;lt; *ans-lo-?) || ἄνεμος
|-
| 緊 || *angh- || ''tight, painfully constricted, painful''
|-
| 鬼 ? || *ansu- || ''spirit, demon''
|-
| 前 || *ant- || ''front, forehead''
|-
| 離 || *apo-, ap- || ''off, away''
|-
| 合 || *ar-, arə- || ''to fit together''
|-
| 爍 || *arg- || ''to shine, white; the shining or white metal, silver''
|-
| 燃 ？ || *as- || ''to burn, glow''
|-
| 行 / 年 || *at- || ''to go; with germanic and latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as &quot;the period gone through, the revolving year&quot;)''
|-
| 火 || *āter- || ''fire''
|-
| 覺 || *au- || ''to perceive''
|-
| 增 || *aug- || ''to increase''
|-
| 耀 || *aus- || ''to shine''
|-
| 金 || *aus- || ''gold'' [may be same root as 耀 *aus- shine] || || aurum || 
|-
| 禽 / 鳥 / 隹 || *awi- || ''bird''
|-
| 伯 / 叔 / 舅 || *awo- || ''an adult male relative other than one's father''
|-
| 朝 || *ayer- || ''day, morning''
|-
| 銅 || *ayes- || ''a metal, copper or bronze''
|-
| 杖 || *bak- || ''staff used for support''
|-
| 強 || *bel- || ''strong''
|-
| 耀 ? || *bhā- || ''to shine''
|-
| 曰 / 云 || *bhā- || ''to speak''
|-
| || *bha-bhā- || ''broad bean''
|-
| 好 / 良 || *bhad- || ''good''
|-
| 分 || *bhag- || ''to share out, apportion, also to get a share''
|-
| 臂 || *bhāgu- || ''arm''
|-
| 柏 || *bhāgo- || ''beech tree''
|-
| 鬚 || *bhardh-ā- || ''beard''
|-
| 麥 || *bhares-, bhars- || ''barley''
|-
| 擊 || *bhau- || ''to strike''
|-
| 奔 || *bhegʷ- || ''to run''
|-
| 蜂 || *bhei- || ''a bee''
|-
| || *bheid- || ''to split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to 
hunting) and woodworking''
|-
| 信 || *bheidh- || ''to trust, confide, persuade''
|-
| 耀 ? || *bhel- || ''to shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors''
|-
| 脹 || *bhel- || ''to blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity''
|-
| 花 || *bhel- || ''flower, thrive, bloom'' || ''bloo''m, ''blo''ssom, [blood] || ''flo''s, ''fol''ium || φύλλον 
|-
| 膨 || *bhelgh- || ''to swell''
|-
| 繫 / 束 / 縛 || *bhendh- || ''to bind''
|-
| 負 / 孕 || *bher- || ''to carry; also to bear children''
|-
| || *bher- || ''bright, brown''
|-
| 亮 || *bherəg- || ''to shine; bright, white''
|-
| 隱 || *bhergh- || ''to hide, protect''
|-
| 高 || *bhergh- || ''high; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts''
|-
| 呼 / 吸 || *bhes- || ''to breathe''
|-
| 覺 / 察 || *bheudh- || ''to be aware, to make aware''
|-
| 存 / 生 || *bheuə-, bheu || ''to be, exist, grow''
|-
| 彎 || *bheug- || ''to bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects''
|-
| 吹 || *bhlē- || ''to blow''
|-
| 溢 || *bhleu- || ''to swell, well up, overflow''
|-
| 裸 || *bhoso- || ''naked''
|-
| 兄 / 弟 || *bhrāter- || ''brother, male agnate''
|-
| 斷 || *bhreg- || ''to break''
|-
| 沸 || *bhreu-, bhreuə-, bhreəu- || ''to boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing''
|-
| 眉 || *bhrū- || ''eyebrow''
|-
| 分 || *dā- || ''to divide''
|-
| 分 || *dail- || ''to divide''
|-
| || *daiwer- || ''husband's brother''
|-
| 涙 || *dakru- || ''tear'' || lacri(ma) || δάκρυ(ον)
|-
| 此 / 是 || *de- || ''demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs''
|-
| 顯 / 宣 || *deik- || ''to show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects''
|-
| 納 || *dek- || ''to take, accept''
|-
| 十 || *dekm || ''ten''
|-
| 右 || *deks- || ''right (opposite left); hence, south (from the viewpoint of one facing east)'' || || dex(ter) || δεξ(ιός)
|-
| 長 || *del- || ''long''
|-
| 計 / 數 || *del- || ''to recount, count''
|-
| 戶 || *dem- || ''house, household''
|-
| || *demə- || ''to constrain, force, especially to break in (horses)''
|-
| 学 || *dens- || ''learn, use one's mind'' || || || δάω (*dnso:) &quot;learn&quot;, redupl. δι-''δάσκ''ω (→ didact-) &quot;teach&quot;
|-
| 歯 || *dent- || ''tooth''
|-
| 剝 || *der- || ''to split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather''
|-
| 䁐 ? || *derk- || ''to see'' || || (draco) || δρᾰκών, δέρκομαι
|-
| 堅 / 木 || *deru-, dreu- || ''to be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses &quot;wood&quot;, tree&quot; and derivatives referring to objects made of wood''
|-
| 缺 || *deu- || ''to lack, be wanting''
|-
| || *deu- || ''to do, perform, show favor, revere''
|-
| 久 || *deuə-, dwaə || ''long (in duration)''
|-
| 領 || *deuk- || ''to lead''
|-
| 置 || *dhē- || ''to set, put''
|-
| 暖 || *dhegʷw- || ''to burn, warm''
|-
| 吮 || *dhē(i)- || ''to suck''
|-
| 建 / 築 || *dheigh- || ''to form, build''
|-
| 支 || *dher- || ''to hold firmly, support''
|-
| 勇 || *dhers- || ''to venture, be bold''
|-
| 示 / 祭 ? || *dhēs- || ''root of words in religious concepts''
|-
| 流 || *dheu- || ''to flow'' || dew
|-
| 死 / 亡 || *dheu- || ''to die'' || dea(d), dea(th), die
|-
| 深 / 虛 || *dheub-, dheubh- || ''deep, hollow'' || deep
|-
| 成 ? || *dheuə- || ''to close, finish, come full circle'' (probably related to *dheu-, ''to die'') || tow(n) || fu(nus)
|-
| 造 || *dheugh- || ''to produce something of utility'' || ? || || (teukhos)
|-
| 土 || *dhghem- || ''earth'' || ? || hum(us); hom(o), hom(inis) || (khthon)
|-
| 昨 || *dhgh(y)es- || ''yesterday'' || yes(terday)
|-
| 插 / 修 ? || *dhīgʷ- || ''to stick, fix'' || dig? || fig(o), fig(ere), fixi=fic(si), fixus=fic(sus); fi(bula)
|-
| || *dhreg- || ''to draw, glide'' || drink, drench, drow(n)
|-
| 驅 || *dreibh- || ''to drive, push; snow'' || drive, drove
|-
| 落 || *dhreu- || ''to fall, flow, drip, droop'' || drea(ry), dro(p), droo(p) || || (thruptein)
|-
| 女 / 閨 / 娘 || *dhugəter- || ''daughter''
|-
| 門 || *dhwer- || ''door, doorway'' (usually plural) || door || for(as); for(is); for(um) || (thura)
|-
| (play) 玩 / 耍 / 嬉 || *dlegh- || ''to engage oneself'' || play || ''maybe'' (in)dulg(eo)
|-
| 舌 || *dn̥ghū- || ''tongue'' || tongue || lingu(a)
|-
| 給 / 予 || *dō- || ''to give'' || || d(o), d(are), de-d(i), d(atus) || (didonai, dosis, doron)
|-
| 惡 || *dus- || ''bad, evil, mis-'' (derivative of *deu-, to lack) || || || (→dys-)
|-
| 二 || *dwo- || ''two'' || two, twe(lve), twe(lfth) || du(o), bi(s), bi(ni) || (duo)
|-
| 神 || *dyeu- || ''to shine (and in many derivatives &quot;sky, heaven, god&quot;)'' || Tue(sday) || di(es); de(us); div(us); di(s), di(tis); div(es), div(itis); Iup(piter), Iov(is); Iu(lius) || (Zeus, delos)
|-
| 食 || *ed- || ''to eat'' (original meaning &quot;to bite&quot;) || eat || ed(o), ed(ere), ed(i), ed(itus); (pran)d(ium) ''first meal''
|-
| 居 || *es- || ''to be'' || a(m), is; ye(s) || es(se), s(um), es, es(t), s(umus), es(tis), s(unt) || (einai)
|-
| 空 || *euH2- || ''empty; to give out, lack, leave'' || wane, want || ''va''n(us), ''va''c(are), ''va''st(us) || 
|-
| 來 || *gʷā-, gʷem- || ''to go, to come'' || come, (wel)come, (be)come || ven(ire) || (bainein)
|-
| 貝 || *ko(n)kho- || ''shell[fish]'' ||  –  || coc(h)lea  || ''κόγχ''ος, ''κόχλ''ος 
|-
| 犬 || *k'won- || ''dog'' || hound || canis || κύων
|-
| 左   || *laiwo- || ''left'' ||  || laevus || λαιός
|-
| 月 || *me:-n- || ''moon, month'' || moon, month || mensis || men, mene || μείς, μήνη
|-
| 無 || *ne || ''not''
|-
| 口  || *ōs- || ''mouth'' || || os, oris || 
|-
| 休 || *paus- || ''cease, stop, leave [behind]'' ||  || ''paus''a (from grc): || παύω 
|-
| 火 || *peH2wr || ''fire'' || fire ||  — || πῦρ, pyro-
|-
| 吸 || *pneu- || ''breath(e)'' || sneeze, snore, sneer || || πνέω, πνοή, πνεῦμα
|-
| 矯 / 王 ? || *reg- || ''to move in a straight line'', with derivatives meaning ''to direct in a straight line, lead, rule'' || righ(t)=矯了; rake (also ''rajah, maharajah'' from Sanskrit) || reg(o), reg(ere), rexi=rec(si), rec(tus)=矯了us; rex=rec(s); reg(ula); rog(o), rog(are), rog(are), rog(avi), rog(atus)=矯了us ''Homograph Alert!'' || (oregein)
|-
| 見 || *spek- || ''see, observe, examine'' || spy || specere, species || σκέπτομαι, σκοπός
|-
| 響 / 音 / 聲 || *swen- || ''to make sound'' || [swan] || ''son''o, ''son''are;  sonus=音us || —
|-
| 下 || *upo- || ''down, below, under'' || up [!] || sub || ὑπό, hypo-
|-
| 看 || *weid- || ''to see, know'' || wit, wi(se)=見了 || vid(eo), vid(ere), vid(i), vi(sus)
|-
| 勝 / 克 || *weik- || ''to fight, conquer'' || || vinc(o), vinc(ere), vic(i), vic(tus)=勝了us
|}

{|
! !! IE !! English !! Latin !! Greek !! German !! Mandarin Chinese !! Japanese
|-
| 生 || *seuH- [give birth] || so(n) || || || Soh(n) || shēng || じょう
|-
| 飲 || *peH₃(i)- [drink] || || po(tus), bi-b(o) || πόσ(ις), πί(νω) || || yǐn || の(む)
|-
| 耳 || *H₂eus- || ear || aur(is) || οὖς || Ohr || ěr || みみ
|-
| 目 || *okʷ- ||  eye || oc(ulus) || || Auge || mù || め
|-
| 父 || *pH₂ter- || father || pater, patr(is) || || Vater || fù || ちち
|-
| 魚 || *peisk- || fish || pisc(is) || || Fisch || yú || さかな
|-
| 制 / 法 / 規 || *yewes- [law] || || ius, iur(is), ius(tus) || || || zhì / fǎ / guī
|-
| 地 || *lendh- || land || || || Land || dì || ち
|-
| 男 / 雄 || *wiH-ro (or *Hner-?) [male] || (were-) || vir ||  || || nán / xióng || ひと
|-
| 女 / 雌 || *gʷenH- [female] || (queen) ||  || γυνή || || nǚ / cí || おんな
|-
| 中 || *medhi- || mid, midd(le) || medi(us) || || || zhōng || なか
|-
| 母 || *maH₂ter- || mother || mater, matr(is) || μήτηρ || Mutter || mǔ || はは
|-
| 鼠 || *mūs- || mouse || mus, mur(is) || μυς || Maus || shǔ || ねずみ
|-
| 雪 || *sneigʷh- || snow || nix=nic(s), niv(is) || *νίψ (νίφα) || Schnee || xuě || ゆき
|-
| 水 || *akʷa- [water] || is(land) || aqu(a) || || || shuǐ || みず
|-
| 濕 || *wed- || wat(er), wet, wint(er), hyd(ro)- || und(a) || hud(ōr) &lt;!-- I need to learn me some Greek.. --&gt; || Wass(er) || shī || しめ(る)
|-
| 冬 || *ghei-/*ghiems [winter] ||  || hiem(s), hiem(is) || || || dōng || ふゆ
|-
| 風 || *H₂weH₁-(nt)- || wind || vent(us) || || || fēng || かぜ
|-
| 狼 || *wlkʷ- || wolf || lup(us) || λύκ(ος) || Wolf || láng || おおかみ
|-
| 狐 || *wlp-e:- [fox] || || vulp(es) || ἀλώπηξ || || hú || きつね
|-
| 牛 || *gʷou- || cow || bo(s, -vis) || βοῦς || Kuh || niú ||うし
|-
| 古 / 老 / 高 || *al-(t-) || old, (eld) || alt(us) || || || gǔ / lǎo / gāo || ふる(い), お[い(る)], たか(い)
|- 
| 蜜 || *melit- [honey] || (mildew) || mel (mulsus) || μέλι || || mì || みつ
|-
| 雨　|| *reg- || rain || rig(are) || || regen || yǔ || あめ
|-
| 圓 / 丸　|| *wel- [round]  || || vol(vere) || ἕλ(ιξ) || || yuán / wán || まる（い）
|-
| 王 || *reg- [king, rule, right] || right || rex, reg(num), reg(ula) || || Reich || wáng ||  おう
|}

===English Words===
{|
| 男狼 || werewolf || *wiro-wl̥kʷo
|-
| 男育了 || world || *wiro-al²-to
|}

===Latin Words===
{|
| 飲飲o, 飲飲re, 飲飲i, 飲飲了us || bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus
|-
| 食ibilis || edibilis
|-
| 父icius || patricius
|-
| 魚ina || piscina
|-
| 飲io || potio
|-
| 飲to, 飲tare, 飲tavi, 飲tatus || poto, potare, potavi, potatus
|}

== New Additions ==

I added a few French words and will continue if you guys have no complaints. [[User:Eosp|Eosp]] 21:07, 19 February 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Copyright</title>
    <id>725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4090</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-05T22:52:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>clarifying license</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unless otherwise stated, this work is licensed under a $1.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of conlangs</title>
    <id>726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46803</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T15:16:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conlangs on FrathWiki */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Conlangs on FrathWiki ==

{{DPL from category
  | category=Conlangs
  | heading==Conlangs on FrathWiki listed alphabetically=
  | namespace=
  | columns=3
  | exclude category=Meta-pages
  | exclude category 1=Theory
  | exclude category 2=Concultures
  | exclude category 3=Vocabulary
  | exclude category 4=For deletion
}}

{{DPL from category by category
  | category=Conlangs
  | heading==Conlangs on FrathWiki listed by subcategories and crosscategories=
  | namespace=
  | notopcategory=1
  | exclude category=Meta-pages
  | exclude category 1=Theory
  | exclude category 2=Concultures
  | exclude category 3=Vocabulary
  | exclude category 4=For deletion
}}

==Conlangs on other wikis==
*[[Conlangcity:Interlecto|Interlecto]]
*[[LFNwiki:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]
*[[Conlangcity:Tokcir|Tokcir]], the New Generation Language
*[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Romanslavic Romanslavic] on Conlang.Wikia

==Conlangs on other sites==
*Mercator's [http://www.xapia.com/andanese/index.php Andanese]
*Ahribar's [http://www.geocities.com/zarathustra47/conlang.html Arêndron]
*Arthaey Angosii's [http://arthaey.mine.nu:8080/~arthaey/conlang/ Asha'ille]
*Eddy the Great's [http://terp.bravehost.com/conworld/tpconlang.html Bp&amp;#664;x&amp;#8217;ã&amp;#816;àókxá&amp;#816;]
*[http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html Brithenig]
*Matt Arriola's [http://z500.8m.net/conlangs/index.html Igur, Noth, Erog, Seduk]
*[http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ithkuil/ Ithkuil]
*[http://www.kli.org/ Klingon]
*K. Willis' [http://home.comcast.net/~kent.willis/site/ Calineg]
*[http://www.eskimo.com/~ram/Latejami/ Latejami] (''formerly Ladekwa, Latenkwa, Nasendi and Katanda'')
*[http://lingwadeplaneta.info/en/index.shtml/ Lingwa de Planeta]
*[http://www.lojban.org/ Lojban]
*Maknas' [http://www.xapia.com/serakus/language/malknarh/grammar.html Malknarh]
*Maknas' [http://www.xapia.com/serakus/language/mekhael/grammar.html Mekhael]
*[http://www.petercrisci.com/petaylish Petaylish]
*[http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling]'s [http://www.theiling.de/conlang/s7/ Qthyn|gai]
*[http://www.tokipona.org/ Toki Pona]
*'''Mark Rosenfelder's Verduria'''
::''Taëse''
:::''Eastern'' &amp;#8212; [http://www.zompist.com/eastern2.html Proto-Eastern]
::::''Karazi''
:::::''Cuzeian''
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/cuezi.htm Cuêzi]
::::''Central''
:::::''Ca&amp;#271;inor''
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/native.htm Ca&amp;#271;inor]
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/verdurian.htm Verdurian]
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/bara.htm Barakhinei]
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/ismain.htm Ismaîn]
::::''Axunaic''
::::*[http://www.zompist.com/axunashin.htm Axuna&amp;#353;in]
:::::''Modern Axunaic''
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/xurnash.htm Xurná&amp;#353;]
::::''[http://www.zompist.com/naviu.htm Naviu]''
::::''[http://www.zompist.com/chia.htm &amp;#268;ia-&amp;#352;a]''
:::''Monkhayic''
::::''Me&amp;#357;aiun''
::::*[http://www.zompist.com/kebreni.htm Kebreni]
:::''Wede:i-Mei''
:::*[http://www.zompist.com/wedei.html Wede:i]
::''Non-Human''
::*[http://www.zompist.com/elkaril.htm Elkarîl]
::*[http://www.zompist.com/flaidish.htm Flaidish]

:''This list is incomplete.  Please add to it.''

[[Category:Conlangs|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latin Pinyin</title>
    <id>727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18069</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T00:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>status: abandoned</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center;&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;| Author
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|-
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;| Status
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;abandoned&lt;/span&gt; (2004)
|}

[[Chinese]], literally Romanized:  a method for spelling Mandarin roughly as if it were [[Latin]].

This Romanization is lossy:  several Chinese phonemes may correspond to one Latin spelling.  Additionally, tone is not indicated.  The main impetus for this system was a way to Latinize Chinese names.

==General correspondences==
===Initials===
{|
! pinyin !! Latin !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; !! pinyin !! Latin !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; !! pinyin !! Latin !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; !! pinyin !! Latin
|-
| ''b'' || '''p''' || || ''p'' || '''ph''' || || ''m'' || '''m''' || || ''f'' || '''f'''
|-
| ''d'' || '''t''' || || ''t'' || '''th''' || || ''n'' || '''n'''	|| || ''l'' || '''l'''	
|-
| ''g'' || '''c''' || || ''k'' || '''ch''' || || ''h'' || '''h'''	
|-
| ''j'' || '''c(i)''' || || ''q'' || '''ch(i)''' || || ''x'' || '''s(i)'''
|-
| ''z'' || '''z''' || || ''c'' || '''s''' || || ''s'' || '''s'''	
|-
| ''zh'' || '''t(i)''' || || ''ch'' || '''th(i)''' || || ''sh'' || '''s(i)''' || || ''r'' || '''z'''&amp;dagger;	
|}

&amp;dagger; &quot;'''R'''&quot; might be keepable for ''r'', but I don't know if the ''r'' is a sound a Latin-speaker would hear as '''r'''.

* Aspirated consonants are spelled with &quot;h&quot;, extending the convention already used for [[Greek]].  
* Many of the sibilants fall together to the Latin ear.  
* The &quot;(i)&quot;s drop before ''i'', ''y'', and diphthongs beginning with ''u''.  If you were using ''j'' (not common these days) it would be used here instead of ''i''.

===Finals===
{| 
|               || ''i'' '''i''' || ''u'' '''u''' || ''ü'' '''y'''
|-
| ''a'' '''a''' || ''ia'' '''ia''' || ''ua'' '''ua'''
|-
| ''o'' '''o''' ||                 || ''uo'' '''uo'''
|-
| ''e'' '''e''' || ''ie'' '''ie''' ||              || ''üe'' '''ue'''
|-
| ''er'' '''er'''
|-
| ''ai'' '''ae''' ||               || ''uai'' '''uae'''
|-
| ''ei'' '''ei''' (i?) ||          || ''uei'' (=''ui'') '''uei''' (ui?)
|-
| ''ao'' '''au''' || ''iao'' '''iau''' 
|-
| ''ou'' '''ou''' (u?) || ''iou'' (=''iu'') '''iou''' (iu?)
|-
| ''an'' '''en''' || ''ian'' '''ien''' || ''uan'' '''uen''' || ''üan'' '''yen'''
|-
| ''en'' '''in'''	|| ''in''  '''in''' || ''uen'' (=''un'') '''uen''' || ''ün'' '''yn'''
|-
| ''ang'' '''an(g/c)''' || ''iang'' '''ian(g/c)''' || ''uang'' '''uan(g/c)'''
|-
| ''eng'' '''en(g/c)''' || ''ing'' '''in(g/c)''' || ''ueng'' '''uen(g/c)'''
|-
| ''ong'' '''on(g/c)''' || ''iong'' '''ion(g/c)'''
|}

* The (g/c) is something I'm not certain of.  Certainly &quot;ng&quot; ''could'' always be spelled out (and certainly sometimes it was used: e.g., [[wikipedia:la:Sungteius|Sungteius]] == [[wikipedia:Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi Emperor]]).  Myself I'd prefer a ''c'' to go before unvoiced consonants (thus at least ''-nct-'', ''-nch-''), if not actually dropped altogether before consonants (''-nt-'') — ''h'' not counting as a consonant here.    If it ''must'' be kept it should at least be dropped before aspirates, combinations such as ''-cth-'' being an Abhomination against Nature.

==Special correspondences==

{|
| ''zi'' '''z''' ||  ''ci'' '''s''' || ''si'' '''s'''
|-
| ''zhi'' '''t(i)''' || ''chi'' '''th(i)''' || ''shi'' '''s''' || ''ri'' '''z'''
|-
| ''ju'' '''cy''' || ''jue'' '''cye''' || ''juan'' '''cyen''' || ''jun'' '''cyn'''
|-
| ''qu'' '''chy''' || ''que'' '''chye''' || ''quan'' '''chyen''' || ''qun'' '''chyn'''
|-
| ''xu'' '''sy''' || ''xue'' '''sye''' || ''xuan'' '''syen''' || ''xun'' '''syn'''
|-
| ''yu'' '''y''' || ''yue'' '''ye''' || ''yuan'' '''yen''' || ''yun'' '''yn'''
|-
| ''ya'' '''ia''' || ''ye'' '''ie''' || ''yao'' '''iau''' || ''you'' '''iou''' (iu?)
|-
| ''yan'' '''ien''' || ''yin'' '''in''' || ''ying'' '''in(g/c)''' || ''yang'' '''ian(g/c)'''
|-
|  ''yong'' '''ion(g/c)'''
|-
| ''wu'' '''u''' || ''wa'' '''va''' || ''wo'' '''vo''' || ''wai'' '''vae'''
|-
| ''wei'' '''vei''' (vi?) || ''wan'' '''ven''' || ''wen'' '''ven''' || ''wang'' '''van(g/c)'''
|-
| ''weng'' '''ven(g/c)'''
|}

==Notes==
Is it accurate?  Who knows?  The [[wikipedia:Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi Emperor]] appeared in Latin as [[wikipedia:la:Sungteius|Sungteius]], which isn't far off from what we'd have gotten (Suntius, say).   Beijing comes out as Peicing or Picing [cf Peking!].

===Examples===
Reign names of [[Wikipedia:List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty|emperors of the Ming Dynasty]], transliterated and then made declinable:  ''Hongu, Cienven, Ionle, Honsi, Syente, Tienthon(g), Cinthae, Thiensuen, Thenchua, Honti, Tiente, Ciacin(g), Lonchin(g), Vanli, Thaethian(g), Thienchi, Thiontien''.

If we wanted to fully Latinize them, making them declinable, it would be as: ''Hong(u)us&amp;dagger;, Cienvenus, Ionleus, Honsius, Syenteus, Thienthongus, Cinthaeus, Thiensuenus, Thenchuas&amp;#x2021;, Hontius, Tienteus, Ciacingus, Lonchingus, Vanlius, Thaethiangus, Thienchius, Thiontienus.''

:&amp;dagger; Fourth declension, -us, -us ?
:&amp;#x2021; Greek first declension, -as, -ae, like ''Aeneas''.

[[Category:Latin]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Muke/Spelling</title>
    <id>732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4114</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-18T15:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Biscriptal orthography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I think using that african alphabet for English would be bloody cool. But it seems to lack dental fricatives, as well some necessary vowelage... --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 04:58, 15 Oct 2004 (PDT)

== Biscriptal orthography ==

''Institute two different spelling systems, one for native words and one for foreign ones. Or put differently, spell Germanic words Germanically and Romance words Romantically. (Give some way to discern orthographies, I'm thinking maybe use italics.) [This may not even be necessary. Who knows? I'll discard it for now.]''

Back when Swedish/Danish/German were written with Fraktur
they used Antiqua (i.e. what we know as Roman) letters
for non-Swedish/Danish/German words.  The problem with 
using italics is that one then needs to use a lot of bold
for emphasis and then also '''''bold italic''''.  BTW italics
read poorly on-screen IMNSHO.   BTW, mind if I upload '''my'''
semiserious ideas on an English spelling reform? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:57, 10 May 2005 (PDT)

:Hmm, that's right and something I hadn't thought about (Fraktur/Antiqua).  Anyway, spelling reforms are certainly welcome here.  (This one is placed under my user page because, well, it's nameless for one, and I'm not really sure about a good naming convention either).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 09:11, 11 May 2005 (PDT)

::Except that in your case English [[Wikipedia:Blackletter|Blackletter]] is of course more appropriate than [[Wikipedia:Fraktur (typeface)|Fraktur]]!  There are plenty of fonts around, tho most of them lack accents and moreover the face has got too much of an association with Heavy Metal for general use, alas!  Perhaps you should design a &quot;Frathur&quot; style and make it official on your server! ;)
:: I call my spelling &quot;New AngloSaxon Spelling&quot;, with good reason since it uses þ, ð and accented letters, but with less good reason since it also uses ʃ ʒ ŋ as distinct letters (where ʒ is /dʒ/ rather than /ʒ/, BTW.
::(BTW how do you create the &lt;nowiki&gt;[[User Talk:Muke|✎]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; stamp?) [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 01:21, 13 May 2005 (PDT)
::: Sorry for the late reply.  Blackletter seems like a good idea ;) if a bit intrusive.  Possibly even just serif vs. sans-serif might be reasonable.  At any rate, I just set the &quot;your nickname&quot; field in [[Special:Preferences]] to &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; — though in recent versions you can just turn on &quot;raw signatures&quot; and put whatever you like in.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 08:41, 18 May 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial click</title>
    <id>733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4115</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-11T10:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʘ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Non-Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʘ 
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;O\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Z-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;O\&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;p_!&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || p!
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Click]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || 
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; 
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; 
'''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+round] &lt;br&gt; 
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; 
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

{{stub}}

===Bilabial Clicks in Natlangs===
'''[[!Xóõ]] bilabial clicks:'''
{|
| Plain || ʘ
|-
| [[Voiced]] || ʘg
|-
| [[Aspirated]] || ʘh
|-
| [[Plain]] with [[uvular ejective]] accompaniment || ʘq?
|}
===Bilabial Clicks in Conlangs===

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʘ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ʘ</title>
    <id>734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4116</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T12:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilabial click]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>O\</title>
    <id>735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4117</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T12:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilabial click]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate</title>
    <id>736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4118</id>
      <timestamp>2004-12-29T15:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>sort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 | &lt;big&gt;tˡɬ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| colspan=2 | Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || t͡ɬ ''or'' tɬ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;t_l_K&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;t_K&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;tK&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || t&lt;lat&gt;s&lt;lat&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Lateral]] [[affricate]]
|- align=&quot;left&quot;
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+lateral] 
|}

The lateral alveolar affricate is found in few natlangs. It consists of [[Voiceless lateral alveolar stop|tˡ]] followed by [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]], and it is the [[lateral]] equivalent of [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]].
===Lateral alveolar affricates in natlangs===
'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || tl || atlatl /atɬatɬ/
|}
===Lateral alveolar affricates in conlangs===
'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Plain || [http://www.kli.org/tlh/sounds/phonemes/tlh.au &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (tlh)] || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (butlh) /butɬ/
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|tɬ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T͡ɬ</title>
    <id>737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4119</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:03:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T l K</title>
    <id>738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4120</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T K</title>
    <id>739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4121</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless palatal sibilant</title>
    <id>740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47572</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:41:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Palatal fricatives in conlangs */ cat:segments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;ç&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ç
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;C&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || C
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Palatal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]] ([[sibilant]])
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || 
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+distributed] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+front] &lt;br&gt;
|}

The voiceless palatal fricative can be considered an [[unvoiced]] [[Palatal approximant|j]]. It often arises from a [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]][[Palatal approximant|j]] cluster.  It is often part of a [[voiceless palatal affricate]].

===Palatal fricatives in natlangs===
'''[[Modern English]]'''
{|
| h(u) || huge, human /hjudʒ hjumən/ [çuːʤ çuːmən]
|}
'''[[Japanese]]''' 
{|
| ひ(ゃ,ゅ,ょ) (hy(a,u,o)) || 百, /hyaku/, [çakɯ]
|}
'''[[High German]]'''
{|
|  ch (except next to back vowels) || Ich, Mädchen, möchten /ɪç metçən møçtən/
|}
'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
|  gi, ge, j (except next to back vowels),|| gente, jefe, genio /çɛnte çɛfe çenio/
|}
'''[[Norwegian]]'''
{|
|  kj, ky, ki || kjøre, kirke, kylling  /çørə çirkə çylɪŋ/
|}


===Palatal fricatives in conlangs===

'''[[Atlantic]]'''
{|
| Plain || [[Image:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png|24px]] (sy) || syel, /çèl/
|}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic segments]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless palatal fricative</title>
    <id>741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4123</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless palatal spirant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless palatal spirant</title>
    <id>742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4127</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Voiceless palatal spirant moved to Voiceless palatal sibilant</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless palatal sibilant]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless bilabial stop</title>
    <id>743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47590</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:04:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See Also */ catsort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;p&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]] || p
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]] || &lt;tt&gt;p&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]] || p
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s:
| [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' 
|}

The voiceless bilabial stop is an extremely common sound, occuring in almost every natlang.  Notable exceptions include standard [[Arabic]].

===Bilabial stops in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Plain || (s)p || spin /spɪn/ [spɪn]
|-
| Aspirated || p || pin /pɪn/ [pʰɪn]
|-
| Unreleased || p || cap /kæp/ [kʰæp̚]
|}

'''[[Ancient Greek]]'''
{|
| Plain || π (p) || πούς (pous) /púːs/
|-
| Aspirated || φ (ph) || φωνή (phōnē) /pʰɔːnɛ́ː/
|}

'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| Plain || p || perro /perro/ [pero]
|}

===Bilabial stops in conlangs===
'''[[Atlantic]]'''
{|
| Plain || [[Image:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png|24px]] (p) || pədre [pə̀dɾə]
|}

===See Also===
*[[Voiced bilabial stop|Voiced bilabial stop - b]]
*[[Bilabial ejective|Bilabial ejective  - pʼ]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|p]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velar nasal</title>
    <id>744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6614</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-11T18:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. phonetic segments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ŋ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ŋ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;N&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || N
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Nasal]] [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: ||
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; 
[+sonorant] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+nasal] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
|}

The velar nasal is a fairly common sound cross-linguistically. It is often an allophone of [[Alveolar nasal|n]] before a [[velar]] sound.

===Velar nasals in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || ng || sing /sɪŋ/
|-
| || n(k,g) || sank /sænk/ [sæŋk]
|}

'''[[Ancient Greek]]'''
{|
| Voiced || γ(γ,κ,ν,μ,χ)  || ἄγγελος  [áŋɡelos]
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || g(n) || magnus /magnus/ [maŋnʊs]
|}

===Velar nasals in conlangs===
'''[[Atlantic]]'''
{|
| Voiced || [[Image:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png|24px]] (ŋ) || viŋe [vìŋə]
|}

'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Voiced || ņ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-5a.mp3 gaņiut /ɡaŋiut/]
|-
| Unvoiced || hņ
|-
| Voiced geminated || ņņ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-35b.mp3 sa’weņņün /saʔweŋŋʉn/]
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ŋ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png</title>
    <id>745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4130</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T16:08:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb capital letter śādī.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb capital letter śādī.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png</title>
    <id>746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4131</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T16:12:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb small letter śādī</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb small letter śādī</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Voiceless palatal sibilant</title>
    <id>747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47883</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T21:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>not a sibilant, yep</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is this really a sibilant?  It might be better to more generally list it mainly under [[voiceless palatal fricative]] instead.  It looks like only &quot;ɕ ɧ ʑ ʐ ʂ ʒ z ʃ s&quot; are technically sibilants.
:I agree, this is basically the spirant corresponding to /ɕ/. Largely similar to /x/, only farther front.--[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 21:38, 1 August 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png</title>
    <id>748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4133</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T16:49:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb small letter pē</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb small letter pē</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png</title>
    <id>749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4134</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T17:12:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb small letter aŋma</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb small letter aŋma</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless bidental fricative</title>
    <id>750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6615</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-11T18:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ. phonetic segments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;h̪͆&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || h̪͆
|-
| ''[[Z-SAMPA]]'': || &lt;tt&gt;h_t\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bidental]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || ?
|}

The voiceless bidental fricative is vanishingly rare. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced bidental fricative|ɦ̪͆]].

===Bidental fricatives in natlangs===
'''Shapsug [[Adyghe]]''' 
{|
| Plain || || /xə/ [h̪͆ə] (‘six’)
|}

===Bidental fricatives in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Plain || hh || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-42a.mp3 hhöž /hhœʒ/ [h̪͆œʒ&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|h̪͆]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labial-velar approximant</title>
    <id>751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31895</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T17:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;w&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || w
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;w&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || w
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Labial-velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Approximant]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+approximant] &lt;br&gt;
[+sonorant] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt;
[+voice] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+round] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+back] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+tense]
|}

The labial-velar approximant is a semi-vowel, and can be considered a consonantal version of the vowel [[High back rounded vowel|u]].  It's voiceless equivalent is [[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|/ʍ/]]

{{stub}}

===Labial-velar approximants in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || w || win /wɪn/
|-
| Unvoiced [[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate|ʍ]] || (p,t,k)w; (q)u || twin /twɪn/ [t[[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate|ʍ]]ɪn]
|}
The sound was originally Ƿ (wynn) which comes from the [[Runic]].

'''[[Japanese]]'''
{|
| Voiced || わ (wa) || 私 /watasi/
|}
'''[[Old Norse]]'''
{|
| Voiced || v || Vikingr /wikiŋgr/
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || v || vīdī /wiːdiː/
|}

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Voiced || hu, uh || cihuātl /siwaːtɬ/
|-
| || (c)u, u(c) || cuīca /kwiːka/
|}
===Labial-velar approximants in conlangs===
'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Voiced || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (w) || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (wab) /wab/
===See Also===
*[[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|Voiceless labial-velar fricative - ʍ]]
*[[Palatal approximant|Palatal approximant - j]]
[[Category:Phonetic segments|w]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glottal stop</title>
    <id>752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38314</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-27T14:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʔ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʔ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;?&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || ?
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Glottal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+constricted glottis]
|}

The glottal stop is a fairly common sound cross-linguistically. It is a part of the articulation of [[ejective]]s. It is impossible to voice a glottal stop.

=Glottal stops in natlangs=
==English==
===British English===
'''[[English]]''' ([[Cockney]] dialect)
{|
| Plain || t || bottle /bɒtəl/ [bɒʔɤ]
|}

===American English===
The sound between the vowels in '''uh-uh''', /əʔə/. 

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || h || huehxolotl /weʔʃoɬotɬ/
|}
=Glottal stops in conlangs=
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Plain || ’ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-13b.mp3 ma’walg /maʔwalg/]
|}

'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Plain || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (') || [http://www.kli.org/tlh/sounds/Qo%27.au &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (Qo') /qχoʔ/]
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʔ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labiovelar approximant</title>
    <id>753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4138</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T05:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Labial-velar approximant]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Labial-velar approximant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alveolar trill</title>
    <id>754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4139</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-11T10:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;r&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || r
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;r&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || r&lt;trl&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Trill]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+approximant] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; [+trill] &lt;br&gt;  [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior] 
|}

The alveolar trill is a sound common amongst European languages. It is a rhotic, often being changed for [[Alveolar tap|ɾ]] or [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]. It often arises from [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]], especially between vowels.

{{stub}}

===Alveolar trills in natlangs===
'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| Voiced || rr || perro /pero/
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || r || Rōma /roːma/
|-
| Voiced geminated || rr || currō /kurroː/
|}

===Alveolar trills in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Voiced || rr || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-35d.mp3 rrig /riɡ/]
|}
===See Also===
*[[Alveolar tap|Alveolar flap - ɾ]]
[[Category:Phonetic segments|r]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial trill</title>
    <id>755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4140</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-11T10:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʙ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʙ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;B\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || b&lt;trl&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Trill]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+approximant] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; [+trill] &lt;br&gt; [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
|}

The bilabial trill is an easy sound for most people to make, yet it is used phonemically in very few natlangs.

{{stub}}
[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʙ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Labial-velar approximant</title>
    <id>756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4141</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T14:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmm</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I don't think segments is a particularly descriptive name. Perhaps something more general, like &quot;sounds&quot;?

:Possibly.  &quot;Segments&quot; is what they are, though, as opposed to suprasegmentals (things like tone and stress).  &quot;Sounds&quot; though seems a bit over-inclusive.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:19, 17 Oct 2004 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless postalveolar affricate</title>
    <id>757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48972</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T18:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>tyo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;tʃ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || t͡ʃ ''or'' ʧ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;t_S&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;tS&lt;/tt&gt; ''(see text)''
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || tS
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Postalveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Affricate]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+distributed]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+strident]
|}

The voiceless postalveolar affricate is a quite common sound cross-linguistically. It often arises from [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] before a high vowel or [[Palatal approximant|j]]. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced alveolar affricate|dʒ]]. It can also be ejective, [[Postalveolar ejective affricate|tʃʼ]].

In [[X-SAMPA]] it can be represented explicitly as &lt;tt&gt;[t_S]&lt;/tt&gt;, though for convenience it can also be represented as &lt;tt&gt;[tS]&lt;/tt&gt;. The disjunctor hyphen (thus &lt;tt&gt;[t-S]&lt;/tt&gt;) can be used when it is important to emphasize the separateness of the &lt;tt&gt;[t]&lt;/tt&gt; and the &lt;tt&gt;[S]&lt;/tt&gt;.

Americanistic, Uralistic etc. linguistic traditions use the symbol '''č''' for this sound.

Note that in [[shallow transcription]] it is common to use /tʃ/ as a catch-all symbol for a number of different affricates, such as the [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] [tʂ], [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] [tɕ], or even the [[voiceless palatal affricate]] [cç], if they do not contrast in the language in question with an actual postalveolar.

===Postalveolar affricates in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Plain || ch || chin /tʃɪn/
|}

'''[[Japanese]]'''
{|
| Plain || ち (chi) || 父 /titi/ [t͡ɕit͡ɕi]
|}
Note that this is one of the cases where the sound is actually not [tʃ].

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || ch || tōchtli /toːtʃtɬi/
|}

'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| Plain || ch || coche /kotʃe/
|}
===Postalveolar affricates in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Plain || č || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-3a.mp3 čuņ /tʃuŋ/]
|-
| Aspirated || čʰ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-38d.mp3 čʰed /tʃʰed/]
|-
| Ejective || č’ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-39b.mp3 qömč’oi /qœmtʃʼoi/]
|}
===See Also===
*[[Voiceless alveolar affricate]]
*[[Postalveolar affricated click]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|tʃ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velarized alveolar lateral approximant</title>
    <id>758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48170</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ɫ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || lˠ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;l_G&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;5&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || l&lt;vzd&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]] ([[Velar]])
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Lateral]] [[Approximant]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+approximant] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior] &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+lateral] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

The velarized lateral alveolar approximant is an 'l', pronounced with the tongue raised towards the [[velum]]. It is commonly an allophone of [[alveolar lateral approximant|/l/]].  It is also called '''dark l''', or in Latin studies '''l pinguis''' ‘fat l’.

===Velarized lateral alveolar approximants in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || l || full /fʊl/ [fʊɫ]
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || l || volo /wolo:/ [ˈwɔɫoː]
|}
* [ɫ] appeared in Latin before any vowel but /i(ː)/, before any consonant but /l/, and word-finally.  It was more velarized before consonants than vowels.

===Velarized lateral alveolar approximants in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Voiced || ł || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-14a.mp3 łak (ɫak)]
|-
| Voiced Geminated || łł
|}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic segments]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labial-velar stop</title>
    <id>759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47708</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T19:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>ahgr</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;k͡p&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || k͡p
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;k_p&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Labial-velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

The labial-velar stop is rare sound, occuring in some African natlangs, mostly in the Sahel belt. It is a combined [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] and [[Voiceless labial stop|p]], articulated with simultaneous labial and velar closure. Commonly the velar closure is formed and released slighty erlier, hence the transcription /k͡p/ rather than /p͡k/. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced labial-velar stop|ɡ͡b]].  

It is hypothetized that [[bilabial click]]s may arise from labial-velar stops.
[[Category:Phonetic segments|k͡p]]


{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nahuatl</title>
    <id>760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9314</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:42:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category uto-aztecan natlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nahuatl''' is an [[Aztecan languages|Aztecan]] language, spoken by the Aztecs and their descendants in Mexico.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Lateral Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Stops || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || || || || [[Voiceless velar stop|c (k)]] || [[Glottal stop|h (ʔ &lt;tt&gt;?&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Affricates || || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|tz (ts &lt;tt&gt;t_s&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricat|tl (tˡɬ &lt;tt&gt;t_l_K&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ch (tʃ &lt;tt&gt;t_S&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Fricatives || || [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|z (s)]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|l (ɬ &lt;tt&gt;K&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar sibilant|x (ʃ &lt;tt&gt;S&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Nasals || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]]
|-
| Semi-vowels || || || || || [[Palatal approximant|y (j)]] || [[Labial-velar approximant|hu (w)]]
|}

*/w/ is spelt '''uh''' syllable-finally.
*/kw/ is spelt '''cu''', or '''uc''' syllable-finally.
*/s/ before '''i''' or '''e''' is spelt '''c''', and '''z''' elsewhere
*/k/ before '''i''' or '''e''' is spelt '''qu''', and '''c''' elsewhere
==Nahuatl words in English==
*atlatl
*avocado (←ahuacatl)
*axolotl
*chicle (←chictli)
*chili, chile, chilli (←chilli)
*chocolate (←xocolatl)
*cocoa, cacao (←cacahuatl)
*guacamole (←ahuacamolli)
*coyote (←coyotl)
*ocelot (←ocelotl)
*peyote, peyotl (←peyotl)
*tomato (←tomatl)
----
{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Uto-Aztecan natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ɫ</title>
    <id>761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48169</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:26:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[IPA]] symbol ɫ ([[X-SAMPA]] &lt;tt&gt;5&lt;/tt&gt;) is ambiguous. It could mean:
*[[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|Velarized lateral alveolar approximant - lˠ]]
*[[Pharyngealized lateral alveolar approximant|Pharyngealized lateral alveolar approximant - lˤ]]

[[Category:Disambiguation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>5</title>
    <id>762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4147</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T11:41:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect → ɫ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ɫ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Billabial trill</title>
    <id>763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4148</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T20:25:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Billabial trill moved to Bilabial trill</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilabial trill]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labiovelar stop</title>
    <id>764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4149</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T20:41:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Voiceless labial-velar stop]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless labial-velar stop]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless alveolar sibilant</title>
    <id>765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4150</id>
      <timestamp>2004-12-29T14:01:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>sort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;s&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || s
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;s&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || s
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]] ([[Sibilant]])
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+strident]
|}

The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a very common sound, occuring in many languages. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]], and it is part of the affricate [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]].

===Voiceless alveolar sibilants in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Plain || s || sit /sɪt/
|-
| Voiced || s || dogs /dɒgs/ [dɒgz]
|}

'''[[Japanese]]'''
{|
| Plain || さ, す, せ, そ (sa,su,se,so) || 桜 (sakura) /sakura/
|-
| Retracted || し (shi) || 手裏剣 (shuriken) /sjuriken/ [ʃɯɽikeɴ] &lt;!-- is this accurate? --&gt;
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Plain || s || sol /sol/
|}

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || z, c(i, e) || cihuātl /siwaːtɬ/
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|s]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Klingon</title>
    <id>766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48179</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T22:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ linkfix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Klingon''' is a conlang created by [[Marc Okrand]] for the Star Trek movies. It is intended to be a forceful, alien-sounding language.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar&lt;br/&gt;/ palatal !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
| Stops || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p (pʰ &lt;tt&gt;p_h&lt;/tt&gt;)]] · [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t (tʰ &lt;tt&gt;t_h&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || || || [[Voiced retroflex stop|D (ɖ, &lt;tt&gt;d`&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || [[Glottal stop|' (ʔ &lt;tt&gt;?&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Affricates || || || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate|tlh (tˡɬ &lt;tt&gt;t_l_K&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ch (tʃ &lt;tt&gt;t_S&lt;/tt&gt;)]] · [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|j (dʒ &lt;tt&gt;d_Z&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || || || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|Q (qχ &lt;tt&gt;q_X&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Fricatives || [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || || || || [[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|S (ʂ &lt;tt&gt;s`&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|H (x)]] · [[Voiced velar fricative|gh (ɣ &lt;tt&gt;G&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Nasals || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || || || || [[Velar nasal|ng (ŋ &lt;tt&gt;N&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Approximants || [[Labial-velar approximant|w]] || || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Palatal approximant|y (j)]]
|-
| Rhotic || || [[Alveolar trill|r]]
|}

==External links==
* [[kliwiki:Proto-Klingon|Proto-Klingon]]
* [http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?Puns%20in%20the%20Vocabulary%20of%20tlhIngan%20Hol Puns in the Vocabulary of tlhIngan Hol] &lt;!-- interwiki doesn't work [yet] for pages with spaces in title--mediawiki converts them to underscores, which doesn't work for KLIwiki --&gt;

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Exolangs]]
{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiced velopharyngeal fricative</title>
    <id>767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4152</id>
      <timestamp>2004-12-29T15:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>sort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʩ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʩ
|-
| ''[[Z-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;f\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velopharyngeal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]]
|-
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʩ]]
{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Z-SAMPA</title>
    <id>768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47585</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat:phonabets</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Z-SAMPA''' is an extension of [[X-SAMPA]] created by members of the [[Zompist Bulletin Board]].
----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tengwar</title>
    <id>769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28422</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-01T21:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Markjreed</username>
        <id>1182</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rewrite font tags with CSS; use larger size so the Tengwar shows up in the Code200x fonts.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [http://code2000.net Code2000] font (or another font that implements Tengwar in the private use range specified in the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]]) is required to view this page.  Tengwar has been proposed for, but is not yet included in, [[Plane 1]] of [[Unicode]], being roadmapped for a range starting at U+13000.
----
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot;
| Ⅰ || Ⅱ || Ⅲ || Ⅳ
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;29&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar ConScript Unicode Standard]
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Proposal to encode Tengwar in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2]

[[Category:Conscripts]]
----
{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linear B</title>
    <id>771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4156</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-20T04:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Syllabary */ + ha, ai, au, phu, rai/lai</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Linear B''' was used to write an archaic form of [[Greek]].
===Syllabary===
{| cellpadding=15 align=&quot;center&quot;
! !! a !! e !! i !! o !! u
|-
! 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀀&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀁&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀂&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀃&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀄&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! d
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀅&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀆&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀇&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀈&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀉&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! j
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀊&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀋&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀍&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀎&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! k
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀏&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀐&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀑&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀒&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀓&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! m
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀔&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀕&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀖&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀗&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀘&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! n
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀙&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀚&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀛&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀜&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀝&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! p
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀞&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀟&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀠&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀡&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀢&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! q
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀣&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀤&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀥&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀦&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
|-
! r
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀨&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀩&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀪&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀫&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀬&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! s
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀭&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀮&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀯&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀰&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀱&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! t
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀲&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀳&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀴&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀵&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀶&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! w
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀷&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀸&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀹&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀺&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
|-
! z
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀼&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀽&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀿&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
|}

Additional characters: 
* 𐁀 &quot;a₂&quot; = ''ha ''
* 𐁁 &quot;a₃&quot; = ''ai ''
* 𐁂 &quot;a₄&quot; = ''au ''
* 𐁆 &quot;pu₂&quot; = ''phu ''
* 𐁉 &quot;ra₃&quot; = ''rai / lai''

===Ideograms===
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂀&lt;/font&gt; — man
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂁&lt;/font&gt; — woman
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂂&lt;/font&gt; — deer
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂃&lt;/font&gt; — horse
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂄&lt;/font&gt; — mare
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂅&lt;/font&gt; — stallion
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂆&lt;/font&gt; — ewe
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂇&lt;/font&gt; — ram
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂈&lt;/font&gt; — nanny goat
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂉&lt;/font&gt; — billy goat
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂊&lt;/font&gt; — sow
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂋&lt;/font&gt; — boar
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂌&lt;/font&gt; — cow
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂍&lt;/font&gt; — bull
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂎&lt;/font&gt; — wheat
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂏&lt;/font&gt; — barley
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂐&lt;/font&gt; — olive oil
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂑&lt;/font&gt; — spice
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂒&lt;/font&gt; — cyprus
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂓&lt;/font&gt; — kapo
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂔&lt;/font&gt; — kanako
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂕&lt;/font&gt; — oil
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂖&lt;/font&gt; — wine
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂘&lt;/font&gt; — arepa
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂙&lt;/font&gt; — meri
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂚&lt;/font&gt; — bronze
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂛&lt;/font&gt; — gold
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂝&lt;/font&gt; — wool
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂠&lt;/font&gt; — horn
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂧&lt;/font&gt; — cloth
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂪&lt;/font&gt; — garment
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂫&lt;/font&gt; — armour
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂵&lt;/font&gt; — month
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂷&lt;/font&gt; — tree
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃃&lt;/font&gt; — helmet
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃄&lt;/font&gt; — footstool
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃅&lt;/font&gt; — bathtub
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃆&lt;/font&gt; — spear
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃇&lt;/font&gt; — arrow
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃉&lt;/font&gt; — sword
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃌&lt;/font&gt; — wheeled chariot
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃍&lt;/font&gt; — chariot
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃎&lt;/font&gt; — chariot frame
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃏&lt;/font&gt; — wheel
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃘&lt;/font&gt; — dart
[[Category:Natscripts]]
----
{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khoisan languages</title>
    <id>773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8182</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:16:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Khoisan languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Descendants==
===Natural languages===
''Category:'' [[:Category:Khoisan natlangs|Khoisan natlangs]]

Hatsa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Hadza]]&lt;br&gt;
Sandawe&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Sandawe]]&lt;br&gt;
Southern Africa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Central&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hainǁum&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Haiǁom]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kwadi&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kwadi]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Nama&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Korana]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nama]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Xiri]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Tshu-Khwe&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Central&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Deti]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;North Central&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Ganáda]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Shua]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Northeast&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Hietschware]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Northwest&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǁGana]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǀAnda]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kxoe]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Southwest&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǀGwi]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Naro]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Northern&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ʼAkhoe]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǂKxʼauǁʼein]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kung-Ekoka]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[JuǀʼHoan]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Maligo]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǃOǃung]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Vasekela Bushman]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Southern&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ǃKwi&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Seroa]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nǀu]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǀXam]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǁXegwi]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hua&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǂHua]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǃXóõ]]
===Constructed languages===
* ''Category:'' [[:Category:Khoisan conlangs|Khoisan conlangs]]

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Khoisan languages|!]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-SAMPA</title>
    <id>774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47535</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T10:27:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''X-SAMPA''' is an ASCII version of the [[IPA]].  It is a generalized extension of [[SAMPA]], a set of systems for transcribing the phonemes of various languages.

On the Conlang list, the X-SAMPA variant [[CXS]] is more popular than plain X-SAMPA.

==External links==
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm X-SAMPA summary] (HTML)
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ipasam-x.pdf X-SAMPA description] (PDF)
* [[Wikipedia:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]] — Wikipedia


----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part I</title>
    <id>775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11499</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-25T14:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Patsi.gif</title>
    <id>776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4002</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-01T04:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bicoherent</username>
        <id>12</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tilawa</title>
    <id>777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29250</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A more updated version is also [http://bicoherent.topcities.com/litter/patsi.gif available].

[[Image:Patsi.gif]]
 &lt;div id=&quot;ghsfg5dfhsdfhd&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;height:1px;&quot;&gt;[http://www.zorpia.com/replicawatch2 replica watch] &lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:How does one start a page</title>
    <id>778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31004</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T16:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>starting pages directly via URL</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Starting a new page from scratch is not something that wikis tend to make easy.  

The Wiki Way™ is to start from pages that already exist and follow links to pages that don't exist to create them.  

In practical terms, this means you can go to your user page (while logged in, click on your username in the bar across the top of the page) and add a link to the page title you'd like to create, for example &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Blastwegian]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[List of monarchs of Blastwegia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;.  (Placing a topic in double brackets will create a wiki link.  For more on wiki formatting, see [[Help:Editing]].)   After saving, the link will probably be red, indicating the page it points to doesn't exist yet.  Click on it to start editing your new page.

The link step is however not necessary, so if it happens that you don't want anyplace linking to your new page, it's possible to start a new one by simply typing the corresponding URL. Eg. set your browser for http://wiki.frath.net/ExampleTitle to start the page [[ExampleTitle]].

If the page title you want already has an article on it... things may get more complicated.  Ask [[User talk:Muke|Muke]] to do something about it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part II.</title>
    <id>779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4168</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-04T01:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Appendix III. The Sun and the North Wind. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==WORD FORMATION ''tan yèxnëmérvan''==
===General Rules===
*098. Senyecan has a well-developed system of word formation in which roots are modified by various prefixes, suffixes, and inflectional endings to form new words.  ''E.g.'', the root '''ed-''', eat, may give '''éda''', to eat; '''édon''', food; '''édïin''', edible; '''eðdémon''', restaurant; '''veédïin''', inedible; '''édun''', eater.

*099. A ''root'' is that part of a word which remains after its formative elements are removed.  It gives the meaning or abstract idea apart from its relations.  It is not necesssarily a monosyllable.

*100. A ''simple word'' is formed from a single root.  A ''compound'' word is formed by combining two or more roots.

*101. The verb is the most important part of speech in Senyecan.  A major part of the Senyecon lexicon is derived from verbs.  To the verbal root are added prefixes and suffixes to form other words, such as nouns and adjectives, ''e.g.'', '''némv-a,''' to steam; '''némv-on''', steam; '''némv-in''', steamy.  In many languages this example would seem to be of a noun which has given rise to a verb.  It is not understood that way in Senyecan.  Words that are not derived from verbs are called ''non-derivative'' words.

*102. Other parts of speech formed from a verbal root are called ''deverbatives,''  ''e.g.'', '''rezréµan''', principality, from '''réßa''', to rule.

*103. There are eight categories of words in Senyecan.
**a. The verb with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''tíírsa''', to defy; '''tíírsan''', defiance; '''tíírsin''', defiant; '''tììrsu''', nevertheless; '''tììrsa''', despite; '''tììrsi''', although.
**b. The non-derivative noun with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''rúðson''', metal; '''ruðsáágun''', metalworker; '''rúðsin''', metallic.
**c. The non-derivative adjective with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''súntin''', alert; '''súntëtan''', alertness.  Any non-derivative adjective can be used as a verb: '''musúnta''', I am alert.
**d. The non-derivative adverb with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''ààru''', so, thus; '''ààri''', therefore.
**e. The non-derivative pronoun, ''e.g.'', '''mun''', I.
**f. The non-derivative postposition with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''bee''', outside of; '''béérin''', outer; '''béérun''', foreigner.
**h. The non-derivative conjunction, ''e.g.'', '''µo''', or.
**g. The non-derivative interjection, ''e.g.'', '''µái''', woe.

*104. The basic form of the Senyecan verb is called the triphonetic root.  In its simplest form, it consists of a consonant, a vowel(s), and a consonant (CVC, '''µen-'''), or a null, a vowel(s), and a consonant (0VC, '''aus-''').

*105. A lengthened triphonetic root can be formed by inserting a non-plosive consonant (N) before the last consonant (CVNC), ''e.g.'', '''semb''', '''0oln-'''.

*106. Compound verbs may be formed by adding a proclitic element to the triphonetic root, ''e.g.'', '''puµáða''', return.  These proclitic elements may be any part of speech.  As with enclitics, the proclitic element is pronounced on the basal pitch.

*107. To this triphonetic root are added the various prefixes and suffixes to form compound words, ''e.g.'', nouns from verbs.

*108. Syllabic augments are added to the complete verb and not to the proclitic or the triphonetic root, ''e.g.'', '''mupumáða''', I return; '''e-mupumáða''', I returned.

*109. Pronouns, non-derivative adverbs and postpositions, and non-derivative nouns and adjectives have their own forms independent of any triphonetic root.  To these also may be added the various prefixes and suffixes to form other parts of speech, ''e.g.'', '''múúsin''', moss; '''múúsmin''', mossy.

*110a. If the root of the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a vowel, the second element is added to the root of the first element, ''e.g.'', '''tíír-a''', scrape, + '''óndon''', stone = '''tiiróndon''', scouring stone.  '''óóšin''', swift, + '''óren''', hawk = '''oošóren''', goshawk.
**b. If the root of the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a consonant, the second element is added to the root, ''e.g.'', '''aabél-on''', apple, + '''ÿéélon''', wine = '''ààbelÿéélon''', cider.  But remember lenition, ''e.g.'', '''éda''', to eat + '''léépon''', plane = '''eðléépon'''.
**c. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a consonant, an epenthetic e is added for euphony, ''e.g.'', '''móðrin''', blue + '''rúðson''', metal = '''mòðrërúðson''', cobalt.
**d. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a vowel, the second element is added to the root, ''e.g.'', '''órv-a''', inherit + '''oíton''', unit = '''òrvoíton''', gene.
**e. If the first element in the compound word ends with a palatalized or labialized consonant, en epenthetic ë is added for euphony, ''e.g.'', '''mínö-in''', little + ''cááµen''', owl = '''mìnöecááµen''', little owl.

===Denominatives===

*111. Denominative words are compound words built on the root of a noun.

====Nouns from nouns====

*112a. Most of the names of animals have only one word for both sexes.  These are known as ''epicene'' words, ''e.g.'', '''ólšen''', moose.  In order to designate the sex of epicene words, a prefix is added.
**b. To designate a male animal, the prefix is '''øs-''', ''e.g.'', '''éšöen''', horse; '''øséšöen''', stallion.
**c. To designate a female animal, the prefix is '''ii-''', ''e.g.'', '''éšöen''', horse; '''iiéšöen''', mare.

*113. The noun suffix '''-ážen''' when added to the root denotes various kinds of small ungulates, ''e.g.'', '''ghooréton''', mountain ridge; '''ghòòretážen''', chamois.

*114. The noun suffix '''-áágun''' when added to the root denotes one who works with or is concerned with what is named in the noun root or one who makes or composes what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''naaúson''', boat; '''nààusáágun''', sailor.

*115. The noun suffix '''sééµan''' when added to the root denotes an inflammation of the body part named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''ghelóndon''', stomach; '''ghelòndësééµan''', gastritis.

*116. The noun suffix '''-démon''' when added to the root denotes the residence of that which is named in the noun root or a building pertaining to that which is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''áµen''', bird; '''aµdémon''', aviary.

*117. The noun suffix '''-en''' when added to the root denotes animals that are characterized by what is name in the noun or adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''lášin''', speckled; '''lášen''', salmon.

*118. The noun suffix '''-íyon''' when added to the root denotes a collective noun, ''e.g.'', '''ÿélnon''', glass; '''ÿelníyon''', glassware.

*119. The noun suffixes '''-l-''' and '''-c-''' when added to the root denote diminutives of or terms of endearment for what is named in the noun root.  Because these suffixes are enclitics, the primary pitch remains on the original syllable of the root word.  When both are added to the noun root, '''-l-''' precedes '''-c-''', ''e.g.'', '''cááµen''', eagle owl; '''cááµlen''', Scops owl; '''cááµlëcen''', pigmy owl.

*120. The noun suffix '''-lïen''' when added to the root denotes the young of animals, ''e.g.'', '''šásnen''', hare; '''šásnëlïen''', leveret.

*121. The noun suffix '''-méton''' when added to the root denotes the instrument that measures what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''ténan''', time; '''tenméton''', clock.

*122. The noun suffix '''-un''' when added to the root denotes the pwerson in charge of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''aÞálon''', family; '''aÞálun''', head of the family.

*123. The noun suffix '''-run''' when added to the root denotes a person connected with, belonging to, a resident of, or of the nationality of the place named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''göóron''', mountain; '''göórërun''', mountaineer.

*124. The noun suffix '''-témun''' when added to the root denotes a person who works with the metal named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''aaúson''', gold; '''ààustémun''', goldsmith.

*125. The noun suffix '''-tan''' when added to the root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''áma''', mother; '''ámtan''', motherhood.

*126. The noun suffix '''-µídan''' when added to the root denotes the science, theory or study of what is named in the noun base, ''e.g.'', '''téren''', star; '''terµídan''', astronomy.

*127. The patronymic is formed by prefixing '''žoon-''' to the noun or name, ''e.g.'', '''žoontémun''', son/daughter of the smith.

====Nouns from adjectives====

*128. The noun suffix '''-on''' when added to the root denotes a concrete noun related to the adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''réµin''', extensive; '''réµon''', country.

*129. The noun suffix '''-tan''' when added to the root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the adjective root, -ty, -ness, -tude, ''e.g.'', '''pééµin''', zesty; '''pééµtan''', zest.

*130. The noun suffix '''-ton''' when added to the combing form of numerals denotes nouns of quantity, ''e.g.'', '''seš''', six; '''séston''', sextet, hexad, half a dozen.

*131. The noun suffix '''-un''' when added to the root denotes a person possessing the quality named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''mághin''', young; '''mághun''', youth.

*132. The noun suffix '''-úron''' when added to the root denotes a metal possessing the quality named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''óóžin''', shining; '''oožúron''', silver.

====Adjectives from nouns====

*133. The adjectival suffix '''-mérvin''' when added to the root of the noun indicates having the shape or form of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''ðúvon''', wedge; '''ðuvmérvin''', wedge-shaped, cuneiform.

*134. The adjectival suffix '''-min''' when added to the root of the noun denotes the existence of, possession of, or a relationship to what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''élon''', stripe; '''élmin''', striped.

*135. The adjectival suffix '''-µin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes pertaining to, connected with, belonging to, of the nature of, or characteristic of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''šöónen''', dog; '''šöónmin''', canine, doggish. (''cf.'' 137)

*136. The adjectival suffix '''-nin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''pìscen''', fish; '''pìscënin''', resembling a fish.

*137. The adjectival suffix '''-ónin''' when added to the palatalized base of the noun, denotes made of the material named in the noun, ''e.g.'', '''álµon''', tin; '''alµïónin''', made of tin.

*138. The adjectival suffix '''-pástin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes imperviousness to or the ability to resist or withstand what is named in the noun root, -proof, -tight, ''e.g.'', '''áµden''', water; '''àµdëpástin''', waterproof, watertight.

*139. The adjectival suffix '''-rin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes being full of what is named in the noun root, -ful, ''e.g.'', '''vøtan''', (good) luck, fortune; '''vøÞrin''', lucky, fortunate.

====Adjectives from adjectives====

*140. The adjectival suffix '''-est-''' when added to the root of the adjective denote somewhat or rather like what is named in the adjectival root, ''e.g.'', '''móðrin''', blue; '''moðréstin''', bluish.

===Deverbatives===

*141. Deverbative words are compound words built on the root of a verb.

====Nouns from verbs====

*142. The noun suffix '''-an''' when added to the root of the verb denotes an abstract noun derived from the verb, -ment, -ness, -tion, -tude, -ty, ''e.g.'', '''mízða''', pay; '''mízðan''', expense.

*143. The noun suffix '''-dáron''' when added to the root of the verb denotes the place where the action of the verb occurs, ''e.g.'', '''cöérïa''', buy; '''cöèrïedáron''', marketplace.

*144. The noun suffix '''-démon''' when added to the root of the verb denotes a building where the action of the verb occurs, ''e.g.'', '''álïa''', brew; '''àlïëdémon''', brewery.

*145. The noun suffix '''-en''' when added to the root of the verb denotes an animal that is characterized by the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', '''góµa''', to caw; '''góµen''', crow.

*146. The noun suffix '''-on''' when added to the root of the verb forms a concrete noun related to the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', '''mízða''', to pay; '''mízðon''', wages.

*147. The noun suffix '''töin''' when added to the root of the verb names a medicine or other substance used to perform the action expressed by the verb, ''e.g.'', '''lóµa''', to wash; '''lóµtöin''', soap.

*148. The noun suffix '''aÞun''' when added to the root of the verb denotes the recipient of the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', '''cóla''' to imprison; '''cólaÞun''', prisoner.  Note that the primary pitch remains on the root vowel.

*149. The noun suffix '''-un''' when added to the root of the verb denotes the agent of the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', '''déma''', to build; '''démun''', builder.

====Adjectives from verbs====

*150. The adjectival suffix '''-est-''' when added to the root of the verb denotes having a tendency toward or inclination to perform the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', '''dérga''', to attract; '''dérgestin''', attractive.  Note that the primary pitch remains on root vowel.

*151. The adjectival suffix '''-in''' when added to the palatalized root of the verb denotes having the capability of the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', '''ínða''', burn; '''ínðïin''', combustible.

===Adjectives from postpositions===

*152. The adjectival suffix '''-rin''' is used to form an adjective from a postposition.  This adjective may then, in turn, be used to form other parts of speech, ''e.g.'', '''be''', outside; '''bérin''', outer; '''bérun''', foreigner.

==&lt;center&gt;[[Senyecan, Part III]]&lt;/center&gt;==


==Appendix I. Senyecan Time and Calendar==

*The Eons. £ ð ø ö

Senyecan history/mythology is divided into seven eons ('''aayáni''') of 156,000 years each. The 1st eon is that of the Self-existent &amp;, in reality, stretches back eternally. At the end of that eon, s/he created light &amp; that is the 2nd eon. At the end of the 2nd, s/he created the cosmos &amp; that is the 3rd eon. At the end of the 3rd, s/he created the elements &amp; that is the 4th eon. At the end of the 4th eon, s/he created the loquent beings &amp; that is the 5th eon. The 5th eon is divided into 6 eras ('''mèÿdiitáni''') of 26,000 years each. At the beginning of each era, s/he created one of the loquent beings: Children of Air, of Fire, of Water, of Earth, of Wood, of Stone. After the era of the Children of Stone, there was the 6th eon of harmony among all the loquent beings. Then came the Great Sundering, during which many fell out of harmony. After allegiances were re-aligned, the 7th eon began, in which we live today. 

*The Solar Cycle. 
Both the solar &amp; the lunar cycles are used in the Senyecan calendar. The solar year begins at the winter solstice ('''ÿòòmsuulsáátan'''). Eight celebrations are held in conjunction with the solar year. The primary celebations are the winter solstice, the vernal equinox ('''µèsnëmeðséntan'''), the summer solstice ('''lèèÞsuulsáátan'''), and the autumnal equinox ('''òsnëmeðséntan'''). The secondary celebrations are the cross-quarter days of midwinter ('''meðÿóóman''' [Imbolc]), midspring ('''meðµésnan''' [Beltane]), midsummer ('''meðléétan''' [Lughnasadh]), and midautumn ('''meðósnan''' [Samhain]). 

*The Lunar Cycle. 
The lunar cycle contains 13 months. The first month begins at sunrise on the day after the full moon after the winter solstice. The other months begin at sunrise on the day after the successive full moons. These months are known as winter moon ('''ÿoomlúxnan'''), late winter moon ('''qàsÿoomlúxnan'''), early spring moon ('''ààyerµèsnëlúxnan'''), spring moon ('''µèsnëlúxnan'''), late spring moon ('''qasµèsnëlúxnan'''), early summer moon ('''ààyerleeÞlúxnan'''), summer moon ('''leeÞlúxnan'''), late summer moon ('''qàsleeÞlúxnan'''), early autumn moon ('''ààyeròsnëlúxnan'''), autumn moon ('''òsnëlúxnan'''), late autumn moon ('''qasòsnëlúxnan'''), and early winter moon ('''ààyerÿoomlúxnan''').

*The Moon's Phases. 
Each of the phases of the moon begins a new &quot;week,&quot; known as a '''lùxnëmérvan''' (moon phase), or '''mérvan''' for short. Thus, the mérvan can vary in length from six to nine days. The &quot;week&quot; begins and celebrations are held on the day after each phase is at its fullest. The first six days of each phase are named after the avatar reverenced by each of the six loquent beings in the order of their creation: '''lùxnëdïéyan''' (Moon day - Children of Air); '''ààterdïéyan''' (Aaterun's day - Children of Fire); '''neerdïéyan''' (Neer's day - Children of Water); '''sèègïëdïéyan''' (Seegyun's day - Children of Earth); '''pèrcöëdïéyan''' (Percwun's day - Children of Wood); and '''puusdïéyan''' (Puusun's day - Children of Stone). Additional days in the phase bear the names '''alïòidïéyan''', one extra day; '''àlïëdöiidïéyan''', two extra day; and '''àlïëtirdïéyan''', three extra day. The names of the six days are used for the seven days of the contemporary week, being preceded by '''suuldïéyan''', Sun's day, a day dedicated to the Self-existent as s/he is in him/herself, not as an avatar. '''Néérun''' and '''Séégïun''' are female, the rest are male. 

P.S. The names of the six avatars are also used for the six visible moving heavenly bodies, treated as animate beings. '''lúxnen''' = moon; '''aatéren''' = Mercury; '''nééren''' = Venus; '''séégïen''' = Mars; '''pércöen''' = Jupiter; '''púúsen''' = Saturn.

==Appendix II. Senyecan Color Scheme==

*There are six basic colors: 
**red, '''rúúðin'''
**orange, '''véélrin'''
**yellow, '''bádïin'''
**green, '''ðálin'''
**blue, '''móðrin'''
**purple, '''vísöin'''

*Between each of these is an intermediary color:
**reddish-orange, '''sérin'''
**orangish-yellow, '''céncin'''
**yellowish-green, '''ÿélµin'''
**greenish-blue, '''lííµin'''
**bluish-purple, '''méélïin'''
**purplish-red, '''órbin'''

*Each of these twelve colors can then be modified by four different prefixes: 
**paler, '''£iid-'''
**pale, '''pel-'''
**dark, '''mel-'''
**darker, '''caal-'''

*There are also '''álin''' (white) and '''cøsin''' (black) which do not admit of shades.

*'''ÿéérµin''', gray, also has the five shades, but has '''šïéémin''' instead of '''*caalÿéérµin'''.

*There are two words for brown: '''vévrin''' for animate beings and '''véérin''' for inanimate beings.  Each of these can take the modifying prefixes, except that '''véérin''' has '''ðúscin''' instead of '''*caalvéérin'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Part II.</title>
    <id>780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4167</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T13:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Part II. moved to Senyecan, Part II.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senyecan, Part II.]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan, Part II.</title>
    <id>781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4166</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T13:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[why I moved this page]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  I moved this page because the title wasn't specific enough.  You may move it to a better title if you have one in mind, but try to keep the name of the language in the title.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:48, 8 Nov 2004 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiced bilabial stop</title>
    <id>782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7299</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-22T10:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;b&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]] || b
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]] || &lt;tt&gt;b&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]] || b
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+LABIAL]'''
|}

The voiced bilabial stop is an extremely common sound, occuring in the majority of natlangs with a voicing distinction amongst stops. It is the voiced counterpart to [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]].

===Bilabial stops in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || b || bin /bɪn/
|}

===Bilabial stops in conlangs===
'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Voiced ||  (b) || [http://www.kli.org/tlh/sounds/ghobe%27.au &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (ghobe') /ɣobɛʔ/]
|}
[[Category:Phonetic segments|b]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phonological feature</title>
    <id>783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10462</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-13T01:54:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Resources */ categ. phonology</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__
==List of phonological features==
* [±syllabic] The feature ''[[syllable|syllabic]]'' applies to segments that form the sonority peak of a syllable.  All [[vowel]]s are [+syllabic], as are syllabic consonants (marked in IPA with [◌̩].)

* [±stress] The feature ''[[stress]]'' applies to syllables pronounced more prominently than others.

* [±long] The feature ''[[length|long]]'' applies to segments pronounced with greater duration.

* [±consonantal] The feature ''[[consonant]]al'' applies to segments with a [[sonority hierarchy|sonority]] of liquid or less; it does not apply to vowels or semivowels.

* [±approximant] The feature ''[[approximant]]'' applies to segments with a sonority of liquid or greater, namely vowels, semivowels, and liquids.

* [±sonorant] The feature ''[[sonorant]]'' applies to segments with a sonority of nasal or greater, namely vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals.

* [±contin-artic] The feature ''continuous articulation'' applies to non-[[stop]] segments, namely vowels, semivowels, liquids, and fricatives.  It does not apply to affricates, oral stops, or nasals (nasal stops).

* [±contin-acous] The feature ''acoustic continuity''(?) applies to all segments except oral stops and affricates.

* [±delayed release] The feature ''delayed release'' applies to all segments except non-affricated oral and nasal stops. 

* [±flap] The feature ''flap'' applies to [ɾ], [ɺ], and [ɽ].

* [±trill] The feature ''trill'' applies to [ʙ], [r], and [ʀ].

* [±nasal] The feature ''nasal'' applies to nasal stops and other nasalized segments.

* [±voice] The feature ''voice'' applies to all voiced segments.

* [±implosive] The feature ''implosive'' applies to implosive segments. 

* [±spread gl] The feature ''spread glottis'' applies to all aspirated segments, [ʍ], [h], and [ɦ].

* [±constr gl] The feature ''constricted glottis'' applies to [ʔ] and ejectives.

* [±LABIAL] The feature ''labial'' applies to segments articulated with the lips.  This includes rounded vowels and labialized consonants.

* [±round] The feature ''round'' applies to rounded vowels, labialized consonants, and [ʘ]

* [±labiodental] The feature ''labiodental'' applies to segments articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

* [±CORONAL] The feature ''coronal'' applies to dentals, alveolars, retroflexes, palato-alveolars, alveolo-palatals, and palatals.

* [±anterior] The feature ''anterior'' applies to dentals and alveolars.  This feature is undefined for [-CORONAL] segments.

* [±distributed] The feature ''distributed'' applies to segments articulated with the tongue blade. This includes all coronal sounds except alveolars and retroflexes.  This feature is undefined for [-CORONAL] segments.

* [±strident] The feature ''strident'' applies to certain sibilant segments: [ʥ ʨ ʤ ʣ ʧ ʦ ʈʂ ɖʐ ɕ ɧ ʑ ʐ ʂ ʒ z ʃ s], and is undefined for [-CORONAL] segments.

* [±lateral] applies to lateral (l-like) segments. 

* [±DORSAL] applies to segments articulated with the body of the tongue, including vowels, palatals, velars, uvulars, and pharyngeals.

* [±high] applies to high vowels and semivowels, palatals, and velars.  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments.

* [±low] applies to low vowels and pharyngeals.  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments.

* [±front] applies to front vowels and semivowels, palatals, and fronted velars, and is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments.

* [±back] applies to back vowels and semivowels, uvulars, pharyngeals, and backed velars.  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments, nor for velars that are neither fronted nor backed.

* [±tense] applies to [ʍ w ɥ ɰ j o ø u y ɤ ɜ e ɞ ʉ ɯ ɨ i].  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments, [+consonantal] segments, or (sometimes) low vowels.

==Resources==
* [http://mypage.siu.edu/lhartman/ Phono] — A sound change modelling program that can model changes at the featural level.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jamastulu</title>
    <id>784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8172</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T20:57:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[category:conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">--[[User:Kurasmanja|Kurasmanja]] 14:29, 22 Nov 2004 (PST)

Question: What do you get when you take phonetic features from Georgian and Czech and mix them with a phonology based on Finnish?

Answer: Jamastulu.

Jamastulu is the brainchild of Rob Hoelz, and is being created for an RPG to give one its cultures a more realistic feel.  (And also to confuse the gamer!)  It has an as-of-yet unnamed sister language, and both languages are descended from a conlang known as Proto-Jama until a better name is created.  Rob is currently fleshing out the grammar of Proto-Jama and has already planned a great deal of sound changes to transform it into Jamastulu, and one of the other collaborators on the project is working to create the sister language.

Facts about Jamastulu:

- Jamastulu is literally translated as &quot;Tongue of the Desert.&quot;

- It is spoken by the Jamaskura (Shadows of the Desert).

- It has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and around eight cases (currently being worked on), but suprisingly barely distinguishes number.

- In spite of its somewhat complicated noun system, its verbs are relatively simple, not inflecting for person or number.

==Phonology==

The phonemes of Jamastulu are given with their transliteration and the X-SAMPA equivalent in brackets on the right.

==Consonants==

{|
! !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
! Plosives
| p[p], pp[p_&gt;] || - || t[t], tt[t_&gt;] || - || - || tj[c], ttj[c_&gt;] || k[k], kk[k_&gt;]
|-
! Nasals
| m[m] || - || n[n] || - || - || nj[J] || - 
|-
! Taps
| - || - || - || r[4] || - || - || -
|-
! Trills
| - || - || - || rr[r] || - || - || -
|-
! Fricatives
| - || v[v] || - || ss[s], zz[z] || s[S], z[Z] || sj[C], zj[j\] || - 
|-
! Approximants
| - || - || - || l[l] || - || j[j] || -
|}

The following sounds are pronounced approximately as in English:
p, t, k, m, n, v, l

Other sounds:
tj, nj, sj, zj: Palatal versions of their dental/alveolar counter parts. 

pp, tt, ttj, kk: Glottalized versions of their voiceless aspirated equivalents.

r, rr: Pronounced as Spanish r and rr respectively.  (Tapped and trilled r)

ss, zz: Pronounced as English s an z respectively.

s: Pronounced as English sh.

z: Pronounced as s in the English word mea'''s'''ure.

j: Pronounced as English y in '''y'''es.

==Vowels==

The vowels are very similar if not identical to those of Finnish:

a - as a in f'''a'''ther

e - as ay in d'''ay''' (only a pure vowel, not a diphthong)

i - as ee in f'''ee'''t

o - as oa in m'''oa'''t (also a pure vowel)

u - as oo in f'''oo'''d

y - no equivalent in English, as ü in German '''ü'''ber.  (If you don't know how that sounds, round your lips while pronouncing Jamastulu i.)

ö - no equivalent in English, as ö in German sch'''ö'''n.  (If you don't know how that sounds, round your lips while
pronouncing Jamastulu e.)

ä - similar to e in b'''e'''d.

==Word structure==

Jamastulu prefers open syllables, and each word (other than compounds) is usually no longer than two syllables in length.  A Jamastulu word typically has the following structure:

(C)V(V)(C)(C)(ss, r)V(V)(ss, r, or N)

where C is a consonant, V is a vowel, and nasal is one of the nasals.

NOTE: Words cannot end in dipthongs.

==Consonant clusters==

Consonant clusters can only occur in the middle of a word in Jamastulu, and only the following 
are allowed:

N + S (where the two are at the same place of articulation)

N + r

N + ss

S + r

S + ss (except for tss)

N + S + ss

N + S + r

where S is a stop and N is a nasal.

==Diphthongs==

Diphthongs can occur anywhere in the word other than the final position.  The diphthongs of Jamastulu are the following:

ai
au
oi

ou
ui
uo

ua
ue
yi

==Related articles==
[[Proto-Jama]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Kurasmanja</title>
    <id>785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4173</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-23T00:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hi!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, and welcome!  You seem to have a pretty good grasp on the wiki so far, but if you have any more questions, feel free to [[User talk:Muke|ask]].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:03, 22 Nov 2004 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part III</title>
    <id>786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10378</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bicoherent</title>
    <id>787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4170</id>
      <timestamp>2004-12-12T19:35:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>202.156.2.7</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Blah.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basque</title>
    <id>788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32411</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-06T16:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Basque is a [[language isolate]] spoken in the Pyrenees by approximately 700,000 people on either side of the France-Spain border. It is an [[agglutinating]] language with an extensive [[case system]] and verbal [[morphology]].

== Phonology ==
{|
! Point of Articulation
! Stop
! Nasal
! Trill
! Tap
! Fricative
! Lateral
! Approximant
! Affricate
|-
! Bilabial
| p b
| m
|-
! Labiodental
| 
| 
|
|
| f (1)
|-
! Alveolar
| t d
| n
| rr
| r
| s z (2)
| l
|
| ts tz
|-
! Post-Alveolar
| 
| 
| 
| 
| x
|
|
| tx
|-
! Palatal
| tt dd
| ñ
| 
| 
| 
| ll
|-
! Velar
| k g
| 
| 
| 
| j
|}
# f is quite rare, and mostly occurs in loan words such as kafe. It is arguably not a sound originally present in Basque
# the distinction between s and z is not one of voicing, but rather s is apical (the tongue tip rather than the blade creates the sound). s sounds  somewhat like [S].
Voiced stops are also often softened inside words until they become fricatives (b -&gt; B, d -&gt; D, g -&gt; G) or vanish entirely.
The Basque vowel system is a standard i e a o u similar to Spanish, with no distinction for length, and no nasal vowels (except in one dialect). There are several diphthongs including eu au ai ei.

==The Noun Phrase==

The constituents of the [[Noun Phrase]] are ordered as follows:

relative_clause noun adjective adjective .... determiner

Every noun phrase must have a [[determiner]] and in almost every case it has exactly one. Most go at the end of the NP, but numbers greater than one and certain others such as zein &quot;which&quot; precede the NP. Note that Basque is somewhat unusual in that the heavy [[relative clause]] precedes the [[noun]] while [[adjectives]] follow it.

=== The Case System ===
====The Determiner -a====
The default determiner in Basque, often translated as &quot;the&quot;, is the suffix -a added onto the end of the noun phrase. THis often combines with the case affixes. For example:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

autobusa&lt;br&gt;
autobus-a&lt;br&gt;
bus-NP&lt;br&gt;
the bus&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

autobusean&lt;br&gt;
autobus-ean&lt;br&gt;
bus-loc&lt;br&gt;
in the bus&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

If these did not combine with would have *autobusan.

====Cases====
Basque has a large number of case affixes, including:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Ergative]]
* [[Absolutive]]
* [[Dative]]
* [[Instrumental]]
* [[Inessive]]
* [[Allative]]
* Possessive Genitive (1)
* [[Genitive]]

# The genitive and possessive genitive have different functions. The genitive is used for such things as origin (and never with animates), whereas the possessive genitive is used for possession and in the construction of some post-positional phrases.

The case endings in Basque always apply to noun phrases, and since adjectives always follow their noun this means that it is often not the noun itself which recieves the case marking. It is also common for [[determiners]] to recieve the case marking. Many of the determiners have slightly irregular case forms. For example: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kalean&lt;br&gt;
kale-a-n&lt;br&gt;
street-NP-loc&lt;br&gt;
In the street&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kale batean&lt;br&gt;
kale bat-ean&lt;br&gt;
street one-loc&lt;br&gt;
In a street&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kale zaharrean&lt;br&gt;
kale zahar-ean&lt;br&gt;
street old-loc&lt;br&gt;
In the old street&lt;br&gt;

The case system reflect number with a three way distinction: case ending with article (always singular), indefinite number (when the number is specified by a determiner or number elsewhere in the NP), and plural number. For example:

mendira&lt;br&gt;
mendi-ra&lt;br&gt;
to the mountain&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
mendietara&lt;br&gt;
mendi-e-ta-ra&lt;br&gt;
to the mountains&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
bi menditara&lt;br&gt;
bi mendi-ta-ra&lt;br&gt;
to two mountains&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

As you can see, when the NP is qualified by &quot;bi&quot; (two), then the plural -e- vanishes leaving the indefinite case ending, since the number is already specified.

====Ergativity====
Basque is probably most famous for being an [[ergative]] language (I have often seen it used as an example). What this means (in the case of Basque) is that in transitive clauses the [[Patient]] is unmarked, as is the single argument of an intransitive verb, and the [[Actor]] takes a separate marker. Some examples:&lt;br&gt;

mutila joan da&lt;br&gt;
mutil-a joan da&lt;br&gt;
boy-NP go pres.3st.sing.abs&lt;br&gt;
the boy goes&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

mutilak kafesnea nahi luke&lt;br&gt;
mutil-a-k kafesne-a nahi luke&lt;br&gt;
boy-NP-erg coffee-NP want cond.3rd.abs.3rd.erg&lt;br&gt;
the boy would like some coffee&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

As you can see, in the transitive sentence the Actor (the boy) takes an extra marker -k, whereas the Patient (coffee) does not. Interestingly, a common continuous construction results in agreement with the [[Actor]] only. For example: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

ni etxea egiten ari naiz&lt;br&gt;
ni etxea egi-ten ari naiz&lt;br&gt;
I-abs house-NP make-prog act pres.1st.abs&lt;br&gt;
I am making the house&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

here, an intransitive auxilliary agreeing with the [[Actor]] is used even though egin (to make) is transitive. Both arguments are marked as abs although the verb disambiguates in this case. This is because ari which has come into use as an auxilliary is an intransitive verb.

==The Verbal System==
The Basque verbal system works in a way relatively rare outside of the [[Caucassian Languages]]. Most verbs have no [[finite forms]] of their own, only participles and must be used with an auxilliary to obtain a finite form. There are at most 12 commonly used verbs with their own finite forms, including the verbs eduki &quot;to have&quot;, egon &quot;to be located&quot;, and izan &quot;to be&quot; (used as an auxilliary). However, the Basque verbal paradigm is still formidable, with two [[tenses]] past vs non-past, three [[aspects]] marked on the participles, various [[moods]] including [[indicative]], [[subjunctive]] and [[hypothetical]] and extensive person agreement with the [[Ergative]], [[Absolutive]] and [[Dative]] arguments if present. The verb may also agree with the gender of the [[2nd person]], if the Ergative or Dative &quot;slot&quot; is free. Some examples:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;


The preference for the use of non-finite forms whenever possibly is strong, with chains of participles without auxilliaries common in normal &quot;flowing&quot; speech. For example:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Isolate natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palatal approximant</title>
    <id>789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44927</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-26T05:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Anglo-Saxon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the Palatal Glide/Approximant.  It is also used as a semi-vowel, equivalent to the high front vowels /i/ or /ɪ/.  It is often written in diphthongs for this reason.  Thus /ai/ or /aɪ/ are similar or the same as /aj/.  It is comes from Germanic languages that use '''j''' for /j/.
{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;j&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || j
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;j&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || j
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Palatal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Approximant]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || 
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt;
[+approximant] &lt;br&gt;
[+sonorant] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt;
[+voice] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+front] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+tense] 
|}

=Natlangs=
==[[Germanic Languages]]==
===[[English]]===
====[[Anglo-Saxon]]====
In Anglo-Saxon, the Glide is represented by the symbol '''Ȝ''', '''ȝ''' (called yogh /jox/) and/or '''G''', '''g''' around a front vowel.  Thus, '''gear''' is /jæar/.  It was even used in the formation of diphthongs, so thus '''dæg''' is often pronounced like the modern Australian form /daj/.  A common grammatical prefix was '''ge-''' /yə-/, used to indicate the past tense.

====[[Middle English]]====
The symbol '''Ȝ''' was still used well into the Middle English era, and '''Y''', '''y''' was beginning to be pronounced /i/ or /ɪ/.  It was also used along with '''I''', '''i''' to form some diphthongs.  The prefix in Anglo-Saxon merged into '''y-''' but was pronounced /i-/ or /ji-/ depending on dialect.
====[[Modern English]]====
In all forms of Modern English, '''Y''', '''y''' is used as the glide and occasionally as the diphthong.  Thus '''year''' /yiɹ/ as a glide, and '''day''' /dej/ as the diphthong.
===[[High German]]===
In High German, the symbol used for this symbol is '''J''', '''j'''.  The word '''Jäger''' is pronounced /yegər/.  For diphthongs different symbols are used.  For /oj/, '''eu''' or '''äu''' is used, and for /aj/, '''ei''' or occasionally '''ai''' is used.


==[[Japanese]]==
{|
| Plain || や, よ, ゆ (ya, yo, yu) || 四, /jon/
|}

=Conlangs=
==[[Toki Pona]]==
{|
| Plain || j || jelo “yellow”
|}

==[[Etimri]]==
{|
| Plain || j || jof (fem) and jod (masc) “gross”
|}

----
{{stub}}
==Sources==
Back to [[IPA]]


[[Category:Phonetic segments|j]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kirshenbaum</title>
    <id>790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8185</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>stub, [[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kirshenbaum''' or '''ASCII-IPA''' is a system for representing the [[IPA]] in [[ASCII]], developed by [[Evan Kirshenbaum]]. 

==External links==
* [http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII] (pdf, 238 kb)
* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Evan_Kirshenbaum/IPA/faq.html Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII] (html version of above link)

==See also==
* [[X-SAMPA]]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kirschenbaum</title>
    <id>791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4175</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-01T19:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Common misspelling)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Common misspelling)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ASCII-IPA</title>
    <id>792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4176</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-01T19:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Alternate name)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Alternate name)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Caeruleancentaur</title>
    <id>793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19821</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-05T23:46:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Volf|Volf]] ([[User_talk:Volf|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Caeruleancentaur|Caeruleancentaur]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan, Part I</title>
    <id>794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4095</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-03T23:31:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Epsilon==
You should be able to use any character you like here, we've got Unicode.  If you can't copy/paste or type them directly, the codes are  &amp;amp;epsilon; = ε (Greek epsilon), or &amp;amp;#x025B; = ɛ (IPA epsilon).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:28, 3 Jan 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part II</title>
    <id>795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10379</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan</title>
    <id>796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4178</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-04T00:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Senyecan moved to Senyecan, Part I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senyecan, Part I]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan</title>
    <id>797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4179</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-04T00:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Talk:Senyecan moved to Talk:Senyecan, Part I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Senyecan, Part I]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Culture: Translations</title>
    <id>798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11516</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-25T14:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Culture: Data</title>
    <id>799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10381</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japanese</title>
    <id>800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47877</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T03:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removing painfully bad &quot;content&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Japanese''' (日本語,　pronounced approximately /nihoŋgo/) is the main language of Japan.  It is either an [[Altaic languages|Altaic language]], related only to [[Korean]], or a language isolate.

==Notable features of Japanese==
* Japanese uses several different writing systems: 
** [[Kanji]], a morphemic writing system using Chinese characters ([[hanzi]])
** Two [[kana]] alphabets systems, [[katakana]] and [[hiragana]]
** Roomaji (or rōmaji, or roumaji), i.e., Latin characters.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Isolate natlangs]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Numbers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Culture: Table of Correspondences</title>
    <id>801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11518</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-25T14:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Proto-Jama</title>
    <id>802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4201</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-07T16:09:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>195.210.247.2</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi,
I'm collecting numbers from various sytems in different languages.
I politely ask you send me numbers from 1 to 10 in Proto-Jama, or from other your conlangs.
Thank you for your help!
My email is: j_gorenc@yahoo.com

Janko Gorenc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alveolar nasal</title>
    <id>804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48971</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T18:32:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Features */ link cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float:right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;n&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || n
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;n&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || n
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+nasal] &lt;br&gt;  [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior] 
|}

The '''alveolar nasal''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[nasal]]s is {{IPA|n}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is &lt;tt&gt;n&lt;/tt&gt;.

== Features ==

Features of the alveolar nasal:

* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop]] , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. 
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the [[alveolar ridge]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''[[laminal consonant|laminal]]''. 
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation. 
* It is a [[nasal consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.

== In natural languages ==

===English===
The alveolar nasal occurs in [[English (language)|English]], and it is the sound denoted by the letter 'n' in ''nine'' or ''plan''. Some dialects of English, including most [[American English]] dialects, also have syllabic /n/, as in ''lemon''.

Note that the letter 'n' does not always denote the sound /n/.  The digraph 'ng' is usually pronounced either [&amp;#331;] ([[velar nasal]]), as in ''hang'', or [&amp;#331;g], as in ''finger''.  In most words where 'n' is followed by a 'k', it is also velarised to [&amp;#331;k], as in ''stink''.

===Spanish===
{|
| ''plain'' || n || nube /ˈnube/ &quot;cloud&quot;
|}

===Esperanto===
{|
| ''plain'' || n || nulo /ˈnulo/ &quot;zero&quot;
|}

==See also==
*[[Velar nasal|Velar nasal – ŋ]]


[[Category:Phonetic segments|n]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qanao language/Messy</title>
    <id>805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4183</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-14T12:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|thumb|right|Qana'öžjinaet written in its native script]]
The '''Qanao language''' (Qanao: classical: ''qana'öžjinaet'' [qanaʔo.ʒ̞jɪnaət]) is an in-progress conlang.
=Writing system=
: ''See [[Qanao abugida]].''

=Phonology=
==Mora==
The following syllable types are one-mora:
* V
* VC
* CV
* CVC

The following syllable types are two-mora:
* CE
* CEC
* CVV
* CVVC

The following syllable types are three-mora:
* CEV
* CEVC
* CVE
* CVEC

==Consonants==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|- style=&quot;display: collapse;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
|-
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| p || t || ť || k || q || `
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| p || t || c || k || q || ʔ
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| b || d || ď || g ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| mb || nd || ɲɟ || ŋg ||  || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| m || n || ň || ŋ || γ || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ɴ || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| φ || c || č ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| pɸ || ʦ || ʧ ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| f || s || š ||   ||   || h
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ɸʰ || sʰ || ʃʰ ||   ||   || h
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| v || z || ž ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| β̞ || z̞ || ʒ̞ ||   ||   ||
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| w || r || ř || y ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| w || ɹ̥ || ɹ̥ʲ || ʔj ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|   || l || ľ ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|   || l̥ || ʎ̥ ||   ||   || 
|}

==Vowels==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|- style=&quot;display: collapse;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| i || í || ji || jí || e || u || ú || wu || wú
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| i || i: || ʲjɪ || ʲji: || ə || u || u: || ʷʊ || ʷu:
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| a || á || ja || já || ö || o || ó || wo || wó
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| a || a: || ʲja || ʲja: || o || ɔ || ɔ: || ʷɔ || ʷɔ:
|}

* Final ''o'' is realised as [o].

==Diphthongs==
There are two types of diphthongs in Qanao: short and long. A long diphthong is denoted by a grave accent over either the first or second vowel, i.e. '''aì''' or '''ìö'''. A short diphthong has a moraic length of the first vowel; a long diphthong has a moraic length of the preceding vowel plus one.

==Phonological processes==
* '''Chain palatalisation''': A palatalised consonant causes palatalisation of all consecutive preceding and successive consonants.
* '''Chain voicing''': /ɸ/ and /s/ become voiced when preceded or followed by voiced consonants.
* '''Deaspiration''': /ɸ/ and /s/ are not aspirated when followed by consonants.
* '''Metatheses''': 
** '''Diphthong splitting''': a VC mora preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant becomes CV - i.e. ''ziùl'' + ''ku'a'' &amp;rarr; ''ziluku'a''.
*  '''Cluster simplification''':
** '''Prenasals''': (Note that the nasal component remains voiced)
*** /mb.mb/ becomes [m.mb]; /nd.nd/ becomes [n.nd]; etc. 
*** /mb.nd/ becomes [mb.d]; /nd.mb/ becomes [nd.b]; etc.
** '''Affricates''':
*** /pɸ.pɸ/ becomes [p.pɸ]; /ts.ts/ becomes [t.ts]; etc.
*** /pɸ.ɸ/ becomes [p.pɸ]; /ts.s/ becomes [t.ts]; etc.
* '''Consonant gemination''': /ʔ/ assimilates to the previous consonant: ''am'' + '' 'ura'' &amp;rarr; ''ammura''. However, take note of cluster simplification.

==Accent==
Qanao has pitch accent, which is derived from a simplification of a natural pitch system. Most simple words do not undergo simplification, since it is rare to have more than two pitch changes in a two or three-syllabled word.

There are four possible pitch and tone contours: high-level, high-falling, low-rising, and low-level. They will henceforth be referred to as high, falling, rising, and level tone respectively.
* A rising tone on the first mora is equivalent to a high tone for most transformations.
* A rising tone on the last mora is equivalent to a low tone for most transformations.
* A falling tone on the first mora is equivalent to a low tone for most transformations.
* A falling tone on the last mora is equivalent to a high tone for most transformations.

To begin with, tone is assigned to each mora as follows:
* If it begins with an unvoiced consonant, it has a high tone.
** If it begins with an aspirated consonant, it has a falling tone.
** If it ends with a voiced or glottal consonant, it has a falling tone.
* If it begins with a voiced consonant or a glottal stop, it a has low tone.
** If it ends with an unvoiced, non-glottal consonant, it has a rising tone.
* If it does not begin with a consonant, it has an undetermined tone.
** If it ends with an unvoiced consonant, it has a high tone.
** If it ends with a voiced consonant or a glottal stop, it has a low tone.

Then, within each group:
* An undetermined tone becomes the tone of the following mora.
* An undetermined tone on the last mora:
** Becomes a falling tone if there are no pitch falls in the group.
** Becomes the tone of the preceding tone otherwise.
* Rising and falling tones are restricted to the first and last mora only.
** A rising tone preceded by a high tone becomes a high tone.
** A falling tone preceded by a low tone becomes a low tone.
** A rising tone followed by a high tone becomes a low tone.
** A falling tone followed by a low tone becomes a high tone.
** A rising tone followed by a falling tone becomes a high tone.
** A falling tone followed by a rising tone becomes a low tone.
** A non-level tone preceded and followed by a high tone becomes a high tone.
** A non-level tone preceded and followed by a low tone becomes a low tone.
** A rising tone followed by a rising tone becomes a low tone.
** A falling tone followed by a falling tone becomes a high tone.
* There must be at most one pitch fall within each polysyllabic group.
** If the whole group has a high tone, the last mora becomes a falling tone.
** If the whole group has a low tone, the first mora becomes a falling tone.
*** If the last mora has a rising tone, it becomes a low tone.
** If there are more, the last pitch fall is preserved, and all others are levelled.
* There must be at most one pitch rise within each polysyllabic group.
** If there are more, the second pitch rise is preserved, and all others are levelled.

Then, within each word:
* Non-core, word-medial monosyllabic groups in polysyllabic words have their tones deleted.
* The first two prefixed groups and all non-final suffixed groups are levelled:
** If the first mora has a falling tone, all following morae have a low tone.
** If the first mora has a rising tone, all following morae have a high tone.
** If the last mora has a falling tone, all preceding morae have a high tone.
** If the last mora has a rising tone, all preceding morae have a low tone.
** Otherwise, the group is levelled to the tone of the first mora, with the last mora becoming a contour tone if it differs from the first mora.
* An undetermined tone becomes the tone of the following mora.
* An undetermined tone on the last mora becomes a falling tone.
* Rising and falling tones are restricted to the first and last mora only. 
** A group-initial non-level tone becomes a low tone.
** Otherwise, the same transformation as group-medial non-level tones is applied.
* A non-level tone on the last mora is simplified:
** A rising tone preceded by a low tone becomes a high tone.
** A falling tone preceded by a high tone becomes a low tone.

Therefore:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Groups
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 'ádin
| nor
| 
| ac
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | múfúrí
| bi
| čjil
| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | múrcí
| riam
| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | muàril
| 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | hussa
|-
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Syllables
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 'á
| din
| nor
| &amp;#8195;
| ac
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | fú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | rí
| bi
| čjil
| &amp;#8195;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | múr
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cí
| riam
| &amp;#8195;
| mu
| à
| ril
| &amp;#8195;
| hus
| sa
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Initial
| L
| L
| LH
| H
|
| H
| H
| -
| H
| -
| H
| -
| L
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| -
| H
|
| H
| -
| H
|
| HL
| HL
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Group-transf.
| HL
| L
| LH
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| HL
| L
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| HL
| H
|
| H
| H
| HL
|
| H
| HL
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Word-transf.
| HL
| L
| L
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
|
| H
| H
| HL
|
| H
| L
|}

==Eastern sound shifts==

* ji [ʲjɪ] &amp;rarr; e [ʲe]
* jí [ʲji:] &amp;rarr; é [ʲe:]
* e [ə] &amp;rarr; j [ɪ] after front vowels, w [ʊ] after back vowels.
* u [u] &amp;rarr; u [ɯ]
* ú [u] &amp;rarr; ú [ɯ:]
* wu [ʷʊ] &amp;rarr; ü [u]
* wú [ʷu:] &amp;rarr; û [u:]
* ja [ʲja] &amp;rarr; jä [ʲæ]
* já [ʲja:] &amp;rarr; jä [ʲæ:]
* ó [ɔ:] &amp;rarr; ó [o:]
* wó [ʷɔ:] ↔ wó [ʷɔ:]

* ai [ai] &amp;rarr; ë [ɛ]
* aì [a.i] &amp;rarr; êi [ɛ:i]
* ái [a:i] &amp;rarr; aì [a.i]
* aí [ai:] &amp;rarr; eí [ɛi:]
* ao [aɔ] &amp;rarr; å [ʌ]
* aò [a.ɔ] &amp;rarr; åò [ʌ.ɔ]
* áo [a:ɔ] &amp;rarr; aò [a.ɔ]
* aó [aɔ:] &amp;rarr; åô [ʌɔ:]
* au [au] &amp;rarr; o [ɔ]
* aù [a.u] &amp;rarr; ôu [ɔ:ɯ]
* áu [a:u] &amp;rarr; åù [ʌ.ɯ]
* aú [au:] &amp;rarr; åú [ʌɯ:]
* prevocalic i [i] &amp;rarr; j [j] with'''out''' compensatory lengthening of following vowel
* prevocalic ì [i.] &amp;rarr; j [j] with compensatory lengthening of following vowel:
** ìá [i.a:] &amp;rarr; ıá [jɪa:]
** ìí [i.i:] &amp;rarr; ıí [jɪi:]
** ìú [i.u:] &amp;rarr; ıû [ɥɪɯ:]
** ìó [i.ɔ:] &amp;rarr; ıó [ɥʏo:]
* ou [ɔu] &amp;rarr; ö [o]
* où [ɔ.u] &amp;rarr; óu [o:ɯ]
* óu [ɔ:u] &amp;rarr; öù [o.ɯ]
* oú [ɔu:] &amp;rarr; öú [oɯ:]
* ua [ua] &amp;rarr; wa [ʷa]
* uá [ua:] &amp;rarr; wá [ʷa:]
* wua [ʷʊa] &amp;rarr; üa [ua]
* wuá [ʷua:] &amp;rarr; üá [ua:]
* ui [ui] &amp;rarr; ï [y]
* uì [u.i] &amp;rarr; î [y:]
* úi [u:i] &amp;rarr; îi [y:i]
* uí [ui:] &amp;rarr; wí [ʷi:]
* wui [ʷʊi] &amp;rarr; wï [ʷy]
* wuì [ʷʊ.i] &amp;rarr; wî [ʷy:]
* wúi [ʷu:i] &amp;rarr; ûi [u:i]
* wuí [ʷui:] &amp;rarr; üî [uy:]

* nasals and prenasals cause nasalisation of previous vowel (does not operate through interword boundaries)
* nasals cause nasalisation of following vowel
* b [mb] &amp;rarr; b [b]; m [m] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
* d [nd] &amp;rarr; d [d]; n [n] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
* ď [ɲɟ] &amp;rarr; ď [ɟ]; ň [ɲ] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
* g [ŋg] &amp;rarr; g [g]; ŋ [ŋ] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels

* φv [pββ̞] &amp;rarr; φv [bβ]
* fv [ββ̞] &amp;rarr; fv [β]
* vf [β̞βʰ] &amp;rarr; vf [βʰ]
* cz [tzz̞] &amp;rarr; cz [dz]
* sz [zz̞] &amp;rarr; sz [z]
* zs [z̞zʰ] &amp;rarr; zs [zʰ]

* v [β̞] &amp;rarr; v [w]
* z [z̞] &amp;rarr; z [ɹ]
* ž [ʒ̞] &amp;rarr; ž [ɹʲ]

* q [q] &amp;rarr; q [k] before front vowels, '''w''', and finally; ` [ʔ] before back vowels.
* γ [ɴ] &amp;rarr; ` [ʔ]; n [n] after alveolar consonants, ň after palatal consonants, ŋ after velar consonants and q.

=Grammar=
==Word formation==
Most words and many auxilliaries are derived from biconsonantal roots. There is some amount of vowel gradation within roots, but it is fairly limited.

There are also a series of monoconsonantal roots which form prefixes that further modify the meaning  of the word. Some are still productive, and a few require agreement with numerals.

===Vowel gradation===
Although changing vowel grades is generally not productive, it is possible to imagine that it once was, giving rise to such sets of words as '''zal''' (water), '''žjil''' (blood), '''zál''' (lake), '''zil''' (clear), '''zul''' (to liquify), '''zúl''' (to melt). 

* '''a-grade''' (n1) general: ''qana' '' &quot;Qana&quot;; ''patuk'' &quot;tree&quot;; ''zal'' &quot;water&quot;
* '''ja-grade''' (n2) living things: ''qjana' '' &quot;Qjana&quot;
* '''á-grade''' (n3) permanent things: ''ázal'' &quot;ocean&quot;; ''ápatuk'' &quot;forest&quot;
* '''ji-grade''' (n4) transcendecent: ''žjinat'' &quot;language&quot;; ''yìöàn'' &quot;universe&quot;; ''kjim'' &quot;world&quot;
* '''i-grade''' (q) qualities: '' 'ìökiem'' &quot;universal&quot;
* '''u-grade''' (va) active actions: ''mumút'' &quot;to cause to die&quot;; ''muzil'' &quot;to make clear, to declare&quot;
* '''ú-grade''' (vp) passive actions: ''mút'' &quot;to die&quot;; ''fúzal'' &quot;to rain&quot;

===Monoconsonantal roots===

* ''' ' '''
** ''' ya-''' important person
** ''' 'á-''' large place
** ''' yi-''' divine
** ''' 'ó-''' super-honorific
* ''' '-ö-''' all (vowel gradable)
* '''b'''
** '''bó-''' humble
* '''c''' primary [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''d''' interrogative [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''f''' &quot;to fall from the sky&quot; (vowel gradable)
* '''φ''' plural (with numerals, indicates plurality of groups)
** '''φ-''' &quot;many; together&quot; (vowel gradable)
** '''φo-''' plural actor
** '''-φ''' plural patient
** '''-φan''' &quot;several together&quot;
** '''-φur''' &quot;several times at once&quot; (vowel gradable)
* '''g'''
* '''h'''
* '''k'''
** '''kó''' honorific
* '''l'''
* '''m'''
** '''mu''' causative
** '''mú''' passive-causative
* '''n''' &quot;to exist&quot; (triform conjugation verb)
* '''ŋ'''
* '''γ''' indefinite [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''p'''
* '''q''' distal [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]; &quot;Qanao&quot;
** '''qó''' respective
* '''r''' verbaliser
* '''s'''
* '''t''' proximal [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''v''' medial [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''z'''

==Conjugation==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! n.
! vb.
! adj.
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | *
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Consonantal root
| z.l
| múf:r
| 'ìök.m
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 0
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Infix stem
| za.l
| múfú.r
| 'ìöki.m
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 1
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stem
| zal-
| múfúr-
| 'ìökim-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 2
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sentence-medial
| &amp;ndash;
| múfúr
| 'ìökim
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 3
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sentence-terminal
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 4
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Infinitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n.
| &amp;ndash;
| múfúà.r-
| 'ìökià.m-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 5
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Approximative adjective
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | q.
| ázai.l-
| múfúi.r-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 5-6
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Approximative adverb
| ázaùl
| múfúòr
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 6
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Adverb
| &amp;ndash;
| múfór
| 'ìökium
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 7a
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Compounding (with noun)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ázalö-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | múfúrö-
| 'ìökimi-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 7b
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; textalign: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Compounding (with non-noun)
| iokimö-
|}

The medial form is the citation form for most words.

==Particles==
* '''pr.''' - predicate, any of:
** '''p.t.''' - terminal predicate (not always - there are some auxilliaries that attach to these)
** '''p.s.''' - stem predicate
* '''&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;''' - suffix attaches to base specified in superscript instead of in the '''base''' column.
* '''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;''' - vowel specified in subscript appears only to break illegal consonant clusters.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
! Type
! Base
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7a
! 7b
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Indicative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | vb-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ø
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;a
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;i
| &lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;o 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | q-1
| &amp;ndash;
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;u
| i
| o 
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Identitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n-1
| ø
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| a.r
| &amp;ndash;
| ur
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | rö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | vb-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;d
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| u.d
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | od
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | dö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | q-1
| i.d
| di
| dö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Nominative participle
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;r
| ir
| &amp;ndash;
| rai.r
| r&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;.s
| or
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Nominative participant
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;r
| ar
| &amp;ndash;
| ra.r
| rai.s
| &amp;ndash;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Absolutive participle
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;n
| in
| &amp;ndash;
| na.r
| n&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;.s
| on
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Absolutive participant
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;n
| an
| &amp;ndash;
| na.r
| nai.s
| &amp;ndash;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Present
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| a
| aq
| a
| &amp;ndash;
| ai.r
| uq
| ari
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Preterite
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| i
| id
| i
| &amp;ndash;
| i.r
| ud
| idö
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Assertive aorist
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| á
| áp
| á
| &amp;ndash;
| á.r
| úp
| ápi
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Future
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| ja
| jav
| ja
| &amp;ndash;
| jai.r
| jauv
| javi
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Irrealis
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| já
| jáh
| já
| &amp;ndash;
| já.r
| jáuh
| jáhi
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Counterfactual
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| í
| íf
| í
| &amp;ndash;
| í.r
| úf
| ífö
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Approximative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | q.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n-5-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ø
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;5-0&lt;/sup&gt;a
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;u
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | vb-5-1
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;o
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| is
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| as
| us
| si
| sö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Perfective
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;c
| &lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;c
| &amp;ndash;
| cu.r
| ci.r
| uc
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Negative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;z
| &lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;z
| &amp;ndash;
| za.r
| zi.r
| zur
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Incorporative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| av
| ov
| &amp;ndash;
| va.r
| vi.r
| vur
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | vö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Partitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| oc
| oc
| &amp;ndash;
| a.c
| i.c
| uc
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Possessive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| núc
| on
| &amp;ndash;
| ná.c
| ní.c
| nóc
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | onö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Genitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| súm
| os
| &amp;ndash;
| sá.m
| sí.m
| sóm
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | osö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Subjunctive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| &lt;sub&gt;au&lt;/sub&gt;b
| &lt;sub&gt;au&lt;/sub&gt;b
| &amp;ndash;
| u.b
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| bi
| bö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Nominative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| la
| al
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| ol
| &amp;ndash;
| ol
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Passive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| ľji
| jil
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| wul
| &amp;ndash;
| wul
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Accusative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| li
| il
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| ul
| &amp;ndash;
| ul
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Oblique
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| ľja
| jal
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| wol
| &amp;ndash;
| wol
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Ablative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| kur
| &lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;k
| &amp;ndash;
| ka.r
| ki.r
| kor
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ki
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Lative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| mud
| &lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;m
| &amp;ndash;
| ma.d
| mi.d
| mor
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mi
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| núr
| &lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;n
| &amp;ndash;
| na.r
| ni.r
| nor
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ni
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Iterative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n-1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;t
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| ut
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;q
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| uq
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|}

===Infix particles===
* '''e''' (pr+) - topical, vocative
* '''i''' (n+, vb+) - approximative (non-productive)
* '''o''' (vb+), '''u''' (q+) - adverbial (non-productive)

===Usage===
* The '''present''' particle, without other aspect markers, generally has the habitual aspect.
* The '''assertive aorist''' particle indicates an assertion that is presently true and (believed by the speaker to be) true forever.
* The '''incorporative''' particle:
** Makes objects inalienably possessed by the complement: &quot;A human ''has 2 arms''&quot;; &quot;The ''bricks'' of a building&quot; etc.; and
** Indicates fundamental properties or habits: &quot;He ''walks'' to school daily&quot;; &quot;All living things ''die'' eventually&quot;; &quot;Water ''is wet''&quot;, &quot;The sky ''is blue''&quot; etc.
* The '''partitive''' particle:
** Makes objects classes of which the complement is a member of: &quot;He ''is '''a''' student''&quot;;
** Indicates an indefinite quantity of the object: &quot;(Any) three pages ''of (a) book''&quot;; &quot;He has done ''(some) work''&quot;; &quot;He ate ''a'' slice ''of bread''&quot; etc.
* The '''possessive''' particle makes objects alienably possessed by the complement: &quot;He ''has a house''&quot;; &quot;His ''ship''&quot; etc..
* The '''genitive''' particle indicates:
** A generic relationship between the object and the complement: &quot;Speech ''about truth''&quot;, &quot;''His'' wife&quot; etc.; and
** Reported speech: &quot;''Good morning,'' said he&quot;; &quot;I thought ''it was there''&quot; etc.
* The '''subjunctive''' particle makes:
** A temporal clause when attached to the future tense particle; 
** A conditional clause when attached to the irrealis particle or the counterfactual particle; and
** A reason when attached to the past tense particle or the present tense particle or the stem of any verb, noun or adjective.

=== Verbal arguments ===
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! width=&quot;16%&quot; |
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Agent
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Experiencer
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Patient
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Recipient
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Static
| 
| B
|
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Active
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Intransitive
| A
|
| 
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Transitive
| A
|
| C / D / E
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Ditransitive
| A
|
| C
| D / E
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Passive
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Intransitive
| 
| B / E
| 
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Transitive
| A / F
| B / E
| B / C / D
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Ditransitive
| A / F
| B / E
| C
| B / C / D
|}

* '''A''' is the '''nominative''' case.
* '''B''' is the '''passive''' case.
* '''C''' is the '''accusative''' case.
* '''D''' is the '''oblique''' case.
* '''E''' is the '''lative''' case.
* '''F''' is the '''ablative''' case.

All but cases E and F can be replaced by the '''topical''' case. Although more than one noun can be marked with any case, all cases must be used consistently within one sentence, that is, if the passive case is used to indicate the experiencer in a passive-ditransitive sentence, it cannot also be used to mark the recepient; however, two or more nouns may be marked with the passive case to indicate two or more experiencers.

There is also a very limited form of agreement between cases and nouns - when possible, people take the oblique case instead of the accusative and lative cases; and the nominative case instead of the ablative case. Paradoxically, the lative and ablative cases are also used for people as a sign of profound respect.

The choice of which case to use can slightly alter the meaning of a sentence, for instance, compare:
* röqukjil múzil. &quot;It was made clear to Roquk.&quot;
* röqukiam múzil. &quot;It was made clear for Roquk.&quot;
In this case, the passive case has an oblique function, and the lative case has a benefactive function. Note, the benefactive function can be positive or negative:
* röqukiam qópjiniril múzili. &quot;Roquk benefited from his rights being made clear.&quot;
* röqukiam qópjiniril núsi. &quot;Roquk suffered from his rights being taken away.&quot;

==Demonstratives==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! 
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
! 4th
! Indet.
! Interr.
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Stem
| c-
| t-
| v-
| n-
| γ-
| d-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Personal prefix
| ac-
| at-
| av-
| an-
| uγ-
| id-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Polite personal prefix
| bó-
| kó-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | qó-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Agent-marking affix
| -s&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| -t&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| -h&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;.-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Agent-marked verb
| su.n-
| tu.s-
| &amp;mdash;
| &amp;mdash;
| &amp;mdash;
| hu.m-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Patient-marking affix
| ic-
| it-
| (iv-) -l&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| (in-) -l&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| (uγ-) -l&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| (id-) -h&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Patient-marked verb
| &amp;mdash;
| &amp;mdash;
| (iv)lú.p-
| (in)lú.p-
| (uγ)lú.p-
| hú.l-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Indeterminate prefix
| caùγ-
| taùγ-
| vaùγ-
| naùγ-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;mdash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Demonstrative prefix
| ca-
| ta-
| va-
| na-
| γa-
| da-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative prefix
| cu'-
| to'-
| vo'-
| nu'-
| γu'-
| do'-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Personal pronoun
| aca.n-
| ata.n-
| ama.n-
| ana.n-
| uγa.n-
| ida.n-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Demonstrative pronoun
| cu'a.n-
| to'a.n-
| vo'a.n-
| nu'a.n-
| γu'a.n-
| do'a.n-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative pronoun
| cu.'-
| to.'-
| vo.'-
| nu.'-
| γu.'-
| do.'-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative verb
| cu.n-
| tu.n-
| vu.n-
| nu.n-
| γu.n-
| du.n-
|} 

The 1st, 2nd and 3rd person polite prefixes are derived from the humble, honorific, and respective prefixes respectively.

The agent-marked and patient-marked verbs are suppletive forms of the verb '' 'ur'' and '' 'úr'' respectively. It is from these that the agent-marking and patient-marking suffixes are derived. The locative verb is used instead of suffixing the locative particle to the locative pronoun.

The overt pronouns are used where it would be awkward to use affixes, or for emphasis. It is conjectured that the nominalising ''-an'' and verbalising ''-un'' suffixed to the pronouns are related to the irregular verb ''in'', to exist, or perhaps the absolutive participant particle, ''-an''.

Others say that the demonstrative ''n'', nominalising suffix ''-an'', verbalising ''-un'', absolutive participant particle ''-an'', locative particle ''-&lt;sub&gt;ai&lt;/sub&gt;n'' are all derived from a single root, '''''n'''''.

=Miscellaneous=
{|
| I want to become the person I would have become had I been born in (location).
|- 
| C: 'ádinnor acmúfúríb múricím muaril achusa. 
|-
| E: 'áninain múfûríbar čel múricíjam mwaril husa.
|}
* 'ádinnor &quot;Adin&quot; (n-'''loc'''-'''adv''')
** 'á &quot;place&quot; (n.pre)
** din &quot;peaceful&quot; (q)
* acmúfúríbičjil &quot;to become&quot; ('''1.pre'''-vb-'''ind'''-'''cf'''-'''subj'''-7a-'''1'''-'''pass''')
** mú &quot;to become&quot; (vb.pre)
** fúr &quot;to live&quot; (vb)
* múrcím &quot;to become (passive)&quot; (vb-'''perf'''-'''ind'''-'''cf'''-'''lat''')
* muaril &quot;to become (active)&quot; (vb-'''inf'''-'''acc''')
* achusa &quot;to want&quot; ('''1.pre'''-vb-'''ind'''-'''pres''')

{|
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|-
| C: ňja'imanvöpjinirul'ìökjimimuziael (ňjai'imanav pjiniril 'ìökim muziael)
|-
| E: ňä'imanvöpenirosöyökemimuzjajl (ňä'imanav peniros yökim muzjajl)
|}
* ňja'i &quot;person&quot; (n-5-7a)
* manvö &quot;living thing&quot; (n-'''corp'''-7a)
* pjinirul &quot;right&quot; (n-'''acc'''-7b)
** pji &quot;always&quot; (n.pre)
** nir &quot;permitted&quot; (q)
* 'ìökjimi &quot;universal&quot; (q-7a)
** 'ìö &quot;all&quot; (q.pre)
** kjim &quot;world&quot; (n)
* muziael &quot;declaration; clarification&quot; (vb-4-'''voc''')
** mu &quot;to cause to become&quot; (vb.pre) +
** zil &quot;to be clear&quot; (q)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

{|
| C: 'ir ňja'imanoec qóqúormúqdastwol qópjinirtwol liuráq 'ìötiuráq múfúrá.
|-
| E: 'ir ňä'imanowc mav qúormúqnašťel peniřťel ljuraq yötjuraq múfûrá.
|}
* 'ir &quot;all&quot; (q-2) 
* ňja'imanoec &quot;human being&quot; (n-'''part'''-'''top''')
* qóqúormúqdastwol &quot;dignity&quot; ('''resp'''-vb-'''deg'''-'''iter'''-'''pass'''-'''adv''')
** qúor &quot;to raise&quot; (vb-5-6)
** múq &quot;to be seen&quot; (vb)
* qópjinirtwol &quot;rights&quot; ('''resp'''-n-'''iter'''-'''pass'''-'''adv''')
* liráuq &quot;free&quot; (q-'''ind'''-'''aor'''-'''iter'''-'''adv''')
* 'ìötiráuq &quot;completely equal&quot; (q-'''ind'''-'''aor'''-'''iter'''-'''adv''')
** tir &quot;equal&quot; (q)
* múfúrá &quot;to be born&quot; (vb-'''ind'''-'''aor''')
** mú &quot;to become&quot; (vb.pre)
** fúr &quot;to live&quot; (vb)

{|
| C: rikö'umadtil löqjattil ammiqutcáq,
|-
| E: rikö'umantil löqättil mjam qutcáq
|}
* rikö'umadtil &quot;ability to think logically&quot; (n-'''iter'''-'''acc''')
** rikö &quot;logical&quot; (q-7b)
** 'umö &quot;to think&quot; (vb)
** ad &quot;ability&quot; (n)
* löqjattil &quot;conscience&quot; (n-'''iter'''-'''acc''')
** lö &quot;good&quot; (n.pre)
** qjat &quot;heart&quot; (n)
* ammiqutcár &quot;to receive (from Designer)&quot; ('''3.pre'''-'''ben'''-7b-vb-'''perf'''-'''ind'''-'''pres'''-2)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pne</title>
    <id>806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4202</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-17T18:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hi! I'm me!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi! I'm Philip Newton. I'm also &quot;[[Wikipedia:en:User:Pne|Pne]]&quot; on Wikipedia.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Talk</title>
    <id>807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4125</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-24T15:35:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;discuss this page&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Discuss this page</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Henaudute ceremonial calendar</title>
    <id>808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4126</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-25T07:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Interesting ... I've always had a fondness for arbitrary calendars.  :-) [[User:Nik|Nik]] 23:30, 24 Jan 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Nik</title>
    <id>809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12724</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-26T03:13:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nik Taylor, member of the Conculture list and Ill Bethisad.  Creator of the [[Galhaf|Galhafan]] concultures.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhaf</title>
    <id>810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43227</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Galhaf''' is a planet in a binary star system, the fourth planet around its star.  The name is derived from the [[Ivetsian]] descendant of the [[Classical Kasshian]] ''wagallapa'' (Our World).  It is inhabited by humans, descendants of a failed Earth colony.

It, and its inhabitants, are the creation of [[User:Nik|Nik Taylor]]

*[[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf itself]]
*[[Suns of Galhaf|Galhaf's Star System]]
*[[Prehistory of Humanity on Galhaf|The ancient past]]
*[[Biology of the Chihazh System]]
*Galhafan Cultures
**[[Blafu]]
**[[Category:Kasshi|Kasshi]]
**[[Sanle]]
**[[Oppai]]
**Famous Galhafans
***[[Chalanya]]
***[[Chila]]
***[[Chinikan]]
***[[Chinrasta]]
***[[Dzesa]]
***[[Navesh]]
*Galhafan Languages
**[[Kasshian languages|Kasshi Family]]
***[[Classical Kasshian]]
***[[Ivetsian]]
**[[Sanle (language)|Sanle]]
***[[Classical Sanle]]
*Galhafan Religions
**The [[Laughing Mystics]]
**[[Kalpanism]]
**[[Nrastaism]]
***[[Council of Twelve]]
*Other
**[[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy]]
**[[Odiran Standard Units]]
**[[Galhafan Governments]]

[[Category:Galhaf|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Henaudute</title>
    <id>811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4203</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-25T15:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Why does Henaudute use the Greek alphabet?

:Ironically, convenience.  The phonology was patterened after ancient Greek's (though the morphology is too different to really help recall it) and it just seemed easier to represent it that way.  Plus, the aesthetics :p
:There actually *is* a native [[abugida]]; it looks like ...  [http://frath.net/images/lang/hena-curse.gif] (old version)... but it's rather complicated, being written [[TTB]], with lots of [[ligature|ligation]] involved, and I havn't designed a font for it yet.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:46, 25 Jan 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grammar of Saxon English</title>
    <id>813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35212</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T13:43:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* GRAMMAR OF SAXON ENGLISH. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''This is a section of ''[[Pure Saxon English]]'', a book published by [[Elias Molee]] in [[1890]], which thus should be public domain.  The character &quot;inverted i&quot; (in Unicode, U+1D09) has not been used here due to lack of font support, and has been replaced by the small capital ɪ.''
:This page is also available [[Media:Grammar of Saxon English.pdf|as a PDF]] (147 KB).
----

==GRAMMAR OF SAXON ENGLISH.==
===PHONETIC SPELLING WITH OLD LETTERS.===
''Ai'' always sounds as in the word aim (Ger. e); ''q,'' ah, arm; ''a,'' an (Ger. ä); ''o,'' on, or (Ger. soll); ''ö'' (or ''oe)'' earn, word; ''oi,'' oil; ''ei,'' eye; ''au,'' house; ''ɯ,'' rule; ''ɔ,'' oh, old; ''ü'' (or ''ue),'' as in German, ''für;'' French, ''dur;'' Greek and Scandinavian, ''y'' as in ''syd;'' ''ɪ,'' eel; ''u,'' full or but; ''i,'' it; ''e,'' met; ''z,'' hard ''tsee'' (as in [[High German|German]], in order to have a clearer, oral distinction between ''z'' and ''s); y,'' yard; ''sh'', she; ''ch,'' church; ''th,'' the, thin; ''w,'' we; ''ks,'' x; ''kw,'' qu; ''k,'' ch (Christ, Kreist).  ''E'' before ''r'' has the sound of ''a'' (an); final ''o'' and ''u'' are long.  ''Oe'' is equal to ''ö,'' and ''ue'' equal to ''ü.''  This substitution is also allowed in the German language.  Capitals for the inverted ''c, i,'' and ''m,'' are O·ɔ, I·ɪ, U·ɯ; A·q.  We can not invert capitals on account of not lining, and the capital Q looks odd for ''q.''  We therefore indicate the proper sound of the capital letters by means of an inverted period.  Inverted ''c, i, m,'' for ''oh, ee, oo'' are advocated, and partly used already in America, England, and France.  It is the only way I can see, by which to get along with old letters only, and they are as good as new letters would be to the reader.  The type-setter must invert them, but they might easily be made in the future, so as to need no turning.  The letter ''ɔ'' is written as the figure ''2'' is written; ''ɪ'' is simply inverted ''i;'' it is as easy to dot under as over the line, and the distinction becomes all the more conspicuous.  Inverted ''m,'' or ''ɯ,'' is written as ''u'' and ''i'' without the dot.  The corresponding capitals of ''ɔ, ɪ, ɯ,'' and ''q,'' have always an inverted period on their right side, thus: ''O·K, ɔk'' (oak); ''I·L, ɪl'' (eel); ''U·z, ɯz'' (ooze); ''A·MS, qms'' (alms).  In remodeling the language, it is sometimes better to modify the pronunciation than the spelling, in order to preserve the old appearance of the word, and to make it more international, as ''kom'' (not ''kum);'' German, ''kommen;'' Dutch ''kommen;'' Scandinavian, ''komme; kql'' (not ''kol)'' as ''a'' or ''q'' is used for the same word by our cousins.  That form which is most internationally Gothic, is best.  It is as easy to say ''kom'' as ''kum; bql'' as ''bol,'' etc.  With phonetic spelling, we can tell near enough for practical purposes how to pronounce.  No spelling can become fully phonetic without having about two hundred letters, according to Ellis, but we can use consistently those letters we have.  In the beginning, we can continue the old pronunciation of Saxon words.

===GRAMMAR.===
RULE 1.	To form the ''plural number,'' and to increase vowel euphony, add ''a'' (an, at; Ger. ''ä),'' after words ending on consonants; and add ''s'' after words ending on vowels, as, one ''hand,'' two ''handa;'' one ''boi,'' two ''bois'' (boys); two ''hausa.''  ''A'' is a very fine and extensive plural sound, and was much employed by our forefathers.  [[Anglo-Saxon]], ''an hand, twa handa;'' [[High German|German]] ''zwei hände'' (handai); Old Frisic, ''hond,'' plural ''honda;'' twɔ ''hausa;'' Scandinavian, ''to huse;'' Latin, ''regnum,'' plural ''regna;'' Greek ''petron'' (wing), plural ''petra;'' Slavonic ''grad'' (castle), plural ''grada,'' or ''gradje;'' Irish, ''seamrog'' (shamrock), plural ''seamroga.''  The final ''a'' has the same sound as in ''Florida, America, Mathilda,'' etc.

RULE 2.	To form the ''possessive case,'' add ''o'' (oh) after consonants, and ''no'' after vowels, as ''girlo hat'' (girl’s hat), and ''boino buk'' (boy’s book).  The possessive form may precede or follow, as, ''hat girlo.''  This ''o'' is a contraction of our possessive word ''own'' (ɔn, ɔnership).  When words end on a vowel, a euphonistic ''n'' is inserted to prevent hiatus, and to blend consonants and vowels for ease of pronunciation.  It looks like an abbreviated plural Greek possessive ''logon'' (of words).  ''Girlo'' (girl’s, girl own); ''Godo haus'' (God’s house).  The preposition ''of'' is also used as before; but ''o'' and ''no'' are used for the short possessive; plural possessive, ''handano'' (of the hands), ''laidiso,'' etc.  It will be as easy to form the possessive of the plural as of the singular, by adding ''o'' after ''s,'' or ''no'' after ''a;'' ''hausano.''  As final ''o'' has the sound of ''oh,'' we write ''o'' instead of ''ɔ.''

RULE 3.	To form the ''past tense,'' add ''o'' after consonants, and ''do'' (doh), after vowels, as, ''Ei lovo'' (I loved), ''Ei gɔdo, ei sɪdo'' (I went, I saw).  The fact that the possessive and past tense signs are alike is no objection, because a noun and a verb stand in such obviously different relations that no mistake can follow.  It is different with the plural and possessive sign ''s,'' both being added to the same part of speech.  ''O'' is chosen because it is historical, being used as a past tense sign by the Anglo-Saxons with ''n,'' and by our Gothic cousins, the Swedes, without ''n.''  It is the most proper and musical vowel we can find for this purpose.

The Anglo-Saxons formed the plural past tense with ''on,'' as ''waron, sindon'' (were).  In Swedish, the ''n'' is worn off, while ''o'' remains, as, ''vi spunno, vi kommo, vi funno'' (we spun, we came, and we found).  In Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the past participle takes ''o; united'' and ''loved'' is ''unito,'' or ''unido,'' and ''amato,'' or ''amado.''  ''O·'' is a well tried past tense form.

RULE 4.	To form the present participle, add ''qnd;'' and to form the past participle, add ''en,'' as, ''Ei'' am ''skreibqnd,'' the ''runqnd hors.''  In the beginning we can use ''qnd'' only with the new words; but hɪ has ''loven, worken,'' etc.  The reason for having ''qnd'' for the present participle, when it is used as an adjective, instead of ''ing,'' is to prevent the extremely frequent repetition of the ringing sound of ''ing,'' which is still employed with verbal nouns.  The [[Anglo-Saxon]] ''and,'' or ''end,'' for the present participle, and ''ung,'' or ''ing,'' for verbal nouns.  [[Anglo-Saxon]], ''and;'' German and Dutch, ''end;'' Swedish, ''ande;'' Danish and Norwegian, ''ende;'' Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, ''endo,'' or ''ando;'' French, ''ent,'' or ''ant.''  The suffix ''en'' is a sign for the past participle in [[Anglo-Saxon]], and with all the Gothic people.  Being an easy flowing, liquid sound, it is made the only past participle form.  Chaucer, the morning star of English literature, employed ''and;'' but finally ''and'' and ''ing'' were confounded, as ''ed'' and ''en'' have been.

RULE 5.	To form the ''verbal noun,'' add ''ing,'' or ''ung,'' as, ''hɪring'' and ''erzɪung;'' and to form the ''infinitive noun,'' add ''qn,'' as, ''rɪdqn'' and ''skreibqn'' (Ger., ''lesen'' und ''schreiben;'' Scan. ''lesen'' og ''skriven).''  The infinitive noun will not be used much at first, but it will be convenient to be able to vary the expression at times.  The ''qn'' is the [[Anglo-Saxon]] infinitive ending, and the same method is used by the rest of our Gothic family.

RULE 6.	To form the ''masculine noun,'' add ''ɪ;'' and to form the ''feminine noun'' add ''in,'' and ''neuter it,'' as, ''frendɪ, frendin,'' and ''frendit.''  ''Ine'' is used in English—''hero, heroine;'' German and Dutch, ''in;'' Danish and Norwegian, ''inde;'' Swedish, ''ina.''  The suffix ''ɪ'' is a contraction from ''he,'' or ''hɪ,'' as the possessive sign ''o'' is a contraction from ''ɔn'' (own), and ''u'' from ''do'' (du).

RULE 7.	To verbalize a word, and to give it emphasis or make it more specific, add ''u'' from ''du'' (do); German, ''thu-en,'' as ''fy'' is from ''facio,'' in place of ''en, fy, ize, ate,'' etc., as, ''hqrdu'' (harden); ''raru,'' or ''rariku'' (rarify); ''erinu'' (memorize).  ''U'' is a contraction from ''du,'' and is very appropriate for this purpose, beside being a very easy sound to pronounce.  ''U'' is called by some orthoepists the natural vowel.  ''U'' is employed much in several languages as a final vowel, but especially in Latin, Italian, and Japanese.  It is used much in the vocabulary to distinguish a verb from an adjective or other part of speech.  In those words where ''u'' is a verbal sign, the verb and the noun remain alike, as, ''klasu,'' or ''klasiku'' (to classify), and ''klasu,'' or ''klasiku'' (classification).

RULE 8.	The ''definite article'' is before singular nouns ''the,'' as, ''the'' hand, ''the'' haus; but before plural nouns it is ''dɔ handa, dɔ hausa.''  ''Dɔ'' has been modified from the German ''die;'' Scandinavian ''de,'' and [[Anglo-Saxon]] ''dhe,'' or ''seo,'' so as to give us the best variety and clearest distinction from the singular, and from the plural sign ''a.''  ''Dɔ'' is different in consonant and vowel from the singular ''the,'' and the plural ending ''a.''  Both the Germanic and Romance languages have a plural form for the definite article.  French ''le'' (the) has plural ''les'' (dɔ); German, ''der,'' plural ''die;'' Scandinavian, singular ''den,'' or ''det,'' plural ''de.''  We have adopted a plural form in order not to be obliged to repeat ''the'' so extremely often; besides we need very much a plural form of the article to show whether the singular or plural is meant in hundreds of sentences.  Not to have a plural form for the article is a great defect.  We might use the article ''das'' before abstract nouns as ''das gudi,'' etc.

RULE 9.	When the ''adjective'' is used as a noun, it takes the plural sign, as, ''dɔ guda'' (the good ones).  This form will make the expressions clearer as to number.  This method prevails in all the Gothic tongues.  To have no plural form for the definite article, and no plural sign for the substantive adjective, appears to me to be very indefinite.  It is poor practice.

RULE 10.	To form the ''infinitive,'' add ''q'' to the indicative of those words that end on a consonant; as, to ''komq,'' to ''singq,'' to ''go,'' etc.  Words ending on vowels receive no addition.  This infinitive suffix ''q'' is a contraction of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] infinitive ending ''an,'' pronounced ''qn.''  Both the Gothic and Romanic people have a special infinitive form.  The French add ''er'' or ''ir, aimer'' (to lovq), ''finir'' (to finishq).  The Italians ''ere, ire,'' or ''are;'' as ''offendere'' (offendayray), ''punire,'' ''perdonare'' (perdohnahray).  Germans and Hollanders add ''en;'' the Anglo-Saxon ''an;'' the Danish and Norwegian ''e,'' and the Swedes ''a;'' as, att ''komma,'' att ''falla,'' att ''vandra'' (to ''komq,'' to ''fqlq,'' to ''wqnderq).''  This form will not only add many per cent. to the musicalness of our language, but make the imperative and indicative forms more easily distinguished.  We now say to ''come'' (infinitive), ''come'' (imperative), and I ''come'' (indicative); ''come, come, come.''  Only one form for all three ideas.  If we had a separate infinitive and imperative form, then would the indicative be clear to the eye and ear.  It can not be of more trouble to us to have an infinitive and imperative form than it is to other nations, and we need the form for clearness and euphony.  Even with the several vowels introduced, we will not have as many as the Italians or the Swedes.  Our English grammar is too simple and indefinite.

The infinitive form need not be used in the beginning.  The foregoing ten rules are the basis of Systematic English, which may or may not include phonetic spelling, but will include no new words.  Systematic English only systematizes the grammar without touching the vocabulary any further than to systematize the inflections.

===ADDITIONAL RULES OF SAXON ENGLISH.===
RULE 11.	The ''cardinal numbers'' are formed from the ten first units, and the higher numbers add ''tɪn'' (teen), ''ti'' (ty), ''hundred, thausand, heiyond'' (million, that is, high yonder), ''ɔveryond'' (billion), ''augyond'' (trillion, ''aug,'' eye, df. I): 1, ''an'' (one); 2, ''twɔ'' (pronounce ''w);'' 3, ''thrɪ;'' 4, ''fɔr;'' 5, ''feiv;'' 6, ''siks;'' 7, ''seven;'' 8, ''ait;'' 9, ''nein;'' 10, ''ten;'' 11, ''antɪn'' (an and ten, or tɪn); 12, ''twɔtɪn;'' 13, ''thrɪtɪn;'' 14, ''fɔrtɪn, feivtɪn, sikstɪn, seventɪn, aittɪn, neintɪn, twɔtɪ'' (twenty), ''twɔti-an'' (twenty-one), etc., ''thrɪti'' (thirty), ''fɔrti, feivti, siksti, seventi, aitti, neinti, hundred, thausand, heiyond'' (million), ''ɔveryond'' (billion), and ''augyond'' (trillion).  Only seventeen words need to be memorized by the world, and those short, easy, and well known ones.

RULE 12.	The ordinal numbers are formed by adding ''tq'' to the cardinal; Anglo-Saxon ''ta'' (pronounced ''tq);'' German and Dutch, ''te'' (pronounced ''tai);'' Danish and Norwegian, ''te;'' Swedish, ''ta'' (pronounced ''tq):'' feivtq, sikstq (5th, 6th); Anglo-Saxon, ''fif'' (five), ''fifta'' (fifth), ''sixta'' (sixth); German, ''fünfte, fünf'' (five); Danish and Norwegian, ''femte, fem'' (five); Swedish ''femta;'' Greek, ''pentos;'' Latin, ''quinta'' (pronounced ''quintq).''  We add ''tq'' rather than ''ta,'' because the latter ending is like our frequent plural sign ending ''a.''  This makes a fine historical suffix for ordinal numbers.  The numeral ''first'' is a general Gothic number, and hence preserved, but the regular forms are ''antq'' (first), ''twɔtq'' (second, pronounce ''w), thrɪtq'' (third), ''fɔrtq, feivtq, sikstq, seventq, aittq, neintq, tentq, antɪntq'' (eleventh), ''twɔtɪntq'' (twelfth), ''thrɪtɪntq, fɔrtɪntq, twɔtitq'' (twentieth), ''twɔti-antq'' (twenty-first), ''hundredtq'' (hundredth), ''thausandtq'' (thousandth), ''heiyondtq'' (millionth), etc.  The reiteratives are formed by simply adding ''teim: anteim'' (once), ''twɔteim'' (twice), ''thrɪteim, fɔrteim,'' etc.  The multiplicatives are formed by adding ''fɔld: anfɔld'' (simple), ''twɔfɔld'' (duplex), ''thrɪfɔld, fɔrfɔld,'' etc.  We also say ''annes'' (onenes), ''twɔnes'' (twones), etc.; also ''anhud'' (unity), ''twɔhud'' (duality), ''thrɪanikeit'' (trinity), ''thrɪanikeitlɔr'' (doctrine of the trinity), ''tenmanarɯl'' (decemvirate).  Inflections and compounds of known material are clearer, easier, and more comfortable than strange borrowing.  To denote fractional parts, ''el'' is added, an abbreviation from ''teil'' (part), ''fɔrel, feivel'' (fourth or fifth part); two-fifths is ''twɔ-feivtqs;'' nine-tenths is ''nein-tentqs,'' etc.

RULE 13.	Names of ''days'' and ''months'' are formed by simply taking the ordinal numbers and adding the first letter for ''day'' or ''month, d'' stading for ''day,'' and ''m'' standing for ''month;'' thus, ''antq'' is first, and by adding ''d,'' an abbreviation for ''day,'' we have ''Antqd'' (Sunday), ''Twɔtqd'' (Monday); and by adding ''m'' we have ''Antqm'' (January), ''Twɔtqm'' (February).  All must learn the ''numbers'' anyhow, and then by the slight addition of d and m they would know the names of the days of the week and the months; as, ''Antqd'' (Sunday), ''Twɔtqd'' (Monday), ''Thrɪtqd'' (Tuesday), ''Fɔrtqd'' (Wednesday), ''Feivtqd,'' ''Sikstqd'' and ''Seventqd. Months:  Antqm'' (January), ''Twɔtqm'' (February), ''Thrɪtqm'' (March), ''Tentqm'' (October), ''Antɪntqm'' (November), ''Twɔtɪntqm'' (December).  Here is a chance to show our good-will towards the whole world by making these names easy to learn, and at the same time use our own Saxon material.  The old names might be retained if desired, but they are longr and harder to learn and pronounce, and they are unnecessarily arbitrary.

RULE 14.	The ''personal pronouns'' remain as at present, with a very slight extension, as they are nearly alike in all the Gothic tongues, and are short and convenient, and all purely Gothic.

There is a defect in the feminine pronoun on account of ''her'' being both possessive and objective without any distinction in form.  This is too simple and indefinite to the eye and ear, hence ''her'' objective has been changed to ''shim'' from ''she,'' to compare with ''him'' from ''he.''  I saw ''him'' and ''shim'' (him and her).  Her is preserved for the possessive.  The personal pronouns are not very systematic, but they are short and well known, and they are so frequently spoken that they do not need to be systematic to be retained in the mind; besides, it is a great comfort to have as much familiar material upon which to rest the mind as possible.  Hence personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and adjectives remain as now, and they are nearly alike in all the Gothic languages.  The only change consists in phonetic spelling, and even that might be omitted with the personal pronouns.  Several grammarians have expressed a desire for a pronoun in the third person, applicable to both the masculine and feminine gender.  We have adopted ''ɪr, ɪro, ɪm'' for that purpose.  ''I·r'' is an old form of ''er'' (he); ''ɪro'' is 
''ɪr'' with the possessive sign ''o, ɪro'' (his or her); ''m'' being a general objective and dative sign, we have ''ɪm'' (Ger. ihm) for the objective.  By adopting ''ɪr, ɪro,'' and ''ɪm'' as a personal pronoun for the third person common gender, we give extra clearness to such words as ''hɪlɪr'' (he or she who heals); ''tɪchɪm'' (pupil), he or she who is being taught.  ''I·r'' as a suffix is used especially where we desire to indicate a higher class of actors, professional actors.  ''I·m'' is used to denote the recipient of an act; as, ''paiɪm'' (payee); ''selɪm'' (vendee).  The personal pronouns run thus:

{| align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1st Person. || 2d Person. || Masculine. || Feminine. || Neuter. || Com. Gender. 
|-
| ei || thau || hɪ || shɪ || it || ɪr
|-
| mei || thei || his || her || its || ɪro
|-
| mɪ || thɪ || him || shim || itm (it) || ɪm
|-
| wɪ || yu || thai || thai || thai || (ɪra)
|-
| aur || yur || thair || thair || thair || (ɪrano)
|-
| us || yum (yu) || them || them || them || (ɪma)
|}

Adding ''o'' or ''no'' is the same as adding ''of,'' in case we desire to lessen the number of the little weakening words; as, ''fulo'' (full of); ''manino'' (many of).  The inflected noun may stand first or last, as in German; the ''haus Godo'' (Ger., “Das Haus Gottes”); ''theno'' (of the); ''dɔno'' (of the, plural); objective form, ''thim'' and ''dɔm'' (to the).

The pronouns are defective in all the Gothic tongues in the third person plural.  The masculine, feminine, and neuter are alike, and yet it would be both easy and convenient to have distinctions.  The Russians have very complete pronouns.  They can even show whether the speaker or the one spoken to is male or female.  I think it would frequently add clearness to stories if there were different plural forms for the masculine, feminine, and neuter.  As the plural is now formed by adding ''a'' after consonants, and ''s'' after vowels, we might easily develop a separate masculine plural by adding ''s'' to ''hɪ: hɪs'' (they, masculine), and ''shɪs'' (they, feminine), ''ita'' (they, neuter).  The possessive forms would be respectively, ''hɪso, shɪso,'' and ''itano;'' and the objective, ''hem, shem, tem'' (arbitrary for brevity).  Although plural forms would often be convenient, I have not made it a part of the system, believing that this is one of the points that can be inserted afterwards, if the American and English people desire more distinctions than they now have.  The rest of the Gothic people have no more distinctions in this respect than we have.

''Em'' is an extra objective suffix placed after an object when we wish it to appear first or come between the subject and predicate; as, ''James Johnem struck.''  In an ordinary sentence, we can see from the position; by this means we can have as much freedom of position as was enjoyed by the classical languages.

''Sich'' is a reflexive pronoun used by the Gothic tongues, and is equivalent to ''him-, her-,'' or ''itself;'' as, he or she hurt him or herself; ''hɪ hurt sich, shɪ hurt sich;'' French and Latin, ''se.''

''Mqn'' is an indefinite pronoun, very convenient.  French, ''on;'' Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian, ''man; “mqn sai.”''  French, ''on dit;'' German, ''man sagt;'' Scandinavian, ''man siger,'' or ''man säger.''

RULE 15.	The ''auxiliary adjectives and verbs'' remain irregular as now, as they are more convenient as they are, being short, well known, and nearly alike in all Gothic languages.

====IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.====
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
1.	gud, beter, best.&lt;br&gt;
2.	bad, wors, worst.&lt;br&gt;
3.	litel, les, lɪst.
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
4.	mani, mer, mest.&lt;br&gt;
5.	much, mɔr, mɔst.&lt;br&gt;
''Mer'' (number), ''mɔr'' (quantity).
|}
 
The regular adjective adds ''er'' and ''est;'' as, ''long, longer, longest.''

====IRREGULAR VERBS.====
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
1.	werden, wurdi, worden.&lt;br&gt;
2.	hav, had, haden.&lt;br&gt;
3.	am, art, is, qr, was, wer, bin.&lt;br&gt;
4.	wil, wud, wuden.
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
5.	shal, shud, shuden.&lt;br&gt;
6.	kan, kud, kuden.&lt;br&gt;
7.	mai, meit, meiten.&lt;br&gt;
8.	du, did, don.
|}

The first auxiliary verb ''werden'' would be very convenient to us, and help us to employ the troublesome ''will'' and ''shall'' more in harmony with their nature and original usage.  ''Will'' and ''shall'' are used very abnormally.  We say I ''shall'' and you ''will,'' we ''should'' and they ''would.''  Other verbs are alike for all persons in conjugation; as, I can, you can, he can, we can, etc.  There is an increased tendency to ignore the superfine and useless distinctions between would and should.  In Scotland and in our Southern States ''would'' and ''should'' are confounded by high authorities; as, I ''would'' (should) not have thought so; we ''would'' (should) have been there.  ''Will'' is employed to advantage only where volition is concerned, and ''shall'' where duty, obligation, or command is thought of.  We can not say “The house ''wil'' burn,” but “the house ''werden'' burn.”  The house can not ''will'' to burn, or have a will.  ''Werden'' is therefore introduced and modified from the Anglo-Saxon ''weordhan;'' German and Dutch, ''werden;'' Danish and Norwegian, ''vorde;'' Swedish, ''värda.'' All Gothic people use this very convenient and clear auxiliary verb in the sense of futurity without implying volition.  To use ''will'' and ''shall'' for volition, and also for futurity, is too indefinite.  We need an extra auxiliary verb for futurity very much; still it will be used sparingly at first, as it is rather new with us, though our forefathers used it.  It is only a revival of what we have had.  ''Thai werden bekom sik,'' not they ''will'' becme sick, for they can have no such will.

RULE 16.	To form ''animal derivative names,'' we take the easiest and best known generic name, masculine or feminine, and add thereto ''ɪ'' for masculine, ''in'' for feminine, and ''et'' for the diminutive; as, ''lion'' (common gender), ''lionɪ'' (masculine), ''lionin'' (feminine), ''lionet'' (diminutive), ''lionetɪ'' (masculine diminutive), ''lionetin'' (feminine diminutive); ''dog, dogɪ, dogin, doget, dogetɪ, dogetin.''  This will be a very convenient method by which to name the more inferior animals, but ''man, horse,'' and ''ox'' are excepted from the rule.

RULE 17.	The ''descriptive power of participles and adjectives'' is much extended, as in Anglo-Saxon and all the other Gothic tongues, by employing them as descriptive personal nouns.  By adding ''i'' as a general personal sign to participles and adjectives, we can say ''the lovqndi'' (the loving one), and by adding the gender signs ''ɪ, in,'' and ''it,'' we can specialize the idea so as to indicate whether the loving one ''(lovqndi),'' is a male, female, or a thing in the abstract; as, the ''lovqndɪ, lovqndin, lovqndit.''  In the same way we can take the adjective ''fein,'' and say the ''feini'' (the fine one in general); the ''feinɪ'' (the fine man or male); the ''feinin'' (the fine woman or female); the ''feinit'' (fine thing).  German, ''das Schöne'' or ''Feine;'' Greek, ''to kalon.''  We can, of course, use a circumlocution to express the same ideas, as ''the fine man, the fine woman, the fine thing,'' but the expression loses its neatness and forcibleness.  Our language is far behind in picturesque power.  This power is possessed by the Anglo-Saxon and other Gothic languages.  The Germans use different articles for masculine, feminine, and neuter, but it is easier to denote thes ideas by special suffixes, and not be troubled by so many articles as in German and Scandinavian.  The past participle follows the same rule; as, the ''fqleni'' (the fallen in general), the ''fqlenɪ'' (masculine), the ''fqlenin'' (feminine), the ''fqlenit;'' the ''donit'' (German, ''das Gemachte), saienit (gesagte).''  By prefixing the plural article ''dɔ'' (df. do, du), and by adding the plural signs to substantive adjectives, we obtain clear plurals:  ''Dɔ lovqnda'' (the loving ones); ''dɔ lovena'' (the loved ones); ''dɔ lovqndɪs'' (the loving men or males); ''dɔ lovqndina'' (the loving women or females); ''dɔ lovqndita'' (the loving things).  These expressions need not be used much at first, but if we desire, as we naturally must do, a highly descriptive language not excelled by any other people, we need these points.  We need them to make our language more poetical and picturesque.  At present our grammar is very prosaic and generic.  The few extra points required can be mastered in one day, and we have forever a thing of comfort and utility.

RULE 18.	''Adjectives'' derived from ''proper nouns'' follow the general usage of other adjectives by adding ''anik, ik, lik, leik, ish, som,'' etc., so that we can tell the adjective from the noun, and the noun from the adjective; thus, a ''Dutchman'' who is a native of Holland is called a ''Hollander,'' and the adjective becomes ''Hollandik.''  A native of ''Frans,'' a ''Franser'' or ''Fransi,'' and ''French'' is called ''Fransik.''  The frequent names of ''English'' and ''German'' are excepted from the rule, and we say ''English'' instead of ''Englandik,'' and ''Doich'' instead of ''Doichlandik.''  The names of the inhabitants of all other lands are obtained by adding the regular personal endings ''er, qr, ɪr, ist, an'' (one).  Countries whose names end on ''a,'' generally add ''n;'' as, ''Amerika, Amerikan'' (one from or in America), ''Russia,'' and ''Russian;'' but the adjective is made different from the derivative noun by adding ''ik'' on words ending with ''an,'' the most general adjective sign in both Gothic and Romanic languages; as, ''Amerikanik, Russianik, Assianik, Indianik, Afrikanik.''

Names of persons, being guarded by individual rights, remain intact unless their owners wish to spell them according to sound.  Friends can easily ascertain each other’s method of spelling, but that will not affect the language proper.  Names of countries and cities should adopt phonetic spelling as soon as possible; as, ''Nu York.''  Inhabitants—''Cheinar'' (Chinese); ''Japaner'' (Japanese); ''Judan'' (Jew from Juda); ''Nazarether'' (Nazarene); ''Greelyer'' (Greelyite); Kalvinist.  Only ''er, qr, ɪr, lqr, nqr, an,'' and ''ist'' must be suffixes.

RULE 19.	''Personal and impersonal agents'' are distinguished by the suffix ''qr'' or ''er'' and ''el.  Thresher'' is the person that thershes, and very often the threshing machine itself is called ''thresher;'' but we have adopted the suffix ''el'' to denote the impersonal or thing actor or agent; as, ''threshel.''  ''El'' is much used for this purpose now in the Gothic tongues; as, ''shovel'' (the thing which shoves) and ''shover'' (person); ''handel'' and ''hander; rɪpel, rɪper'' (person).  ''El'' means the thing acting or acted upon, or the product of an act.  The context will show which is meant.  ''Er'' may be retained with old familiar names, instead of ''qr.''  This ''el,'' taken from ''shovel'' and ''handel,'' etc., is, for some purposes, similar to an abbreviation of the Scandinavian ''else,'' as in ''fɔrthbringel,'' product; Scandinavian, ''frembringelse.''  This ''el'' is also convenient as a thing name for many acts where we do not think of the action, but of the result of the action.  For instance, ''production'' and ''product; fɔrthbringing'' and ''fɔrthbringel.  L'' is a very liquid, flowing sound.  It is a defect in many languages not to have a distinction between so frequent and broadly different ideas as the personal and impersonal agent or actor.

RULE 20.	The ''personal affix A·r'' (qr).  In order to make it clearer to the eye and ear, we have modified ''er,'' which is both a comparative sign and a personal sign.  When a personal suffix, it becomes ''qr,'' as in ''scholar, liar.''  I have used ''er'' in the vocabulary, but ''qr'' can easily be substituted.  It is sometimes doubtful whether a word is a comparative adjective or a personal noun; as, ''steadier.''  What does it mean?  More steady, one who steadies, or a thing which steadies?  Now, if ''qr'' is personal, ''er'' comparative, and ''el'' a thing sign, it all becomes very clear—''stediqr'' (one who steadies); ''stedier'' (more steady), and ''stediel'' (a thing which steadies).  The suffix ''qr'' (ar) is used by the Saxons and all other Gothic people as a personal ending, more or less; but, of modern peoples, none employ it as much as the Swedes and the Russians.  It is as easy to write ''qr'' as ''er,'' and we have a fine open distinction, in reading and hearing, between the comparative adjective and the personal noun.  Where ''ɪr, an, lqr, nqr,'' or ''ist'' is used, the distinction is clear.  With such words as ''father, mother, together, er'' is not a personal suffix, but an integral part of the word.  ''Accent'' is generally on the syllable next to the last, as in Spanish and Welsh, unless we wish to emphasis the last syllable or the qualifying part of the word.  Pronunciation of all new words is strictly according to the spelling; and the key words, except final ''o'' and ''u,'' are ''oh,'' ''oo.''  The sound of ''u'' in ''but, hut, rut,'' being a peculiar sound, is not much used in Saxon English; ''u'' in ''full, pull,'' or as in ''moon, soon,'' takes its place.

The emphatic imperative and optative forms may add ''ai'' to verbs ending on consonants, which is much like the sound employed by the other Gothic tongues; as, ''komai'' (come thou); ''spɪkai'' (speak, or please speak).

&lt;small&gt;Points whichi I have omitted to state formally may be gathered from the specimens.  All points not mentioned remain as at present.&lt;/small&gt;

In case more vowels should be desired, we might, as in Anglo-Saxon, and the other Gothic tongues, add a vowel to all adjectives after the definite articles in singular and plural; as, the ''gudq man,'' dɔ ''feina hausa.''

If we desire, we might form the ''direct passive,'' as in the Scandinavian, by adding ''qs'' or ''s'' to the indicative; as, ''ei lovqs'' (I am loved), Latin, ''amor;'' thau ''lovqs'' (thou art loved), Latin, ''amaris;'' thau ''lovos'' (thou wert loved), Latin, ''amabaris.''  A short passive form seems to be favored as a variety.

''His'' and ''sein.''—We ought to have a distinction between ''his'' when demonstrative, and ''his'' when reflexive, to prevent such ambiguity as ''John gave his brother his book'' (which book?—his own or his brother’s?)  If ''sein'' were used when reflexive, and ''his'' in all other cases, such uncertainty would be avoided.  ''Sein'' and ''his'' are thus employed in the Scandinavian.

In order not to have the ''to, too, two'' (the ''to-''sounds) too frequently, the infinitive sign ''to'' is pronounced ''tɔ'' (toh); the preposition ''to'' pronounced ''tu,'' and the numeral ''two twɔ (w'' pronounced with ''ɔ).''

We may increase the variety of the structure of sentences by allowing the predicate to precede the subject whenever something has first been said in a sentence.  This is the case in all the Gothic tongues, and partially so in English; as, for instance, “I am ready, said the man” (not the man said); “when I went into the street, met I a friend.”  And in order to increase our freedom of position, so as to be able to place first or last any word to which we may desire to call special attention in speech or poetry, we have adopted the Gothic objective sign ''em'' (m).  This is to be used only where we wish the object to occupy a different position from the ordinary one.  The ''boyem'' the man found, or the ''manem'' the boy found, or the ''manem'' found the boy; him found he, him he found, or him found he.  Where we have an objective sign, we can see what is the object, wherever the word is placed.

No more forms or words should be introduced in the beginning than indicated in the “Specimen Readings.”

==BRIEF KEYS TO SPELLING AND GRAMMAR.==
===SPELLING KEY.===
{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
''Ai,'' aim,&lt;br&gt;
''q,'' arm,&lt;br&gt;
''a,'' an (Ger. ä),&lt;br&gt;
''o,'' or, on,&lt;br&gt;
''ö,'' earn,&lt;br&gt;
''oi,'' oil,&lt;br&gt;
''ei,'' eye,&lt;br&gt;
''au,'' owl,
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
''ɯ,'' rule,&lt;br&gt;
''ɔ,'' old,&lt;br&gt;
''ü,'' für,&lt;br&gt;
''ɪ,'' eel,&lt;br&gt;
''u,'' full, oo,&lt;br&gt;
''u,'' but,&lt;br&gt;
''i,'' it,&lt;br&gt;
''e,'' met,&lt;br&gt;
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
''z,'' tsee,&lt;br&gt;
''y,'' yard,&lt;br&gt;
''sh,'' she,&lt;br&gt;
''ch,'' cheap,&lt;br&gt;
''th,'' the, thin,&lt;br&gt;
''w,'' we,&lt;br&gt;
''ks,'' x,&lt;br&gt;
''f,'' ph.
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
'''CAPITALS.'''&lt;br&gt;
''A·q, O·ɔ, U·ɯ, I·ɪ.&lt;br&gt;
E'' before ''r'' has the sound of ''a'' in ''an.''&lt;br&gt;
Final ''o'' and ''u'' are ''oh'' and ''oo.''&lt;br&gt;
''Oe'' and ''ue'' equals ''ö'' and ''ü.''
|}

In writing draw a dash over the inverted ''ɯ'' to distinguish it from ''m'' or ''u'' and ''i.''

===GRAMMAR KEY.===
# Plurals add ''a'' after consonants, and ''s'' after vowels.
# The possessive case adds ''o'' after consonants, and ''no'' after vowels.
# The past tense adds ''o'' after consonants, and ''do'' after vowels.
# The present participle adds ''qnd,'' past participle ''en.''
# The verbal noun adds ''ing,'' the infinitive noun ''qn.''
# The masculine noun adds ''ɪ,'' the feminine ''in.''
# To verbalize a word, add ''u'' (gladu).
# Definite article—singular ''the,'' plural ''dɔ.''
# The substantive adjective takes the plural sign.
# To form the infinitive, add ''q.''
# Cardinals taken from the present numerals.
# Ordinals formed by adding to cardinals ''tq.''
# Names of days and months—add to ordinals ''d'' or ''m.''
# Personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs nearly as before.&lt;br&gt;
#:“ ''Sich'' and ''man'' (French, ''on)'' also employed.&lt;br&gt;
#:“ The suffix ''i'' after adjectives refers to persons in general.&lt;br&gt;
# Five irregular adjectives, and eight irregular verbs.
# Lion, lionɪ, lionin, lionetɪ, lionetin, lionet.
# Substantive adjectives add for sex, ''ɪ, in, it.''
# Adjectives from proper nouns regularly derived.
# The personal agent adds ''qr, ɪr,'' etc.; impersonal ''el.''
# The personal actor adds ''qr;'' comparative adjective ''er, est.''

''Accent'' generally on the last syllable but one, as in Spanish, or on the qualifying syllable.  ''His'' is demonstrative, and ''sein'' always reflexive; the subjunctive may add ''i.''  The emphatic imperative and the optative may add ''ai'' after consonants.  Points and words not provided for, remain as in English.  The Scandinavian passive adds ''qs'' to the present indicative, and ''s'' to the past tense; as, ''Ei lovqs'' (I am loved), Latin, ''amor; Ei lovos'' (I was loved).  ''Em'' added to a word to allow the object to precede the subject or predicate.  ''I·m,''  a recipient sign, ''ein,'' a receptacle sign; and ''to,'' an implement sign.  Not all the rules and words need be used at first.  The ''s'' for the third person singular present is abolished.

The “Specimen Readings” show the real Saxon English proposed; other forms are for future consideration.

==SYNOPSIS.==
===SYNOPSIS OF THE REASONS IN FAVOR OF ADOPTING A SYSTEMATIC, PURE SAXON ENGLISH.===
# Our scientific men and mechanics in general, and physicians in particular, could remember more facts with a self-defining speech.
# Country people and laborers could learn to read and write correctly, with systematic spelling and vocabulary, in from three to five years less time, and would understand and remember more of what they read.
# The sooner the elementary mechanical part of the language can be mastered, the more time will be left for the knowledge and practice of other things.
# By homogeneity we can economize affixes and basic words, and make the language easily acquired by the whole world, because more practical.
# The future mechanic and manufacturer will be obliged by foreign competition, which has come to the front within the last twenty-five years, to know more of nature, and this can only be acquired by an economical language.
# By regularity and simplicity of grammar we make our tongue easy to master by all foreign peoples with whom we deal, and by our infant population.
# By homogeneity we will make our language the chief representative and leader of the Gothic races, and make it easily learned, loved and supported by them, while, by promiscuous mixing of vocabularies, we can represent and lead no people well, mentally and emotionally.
# By the Saxon material our language will become international among the most commercial and intelligent people, who need an extra international language more than the rest of the world.
# Our own Gothic race can sympathize with us and understand us better than other races of men possibly can do. Every race has special inherited sentiments, as “history is a people’s intellectual soil, and language a people’s intellectual atmosphere.”
# By Saxon material we reconquer what we have lost through the Norman French Conquest, and preserve our good inheritance from our Saxon forefathers, as true and conservative children.  We become preservers, systematizers and refiners, and retain the beautiful picturesqueness and poeticalness of our ancient language; as, ''leaf-stalk'' for ''petiole.''  We shall not be innovators and iconoclasts in language, as we have been.  Other leading peoples have purified their language, and are still doing so.
# To simplify and purify is a duty we owe to rich and poor children, helping them to compete with the foreign schools having economical tongues.  We can not always have a virgin soil (U. S.) and monopolize commerce.
# We can not always play Romans and conquer territory, but must finally, as the Greeks, find more pleasure in art, poetry, music, science, philosophy, and higher literature; and “Pure Saxon English” prepares the way.
# With an easier understood and remembered language, people will find more pleasure in popular knowledge.
# More vowels will make our language more musical in conversation, in preaching, and singing at home, and become easier to pronounce by all men abroad.
# By a systematic Saxon English we will lessen taxation by at least one hundred millions per annum, and raise the average intelligence and happiness.
# Only a brief and simple grammar, as shown in “Russian Wolf Story” with 1800 new words, mostly self-defining, need to be learned, until final action is taken.  More new words in the beginning would weaken the effort.
# To facilitate education by means of systematization and simplification is in harmony with the spirit of our age and country.  Everything should be done for the benefit of the people that does not clash with legal, vested, and inherited rights.  An intelligent populace is safer and less subject to unreasonable fanaticism.
# This plan will make Saxon-Gothic English international, and be an everlasting honer to the powerful English-speaking people.

==SPECIMEN READINGS.==
===MATHU (MATTHEW).===
''(Pronounce q (ah); final o (oh), and final u (oo).  See the Beibel.)''
&lt;!-- originally in two columns, but this not easy in HTML --&gt;

'''HEDIT I.'''&lt;br&gt;
(Chapter I.)

The buk ov the geslekt (generation) of Jesus Kreist, the son ov David, the son ov Abraham.

2.  Abraham begeto isaak, and Isaak begeto Jakob; and Jakob begeto Judas and his brothera.&lt;br&gt;
''(And so on tu the sikstɪntq vers.)''

16.  And Jakob begeto Jɔsef, the husband ov Mairi, ov hum was birthen Jesus, hu is kqlen Kreist.

17.  So ql dɔ geslekta from Abraham tu David qr fɔrtɪn geslekta; and from David until the trqging (carrying) awai intu Babilon qr fɔrtɪn geslekta; and from the trqging awai intu Babilon untu Kreist qr fɔrtɪn geslekta.

18.  Nau the birth ov Jesus Kreist was on this weis.  When as his mother Mairi was betrothen (espoused) tu Jɔsef, befɔr thai komo tugether, shɪ was feinden mit cheild ov the Hɔli Geist (Ghost).

19.  Then Jɔsef her husband, bɪing (being) a gereitik (just) man, and not wiling to maik shim (her) an ofenli (public) beispɪl (example), was meinden to put shim awai heimli (privily).

20.  But wheil hɪ thinko on thɪs thinga, behɔld, the ainjel ov the Lord ersheino (appeared) untu him in a drɪm, saiing, Jɔsef, thau son ov David, fɪr not to taik untu thɪ Mairi thei weif, for that which is infqngen (conceived) in shim is ov the Hɔli Geist.

21.  And shɪ shal bring fɔrth a son, and thau shalt kql his naim JESUS: for hɪ shal ret (save) his folk from thair sina.

22.  Nau ql this was don, that it meit bɪ fulfilen which was spɪken ov the Lord bei the profet, saiing:

23.  Behɔld, a yungfrau (virgin) shal bɪ mit cheild, and shal bring fɔrth a son, and thau shal kql his naim Emmanuel, which bɪing twɪndoiten (interpreted) is, God mit us.

24.  Then Jɔsef bɪing raisen from slɪp did as the ainjel ov the Lord had biden him, and taiko untu him his weif.

25.  And nɔdo shim not til shɪ had bringen fɔrth her first birthen son: and hɪ kqlo his naim JESUS.

'''HEDIT II.'''&lt;br&gt;
(Chapter II.)

Nau when Jesus was birthen in Bethlehem ov Judea in dɔ dais ov Herod the king, behɔld there komo weis mana from the ɪst to Jerusalem,

2.  Saiing, Wher is hɪ that is birthen king ov dɔ Judana (Jews)? for wɪ hav sɪen his stqr in the ɪst, and qr komen to worship him.

3.  When Herod the king had hɪren thɪs thinga, hɪ was trubelen and ql Jerusalem mit him.

4.  And when hɪ had gatheren ql dɔ hed prɪsta and shriftlernika ov the folk sqmen (together), hɪ ferlqngo (demanded) ov them wher Kreist shud bɪ birthen.

5.  And thai saido untu him, In Bethlehem ov Judea, for thus is it skreiben bei the profet.

6.  And thau, Bethlehem, in the lqnd ov Juda, qr not the lɪst among dɔ fürsta (princes) ov Juda, for aut ov thɪ shal kom a staithɔldqr (governor) which shal rul mei folk Israel.

7.  Then Herod, when hɪ had heimli kqlen dɔ weis mana, nqkfrqgo (inquired) ov them fleisli (diligently) what teim the stqr ersheino.

8.  And sendo them tu Bethlehem, and saido:  Go and forsh (search) fleisli for the yung cheild; and when yɪ hav feinden him, bring me word agen, that ei mai kom and worship him qlso.

9.  When thai had hɪren the king, qbreiso (departed) thai; and lɔ, the stqr which thai sɪdo in the ɪst gɔdo befɔr them, til it komo and stando ɔver wher the yung cheild was.

10.  When thai sɪdo the stqr, thai erfroido (rejoiced) sich mit übermqsik (exceeding) grait froid (joy).

11.  And when thai wer komen intu the haus, sɪdo thai the yung cheild mit Mairi his mother, and fqlo daun and worshipo him; and when thai had ɔpenen thair shqtsa (treasures) thai fɔrthstelo (presented) untu him gifta, gɔld, rɪkel, and mira.

12.  And bɪing wqrnen ov God in a drɪm that thai shud not bakwend (return) tu Herod, qbreiso thai intu thair ɔn lqnd another wai.

13.  And when thai wer qbreisen, behɔld, the ainjel ov the Lord ersheino tu Jɔsef in a drɪm, saiing: Areis and taik the yung cheild and his mother, and flɪ intu Egipt, and bɪ thau ther until ei bring thɪ word; for Herod wil sɪk the yung cheild to umbring (destroy) him.

14.  When hɪ areiso, taiko hɪ the yung cheild and his mother bei neit, and qbreiso intu Egipt.

15.  And was ther until the deth ov Herod, that it meit bɪ fulfilen which was spɪken ov the Lord bei the profet, saiing: Aut ov Egipt hav ei kqlen mei son.

16.  Then Herod, when hɪ sɪdo that hɪ was mislɪden ov dɔ weis mana, was hɪ übermqsik roth, and sendo fɔrth, and slaido ql dɔ cheilda that wer in Bethlehem, and in ql dɔ kɔsta therov, from twɔ yɪra ɔld and under, anstimik (according) tu the teim which hɪ had fleisli nqkfrqgen ov dɔ weis mana.

17.  Then was fulfilen that which was spɪken bei Jeremi the profet, saiing,

18.  In Ramq was ther a stimi (voice) hɪren, wɔklqgi (lamentation) and wɪping, and grait mɔrning, Rachel wɪping for her cheilda, and wud not bɪ trɔsten (comforted), for that thai qr not.

19.  But when Herod was ded, behɔld, the ainjel ov the Lord ersheineth in a drɪm tu Jɔsef in Egipt,

20.  Saiing Areis and taik the yung cheild and his mother, and go intu the lqnd of Israel, for thai qr ded ho sɪko the yung cheildo leif.

21.  And hɪ areiso and taiko the yung cheild and his mother, and komo intu the lqnd ov Israel.

22.  But when hɪ hɪro that Archelaus did rul in Judea in the rɯm ov his fqther, Herod, was hɪ afraid to gɔ thither; notwithstanding, bɪing wqrnen ov God in a drɪm, wendo hɪ aseid intu dɔ teila (parts) ov Galilɪ.

23.  And hɪ komo and dwelo in a stqd (city) kqlen Nazareth, that it meit bɪ fulfilen which was spɪken bei the profeta.  Hɪ shal bɪ kqlen a Nazarether. 

===RUSSIAN WOLF STORY.===
[A very good and touching piece to speak at school exhibitions and at concerts.  It should be spoken slowly and distinctly.]

Som yɪra ago, a Russianik qdelman (nobleman) was reisqnd (traveling) on bisnes in the ineri (interior) ov Russia, hus wuda qr ful ov wolfa.  It was the beginning ov winter, but the frost had seten in erli.  His farein (carriage to fare in) rɔlo up to a gesthaus (hotel), and hɪ ferlqngo (demanded) a nuspan (relay) ov horsa to bring him tu the nekst standort (station), wher hɪ wisho tu spend the neit.  The gestkɪper telo him that ther was gefqr (danger) in reising (traveling) so lait, as dɔ wolfa wer aut.  But the qdelman thinko the gestkɪper ɔnli wisho to kɪp him so as tu fermɔr (increase) his rekening (bill) agenst him; hɪ saido, therfɔr, it was tu erli for dɔ wolfa to bɪ aut.  Hɪ then dreivo on mit his weif and cheild inseid the farein.

On the boks ov the farein was a leifɔnɪm (serf, slave), hu had bin birthen tu him on the qdelmano gɯt (estate), and tu hum hɪ was much tutein (attached), and hɪ lovo his master as hɪ lovo his ɔn leif.

Thai rɔlo over the hqrd sno, and ther sɪmo to bɪ no tɔken ov gefqr.  The mɯn shedo its soft leit on the silveri rɔd on which thai wer gɔing.  At length the litel girl saido tu her fqther: “What was the fremd (strange) haul that ei hɪro?”

“O·! nothing but the wind seiing thru dɔ forest trɪs,” ansero the fqther.

But sɯn shɪ saido agen:  “Listen, fqther; ’tis not leik the wind, ei think.”

The fqther listeno; and fqr, fqr awai in the qbstqnd (distance) beheind him, thru the klɪr frosti luft (air), hɪ hɪro lqrm (noise) ov which hɪ tu wel nɔdo (knew) the mɪning.

Hɪ then pulo daun the windo, and spɪko tu his dɪnqr (servant) and saido: “Dɔ wolfa qr after us, ei fɪr; maik haist; tel the man to dreiv faster, and get yur pistol redi.”

The dreivdɪnqr (postillion) dreivo faster.  But the saim mɔrnful laut (sound, noise) which thai had hɪren befɔr komo nɪrer and nɪrer.

It was klɪr a pak ov wolfa had smelen them aut.  The qdelman prüfo (tried) to stil the qnkstful fɪr ov his weif and doter.  At last the hauling ov the pak was doitli (distinctly) hɪren, so hɪ saido tu his dɪnqr: “When dɔ wolfa kom up tu us, pik thau aut an (one), and ei wil pik aut another; and, wheil the rest fersling (devour) them, wɪ shal get ahed.”

As hɪ pulo daun the windo, hɪ sɪdo the pak in ful krei beheind a grɔs (large) dogwolf at thair hed.  Two shota wer feiren and two wolfa fqlo.  The othera augblikli (instantly) ongrabo (attacked) them and ferslingo them, and meanwheil the farein rɔlo on and wino teim and graund.  But the smqk (taste) ov blud maiko them mɔr wütqnd (furious), and thai wer sɯn up tu the farein agen.  Agen two shota wer feiren, and two wolfa mɔr fqlo, and wer ferslingn.

But the farein was sneli (rapidly) ɔvertaiken, and the posthaus was yet fqr away in the qbstqnd (distance).  Then the qdelman ordero the dreivdɪnqr to lɯs (loose) an ov dɔ fɔrhorsa (leaders) that thai meit win a litel mɔr teim and graund.  This was don, and the qrm (poor) hors stürto (plunged) sich rqsqnd (frantically) intu the forest, and dɔ wolfa after him, and hɪ was kwikli zertaren (torn to pieces).  Then another hors was senden of and sharo the saim shiksql as the first.  The farein worko on as fast as it kud mit dɔ other horsa; but the posthaus was yet fqr awai.  At last the leifdɪnqr (serf) saido tu his master: “Ei hav dɪnen (served) yu ever sins ei was a cheild; ei lov yu as ei du mei ɔn leif.  Nothing kan ret (save) yu nau, auten (except) an thing.  Let mɪ ret yu!  Ei beten (pray) yu ɔnli to luk after mei weif and cheilda.”

The qdelman widerstreito (remonstrated), but nɔgivli (in vain).

When dɔ wolfa komo up agen the truful (faithful) dɪnqr thrɔdo sich among them.  Dɔ hqrdbrɪthing horsa hoplaufo (galloped) on mit the farein, and the gait ov the posthaus slɪso (closed) in after them as the fɪrful pak was on the point ov maiking the last deiik (fatal) ongrab (attack).  But the reisqnda (traveling ones) wer sicher (safe).

The nekst morning thai gɔdo (went) aut and sɪdo (saw) the plais wher the truful dɪnqr had bin pulen daun bei dɔ wolfa.  His bɔna ɔnli wer ther!  On that spot the qdelman aufrikto (erected) a thinkmqrk (monument), on which was skreiben, in grɔs gɔlden bukstafa (letters), thus:

&lt;center&gt;GRAITER LOV HATH NO MAN THAN THIS, THAT HI· LAI 
DAUN HIS LEIF FOR HIS FRENDA.&lt;/center&gt;

[REMARKS.—Before speaking the foregoing story at any school exhibition or concert, let the teacher or foreman explain to the audience that this is a proposed pure Saxon English language, and explain the formation of the plural possessive case, past tense, past participles, and plural article, ''dɔ.''  That will be enough for this piece.  Then pick out the words in parenthesis, and give their equivalents in English.  Then introduce the speaker, male or female, and the audience will be pleased.]

===RELIGIOUS SERVICE.===
Programme as usual.  Only a prayer and sermon given.
====GEBET.====
&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Prayer, ''gebet;'' Anglo-Saxon, ''gebed;'' German ''gebet;'' to pray, to ''beten.)''&lt;br&gt;Translated from Henry Ward Beecher.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
O Lord, aur God, in aur helplesnes help thau us.  For thau qrt qlsɪing, and wɪ kaum (scarcely) trunem (discern) at ql dɔ graiter thinga ov leif.  In our onstreivel (aspiration) wɪ flei but a litel wai, and tuwqrd the Unendik (Infinite) qr mqktles (powerless).

Daunkom (descend) then to us, sins wɪ kan not rɪch thɪ.  And bewilik (grant) tu us not ql nolej, but so much nolej ov theiself as that wɪ mai lov thɪ, and hav kindelen in aur hqrta dɔ teidinga mɔst froidful (joyful) that thau dost lov us, and qrt aur nurishing fqther, the dɪnqr (servant) ov mensha (men and women) in lov, that wɪ mai hav ql fɪr auflɯsen (dissolved) and ql ontrust (confidence) and hɔp befesten (established), and that aur leiva mai bɪ in thɪ.

And giv us the sens of thei qlbeibɪ (all-presence) on everi hand, trunemen (discerned) bei everi sens and bei everi fermögen (faculty), that aur leif mai bɪ heiden in thein.  For in thɪ wɪ liv and beweg (move) and hav aur bɪing.

And wɪ besɪch ov thɪ, O· God, that thau wilt qnnem (accept; Anglo-Saxon, nim) aur thanka for besunderik (special) bqrmhqrtikeita (mercies), for thinga entflɪen (escaped) which wɪ fɪro; for thinga erhɔlden (obtained) which wɪ kaum (scarcely) daro to hɔp for; for froid (joy) and lov, and for the weldu (benefaction) ov fernunft (reason) and its fɔrthdur (continuance), and for dɔ privilija ov leif, and, abov ql, for the nolej which thau qrt giving us ov thein ɔn self.

Annem (accept) aur thanka for dɔ teidinga ov seligkeit (salvation) thru Jesus Kreist, and for the ofenbarung (revelation) of the Godhed bei Him.

Bɪ gefqlen (pleased) to luk upon ql thɔs that qr fersqmelen (assembled) this morning hɪr mit fershɪdik (various) wanta; mit prüfunga (trials), mit worriinga, mit swqkheita (feebleness), mit siknes, mit wisha unerhɔlden (unobtained), mit fɔrhɔpa (aspirations) bleiten, under yɔka, under burdena; thɔs that qr in soro, thɔs that sit dqrkli in the tweileit ov kumer (grief), thɔs that qr ful ov fɪr, and luk aut from the dai intu the neit; ql that qr fersɪchen (tempted), ql that hav fqlen into fersɪching, and qr in qngest (anguish) ov gewisenpain (remorse, pain of conscience), ql that sɪm tu sichselfa tu hav ferlɪren (lost, df. loose) leif and spenden it unnutsli (uselessly), ql thɔs that hav lost hɔp.  Bɪ gefqlen (pleased) tu luk upon this fersqmelung (congregation) ov throbing hqrta, and thau qrt the hɪlɪr (physician), hɪl dɔ sika, strengthu dɔ wɪka, uplift thɔs that qr daunmutik (humble), giv mqkt (power) tu dɔ mqktlesa, and bring hɔm the herlikeit (glory) ov seligkeit (salvation) bei glaubi (faith) and lov tu everi wunden hqrt.

Taik kar of this grait lqnd ov Amerika.  As this is the tufleit (refuge) ov dɔ qrma (poor) and nɪdis, so fɔrthdur (continue), wɪ bɪsich thɪ, dɔ thota ov the heilikeit (sacredness) ov mensha.  Fɔrthdur thɔs grundlqga (foundations) on which aur fqthera stando to bild this grait fabrik, which is worthi ov the naim ov the tufleit ov dɔ qrma and ferlqsena (desolate).  Hɔld baak, wɪ beten (pray) thɪ, ql sinful (sinister) influsa (influences).  Giv grait mqkt tu ql weldnik (benificent) influsa.  Mai koleja and seminaris, academis and skula ov everi naim gedein (prosper).  Mɔr and mɔr mai inleit (intelligence) fɔrthhersh (prevail) among the folk (people).  Bewilik (grant) that ql kela (sources) ov nolej, ql paipera and ql buka, ql influsa that tend to fɪd the hunger ov the sɔl, mai bɪ klensen and reinikuen (purified), and maiken mɔr and mɔr mqktful.  We komend to thɪ the President ov dɔ Feranen Staita (United States) and thɔs that qr sqmfügen (joined) mit him in mqktreit (authority).  Wɪ beten (pray) thɪ, aur Fqther, that thau wil ɔpen thair auga (eyes) to dɔ wais ov truth and reinheit (purity).

Bles aur neibor-nashona.  Knit (k pronounced) us tugether mit them, not bei dɔ grɔb (rude) bonda ov selfishnes, but bei dɔ swɪter korder ov lov and mitfɪl (sympathy).  Wɪ beten for thei blesing upon ql nashona.  Erin (remember) dɔ folka that qr strugeling up slɔli, and sɪking festikeit (stability) in gereitikeit (justice) and nolej.  Let thei kingdom kom, let thei wil bɪ don on erth as it is in heven.
&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;A·MEN.

====PRI·CHEL (SERMON).====
&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Translated from the Rev. Dr. Thomas.  Printed in the Chicago Times of January 27, 1890.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
TEKST—''“Mei lɔrsqts (doctrine) is not Mein, but His that sendo Mɪ.”''  John vii, 16.

The teil (part) that man ausfür (performs) in the thot and work ov the world is ersheinli (apparently) grɔs (large), and often worthi ov prais; but it is ferhɔldik (relative) and bethingish (conditional), rather than absolut.  Hɪ kan not sɪ mitaut leit, nor brɪth mitaut luft (air), nor think mitaut somthing to think abaut, and dɔ lqs (laws) ov thot bei which to think.  That which man kql his ɔn, in a heier sens is not his ɔn.  To bekom what hɪ is, and to erwerb (acquire) what hɪ has, hɪ has drqen upon other bakkela (resources); hɪ has borɔen from dɔ krqfta (forces) and mqkta (powers) ov natur, and leif, and fernunft (reason). Hens Jesus Kreist kud sai:  “Mei lɔrsqts is not Mein, but His that sendo Mɪ.”  Ther is a nɪdwendik (necessary), a selftherbɪik (self-existent) kel (source) from which ql is, a bɪing ov bɪinga, hum wɪ kql “Aur Fqther.”

The fqrmer mai sai: “Thɪs qr mei fɪlda, mei bqrna, mei herda.  Ei hav bezqlen (paid) for the land, ei hav planten, ei hav bilden,” and in this sens thai qr his.  But hu ɔn the erth?  Hu ɔn dɔ yɪrteima (seasons), the sunshein and the rain?  Hu ɔn the geheimli (mysterious) somthing that wɪ kql leif, and the leifik (vital) stuflɔr (chemistry) bei which the gras gro and the grain reipu?  Man skreib a buk, and kql it his ɔn, but hu ɔn dɔ kendɪda (facts) ov histori that it ertel (relates), or dɔ trutha ov grundlɔr (philosophy) that it unfɔld, or dɔ grunda (principles) ov wisenshqft (science) that it erklɪr (explains)?  Mana (men) entwerf (project) gestɪringa (governments) and relijona, but thai du not klem (claim) to hav ershaipen (created) or to ɔn dɔ grunda ov frɪhud (liberty) and gereitikeit (justice); thai hav ɔnli brauken (used; Anglo-Saxon, ''brukan)'' what qlredi, therbɪdo (existed) in sqmbilding (constructing) a republik or a monqrki.  And so mensha (men and women; Anglo-Saxon, ''mennisk)'' bild relijona upon thair begrifa (conceptions) ov God, but thai du not klem to ɔn the Unendik (Infinite).

Jesus stando (stood) befɔr the sitlik (moral) order and lqs (laws) ov the worldql (universe).  Hɪ inbodien (embodied) thɪs lqs and livo them, and sɪko to ofenbar (reveal) them tu othera. And it is in this qnrɯf (appeal) tu the absolut, and drqing upon it and bringing sɔla intu leifik bezɪung (relation) mit it, that wɪ qr to feind the erklɪru (explanation) ov His fɔrthdurik (continuous) mqkt ɔver the grait hqrt ov the world.

Alexander, and Cæsar, and Napoleon wer grait mqkta in thair dai; but thai lɪvo beheind sich the ferwüstung (desolation) ov krɪg (war), and their mqkt (power) has pasen awai.  Galileo, and Kopernikus, and Newton wer mqkta in the world ov wisenshqft (science); and deiing, thai lɪvo the skei, and dɔ stqra, and the godik (divine) order ov dɔ hevena, and mit them thai lɪvo the grait buk ov natur, and dɔ inbrɪthinga (inspirations) to go on tu stil heier errɪchela (attainments).

Jesus Kreist lɪvo us the mqkt ov His beispɪl (example) ov self-opferung (self-sacrifice), and dɔ leidena (sufferings) ov lov to ret (save); Hɪ lɪvo dɔ hevena ql aglo mit the erinel (memory) ov a grait nu dai ov frɪd (peace), and the gud wil and the brutherhud ov man.  Jesus bringo nɪr and maiko wirkli (real) Godo leif in man, and hens His mqkt fermɔr (increase) sich as dɔ yɪrhundreda (centuries) kom and go.

And thus qr ql tru tɪchera daunmutik (humble) and argiving (honor-giving, reverent; Anglo-Saxon, ar, honor, reverence), as thai stand befɔr dɔ grait trutha ov the worldql; thair mqkt is not in themselfa, but in dɔ trutha thai erklar (declare), and in bringing other meinda in leifik bezɪunga (relations) mit thɪs trutha.

Relijon is that which feranu (unites) the sɔl tu God.

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Public domain]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Grammar of Saxon English.pdf</title>
    <id>814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4206</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-29T06:56:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PDF of [[Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005.  </comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">PDF of [[Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005.  </text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Trentish Morphology</title>
    <id>816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4207</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-31T05:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmm</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thinking out loud here.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:34, 30 Jan 2005 (PST)

We can have ordinary kinds of verbs in Trentish but by far the most usual type should be generic motion or state markers:

:''(motion)''
::khepwu &quot;move from one place to another&quot;
::khlede &quot;rise, ascend, move upward without effort&quot;
::krrngohnyoh &quot;add to what already exists&quot;
::la &quot;move quickly&quot;
::luphi &quot;climb, move upward with effort&quot;
::ƛohmupu &quot;take away by pieces from what already exists&quot;
::qu &quot;stand up&quot; 
::sohpohne &quot;to lead, go along in front of&quot;
::thabal &quot;walk, go by foot&quot;

:''(state)''
::aphel &quot;have more ends on one side (fringe, bifurcate)&quot;
::küpeqyi &quot;to exist for a long time&quot;
::mena &quot;move back and forth irrationally&quot;
::nohku &quot;be still and silent&quot;

:most generic:
::kwr &quot;be (doing)&quot;
::shano &quot;be (characterized by)&quot;

Stuff like this would if necessary be modified by... other kinds of modifiers.

Also, the incorporable nouns would be a small class like counters: a generic marker standing for a whole class of things. e.g. ''u'' as a noun means 'trent' but as an incorporated noun could stand for any kind of person.  Have to think about this. 


----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhaf (planet)</title>
    <id>817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44122</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-14T06:18:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nik</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Galhaf'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 115,101,268 km&lt;br&gt;.7694 AU
|-
|Perhelion: || 107,540,594 km
|-
|Aphelion: || 122,661,942 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 259 d, 15 h, 36 m, 13.286 s (Earth)&lt;br&gt;244 d, 20 h, 53 m, 22.709 s (local)
|-
|'''[[Galhafan year|Mean Tropical Year]]''': || 259 d, 15 h, 28 m, 59.263 s (Earth)&lt;br&gt;244 d, 20 h, 46 m, 42.822 s (local)
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .065687
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 25 h, 20 m, 40.747 s
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 25 h, 26 m, 54.88 s
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 12,233 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 470,130,000 km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 20.2º
|-
|'''Mass''': || 5.28962×10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;(.88541 Earth-masses)
|-
|'''Gravity''': || 9.43389 m/s²&lt;br&gt;.961989 g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || [[Moons of Galhaf|2]]
|}

'''Galhaf''' is the fourth [[Planets of Chihazh|planet]] orbiting [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]].

The planet's landmasses are more spread-out than Earth, broken up into a dozen or so mini-continents and two major continents.

Major continents are:
*[[Odirá]]
*[[Kraya]]

[[Category: Planets of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category: Galhaf|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spanish</title>
    <id>818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41150</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-22T03:38:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diphthongs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{workinprogress}}
'''Spanish''' is a [[Romance Languages|Romance]] language, native to [[Spain]] but spoken throughout Central and South America, and the United States.  The dialect known as '''[[Castilian]]''' is from Spain only and has grammatical and phonological differences from southern Spain and all other dialects of Spanish.   
{{Language|
| English = Spanish
| native = Español
| dialect english = 
| country = Spain (among many others)
| nativecountry = España
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 400 million native.
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Italic languages| Italic]]
| subbranch = Romance &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[Latin]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ibero
| wordorder = SVO,
| type = Inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 15th century C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = violet
| width = 33%
}}
=Phonology and Orthography=
==Consonants==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || ɲ || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || t̪ || d̪ ||  ||  || || || || || k || g || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || β || f || || (θ) || (ð) || s || || (ʃ) || (ʒ) || ç ||  || x || ɣ || (h)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || ||  ||  || ʧ || (ʤ) || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants &amp; glides || ||   || || || || || ||  || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || r || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || || ɾ || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || || l/ɫ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* Many of the orthographic sounds in Spanish are similar to their IPA equivalents: p, k, t, n, m, l and f.
* The three voiced stops often become their fricative equivalents when they are in a inter-vocallic case, or between vowels.  This means /d̪/ becomes /ð/, /g/ becomes /ɣ/, and /b/ becomes /β/.  
* Most of the time orthographic '''v''' becomes /b/ or /β/ according to the rule above.
* The digraph '''ch''' is used for ʧ, but in some dialects it is pronounced /ʃ/ instead.
* Spanish distinguishes the full trill /r/ from the flap /ɾ/.  The full trill starts a word, is after a '''d''', or is more generally spelt '''rr'''.  This can be important in phrases and names, for example '''Costa Rica''' /costa rika/ is turned into an adjective as '''costarricense''' where the spelling has changed to include a '''rr'''. The flap is only spelt '''r''' inside a word.  There are minimal pairs such as '''pero''' (but) versus '''perro''' (dog).
* The letter '''ñ''' is pronounced /ɲ/.
* The letter '''c''' is pronounced /k/ when before a back vowel (a, o, u) or any consonant.  In Castilian Spanish, when the '''c''' is in front of a front vowel (i, e) it becomes /θ/.  In most other variations it becomes /s/.
* The letter '''z''' is pronounced /s/ in most Spanish dialects but is pronounced /θ/ in Castilian.
* The letter '''y''' or the digraph '''ll''' represents /j/, but in some dialects it is pronounced /ʤ/ or /ʒ/ instead.
* The letter '''j''' is pronounced /x/ after back vowels (a, o, u) and /ç/ after or before front vowels and consonants. Some variations have it as /h/ but not commonly.
* The letter '''g''' is pronounced /g/ after back vowels and consonants, but when before '''i''' or '''e''' it becomes /ç/.  Some variations have it is /h/ but not commonly.  When the '''g''' has a '''u''' after it, and then a '''i''' or '''e''', the /u/ is not pronounced and the combination '''gui''' is pronounced /gi/ and '''gue''' is pronounced /ge/.  If it spelt '''güe''' or '''güi''' then it is pronounced /gwe/ or /gwi/ respectively.

==Vowels==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  |||Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || i || || u
|- 
| Mid || e  ||  || o
|-
| Low ||   ||  a
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* All vowels are equivalent to the IPA forms. So '''i''' /i/, '''e''' /e/, '''a''' /a/, '''o''' /o/, '''u''' /u/.
* All vowels are either stressed or not stressed. Spanish, like most [[Romance Languages]], has penultimate stress (stress on the last syllable).  When the stress falls on a syllable other than the last, an accent is used.  This leads to '''í''', '''é''', '''á''', '''ó''', and '''ú'''.  The '''ü''' is used in Spanish to indicate when a /u/ would be pronounced after a '''g'''.  
* Accents on vowels are also used to show a difference in meaning.  This is important in question words, which have an accent when they are used as a question, and no accent when they are used in other ways, '''dónde''' vs. '''donde'''.  It's also used to show more specific meaning differences, such as '''el''' (the) vs. '''él''' (he), or '''tu''' (your) vs. '''tú''' (you).

==Diphthongs==
This is the list of diphthongs:
*'''ei''', '''ey''', '''ell''' /ej/
*'''ai''', '''all''', '''ay''' /aj/
*'''oi''', '''oy''', '''oll''' /oj/
*'''eu''' /ew/
*'''au''' /aw/
*'''ou''' /ow/
*'''ie''', '''lle''' /je/
*'''ia''', '''lla''' /ja/
*'''io''', '''llo''' /jo/
*'''iu''' /ju/
*'''ui''' /wi/
*'''ue''' /we/
*'''ua''' /wa/
*'''uo''' /wo/.

=Grammar=
==Nouns==
===Gender===
There are two genders in Spanish, Masculine and Feminine.  One sources uses the mnemonic L-O-N-E-R-S, to show which noun endings are masculine, and D-IÓN-Z-A for feminine nouns. 
*This would mean that words which ending in the first set of letters are almost always masculine, such as '''el baúl''' (trunk), '''el vino''' (wine), '''el pan''' (bread), '''el padre''' (father), '''el licor''' (liquor), and '''el dios''' (god).  The major exception in this group is the use of '''-e''' which is common for both genders.
*This would also mean that words ending in the second set of letters would be feminine, such as '''la verdad''' (truth), '''la mansión''' (mansion), '''la vejez''' (old age), and '''la pierna''' (leg).
There are certain endings which are usually one or the other.  An example would be that most nouns ending with '''-ma''' are masculine, such as '''el problema''', '''el programma''', '''el diploma''', '''el drama''', and more.

===Number===
Number in Spanish is fairly simple and straight forward.  The plural is usually formed by adding '''-s''' to a noun ending in a vowel, and '''-es''' to a noun ending in a consonant.  There are a few exceptions, but that's the basic system.

===Articles===
There are 2 kinds of articles in Spanish, definite and indefinite.  They also change by number and gender.  For the definite article ('''the''' in English), we have the following chart:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Masculine''' || el || los
|-
| '''Feminine'''  || la || las
|}
The masculine article can also contract with the preposition '''á''' and '''de''' to make '''al''' and '''del'''.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The indefinite article in Spanish is derived from the word for '''one''', '''uno''' (this also occurs in [[High German]] and [[English]] amongst many others).  There is a plural form, which is similar to the word '''some''' in English.  The chart is as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Masculine''' || un || unos
|-
| '''Feminine'''  || una || unas
|}

==Pronouns==
===Subject Pronouns===
Subject pronouns in Spanish are as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Singular
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Plural
|-
| '''First''' || yo || nosotros/nosotras
|-
| '''Second informal'''  || tú || vosotros/vosotras
|-
| '''Second Formal''' ||Usted || Ustedes
|-
| '''Third Masculine'''  || él || ellos
|-
| ''''Third Feminine''' || ella || ellas
|}
Because of the extensive verb endings, in most cases the subject pronoun may be dropped.  When it is included in speech it is usually an indicator of stress or emphasis, or otherwise it would differentiate endings, such as that between the verb endings which are the same, such as between the '''Usted''' form form the '''él/ella''' forms and likewise in the plural.
Notes:
'''tú''' is used on in cases of familiarity, so that includes friends, children, family, and others.  The plural form, '''vosotros''' is being used less and less in places other than Spain.  A new pronoun '''vos''' has been forming in Central and South America and has been replacing '''tú'''.
'''Usted''' is used in formal cases, or cases where '''Sir/Ma'am/Miss''' would be used in English.
'''nosotras''' or '''vosotras''' are only when the group mentioned (either we or you) is entirely female.  Otherwise, the masculine forms are used.

===Direct Object Pronouns===
===Indirect Object Pronouns===
===Reflexive Pronouns===

==Adjectives==
Adjectives have 4 forms, masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine (and feminine combined) plural, and feminine plural.  With adjectives ending with masc. sing. '''-o''', the fem. sing. '''-a''', masc. pl. '''-os''', and fem. pl. '''-as'''.  With adjectives ending in an consonant or ending with '''-e''', the form is the same for both singular cases, and the plural is '''-es''' for endings of consonants and '''-s''' in the case of ending with '''-e'''.
There are other rules which have endings of '''-a''' after a consonant (such as masc. '''español''' vs fem. '''española''')

==Adverbs==
The most common way for an adverb to end is '''-mente''', which is added to the feminine singular form of the Adjective.

==Prepositions==
==Conjunctions==
==Verbs==
&lt;i&gt; Main Article: [[Spanish Verbs]] &lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
There are three major types of verbs, also called the three conjugations.  These depend on the ending of the infinitive, leaving with the three categories being called '''-ar''' verbs, '''-er''' verbs, and '''-ir''' verbs.
===Present===
The present tense in Spanish is equivalent to the Present, Present Progressive, and Emphatic tenses in English.  Remember that the Third person also includes &quot;Usted/Ustedes&quot; which are technically the Second Person.
The '''-ar''' verb '''amar''' (to love), the '''-er''' verb '''comer''', and the '''-ir''' verb '''vivir''' are conjugated in the Present tense as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amo  || amamos || como || comemos || vivo || vivimos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amas || amáis || comes || coméis || vives || vivís
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ama || aman || come || comen || vive || viven
|}

===Progressive===
The progressive in Spanish, which is similar to the English progressive, is formed with a form of the verb '''estar''' and an ending of '''-ndo''' ('''-ando''' for '''-ar''', and '''-iendo''' for '''-er''' and '''-ir''').  The present tense is usually used where the progressive might be used in English.  In Spanish, the progressive is often used as an adjective, although the verbal form is used as well.

===Preterite===

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Preterite tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amé  || amamos || comí || comimos || viví || vivimos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amaste || amastéis || comiste || comisteis || viviste || vivisteis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amó || amaron || comió || comieron || vivió || vivieron
|}

===Imperfect===
The imperfect past tense is used for things that happened habitually in the past.  Sometimes these things are continuing to the present, most this refers to the past really.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Imperfect tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amaba  || amábamos || comía || comíamos || vivía || vivíamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amabas || amabais || comías || comíais || vivías || vivíais
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amaba || amaban || comía || comían || vivía || vivían
|}

===Future===
There are two ways of forming the future tense in Spanish.  The first is the standard form, which is mentioned below.  It is used for describing things that will happen.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amaré || amaremos || comeré || comeremos || viviré || viviremos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amarás || amaréis || comeréis || comeréis || vivirás || viviréis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amará || amarán || comerá || comerán || vivirá || vivirán
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The second form involves a version of the verb '''ir''' (to go) + '''a'''.  This is equivalent to English '''to be going to'''.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future progressive tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || voy a amar || vamos a amar || voy a comer || vamos a comer || voy a vivir || vamos a vivir
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || vas a amar || vais a amar || vas a comer ||  vais a comer || vas a vivir ||  vais a vivir
|-
| '''3rd person''' || va a amar || van a amar || va a comer || van a comer || va a vivir || van a vivir
|}

===Conditional===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Conditional tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amaría  || amaríamos || comería || comeríamos || viviría || viviríamos
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amaríais || amáis || comerías || comeríais || vivirías || viviríais
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amaría || amarían || comería || comerían || viviría || vivirían
|}

===Subjunctive===
====Present====

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Subjunctive present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || ame || amemos || coma || comamos || viva || vivamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || ames || améis || comas || comáis || vivas || viváis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ame || amen || coma || coman || viva || vivan
|}
====Past====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Subjunctive past tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	amara/amase || amáramos/amásemos || comiera/comiese || comiéramos/comiésemos|| viviera/viviese || viviéramos/viviésemos
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	amaras/amases || amarais/amaseis || comieras/comieses || comierais/comieseis || 	viviera/vivieses || vivierais/vivieseis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || 	amara/amase || 	amaran/amasen || comiera/comiese ||  comieran/comiesen || viviera/viviese|| vivieran/viviesen
|}
===Imperative===
The imperative has two different forms, the affirmative and negative.  The forms used for the Imperative are often similar to the Subjunctive forms.
====Affirmative====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Imperative'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || - || amemos || - || comamos || - || vivamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || ama || amad || come || comed || vive || vivid
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ame || amen || coma || coman || viva || vivan
|}
====Negative====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Negative Imperative'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || - || no amemos || - || no comamos || - || no vivamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || no ames || no améis || no comas || no comáis|| no vivas || no viváis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || no ame || no amen || no coma || no coman || no viva || no vivan
|}

===Compound tenses===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present perfect tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	he amado || hemos amado || he comido || hemos comido || he vivido || hemos vivido 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	has amado|| habéis amado || has comido || habéis comido || has vivido || habéis vivido
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ha amado || han amado || ha comido || han comido || ha vivido || han vivido
|}

===The Verbs '''ser''', '''estar''' and '''ir'''===
Spanish has two standard verbs '''to be'''.  That with the verb '''to go''' are conjugated as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''ser''' To be || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''estar''' to be, to stay ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''ir''' to go
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	soy || somos || estoy || estamos || voy || vamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	eres || sois || estás || estáis || vas || vais
|-
| '''3rd person''' || es || son || está || estan || va || van
|}
===The Verb '''Haber'''===
The auxiliary verb '''haber''' is used mostly for compounding for the perfect tenses.  It is used for that meaning more constrictively, and other verbs are used for other forms of English '''to have''', such as '''tener''', used for possessing something.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''haber''' To have 
|-
| || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	he || hemos
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	has || habéis 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ha || han
|}

=Languages based on Spanish=

==Creoles and natural descendants==

[[Ladino]]. Spoken by descendants of Sephardi Jews expelled from Spain in the 15th century. It's spoken in certain areas around the world, mainly in Israel.

[[Portuñol]]. A mix of Spanish and Portuguese spoken in some southern Brazil areas.

==Constructed languages==
[[Montreiano]]

=External links=
[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/spanish.htm SAMPA for Spanish] &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.ling.northwestern.edu/~abradlow/bradlow-jasa95.pdf Comment about Spanish vowels.]  &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.studyspanish.com/ A good source for Beginners of Spanish, Study Spanish] &lt;br&gt;

=Sources=
The page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]


[[Category:Romance natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless velar stop</title>
    <id>819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48961</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T17:17:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;k&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || k
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;k&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

The voiceless velar stop is a common sound. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced velar stop|g]]. 

Velar stops often palatalize before front vowels; this effect may be seen in many languages' traditional pronunciations of Latin &quot;c&quot;, originally /k/. It is denoted as [k] in IPA and &lt;tt&gt;k&lt;/tt&gt; in X-SAMPA

== Features ==

Features of [k]:

* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop]] , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. 
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[velar consonant|velar]]. 
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means the vocal cords are not vibrating during the articulation. 
* It is a [[oral consonant]], which means air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.

===English===

It is a common phoneme in English, and can be represented with &lt;ch&gt; (chaos, /keIOs/), &lt;k&gt; (kit, /kIt/), or &lt;c&gt; (call, /kaL\/).


{{stub}}
[[Category:Phonetic segments|k]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fn</title>
    <id>820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4211</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-13T08:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup id=&quot;fn_{{{1}}}_back&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}}}#fn_{{{1}}}]&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fnb</title>
    <id>821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4212</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-13T08:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;cite id=&quot;fn_{{{1}}}&quot;&gt;[[#fn_{{{1}}}_back|▲]]: &lt;/cite&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stop</title>
    <id>822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47889</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T23:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>expansion</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''stop''' is a kind of [[consonant]] during which the flow of air through the mouth is entirely stopped.  Thus the term can refer to [[nasal]]s, though ''oral stops'' are usually meant.

[[Affricate]]s are also be subsumed under stops under the previous definition. The class of oral non-affricate stops is that of '''plosives'''.

Table of typical (non-affricate) stops:

{|
|-
! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! Voiceless stops
| [[Voiceless labial stop|p]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]]
| [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]]* || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]*
|-
! Voiced stops
| [[Voiced labial stop|b]] || [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]]
| [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiced velar stop|g]] || [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
|-
! [[Nasal]] stops
| [[Labial nasal|m]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]]
| [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| N/A || N/A
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; The [[IPA]] symbol for the epiglottal stop has no voicing defined; the voiced/voiceless distinction does not apply to the glottal stop.

==Stops in languages==
All [[natural language]]s have plosives; all have at least three out of the four of labial, coronal, velar and glottal. (This is sometimes stated in terms of /p t k ʔ/; however, this does not work in cases where the only labial stop is voiced /b/.)

From this we can sketch out subtypes.
* Both languages with and without the glottal stop are commonplace.
* Languages without labial stops are found in the Americas, including [[Iroquioan]] languages and [[Tlingit]].
* Possibly the only language without any coronal stops or affricates is [[Hawaiian]], however even it has /n/. Among the [[Khoisan]] languages, N|u bizarrely turns up lacking /t d/. It does have /n ts/.
* Languages without velar stops are found sparsely, including the pacific [[Samoan]] and the Brazilian [[Xavante]].

Nasal stops are also found in most languages. In some, including African languages as well as Amazonian languages like [[Pirahã]], they may be allophonic with oral stops (more rarely, with other sonorants eg. [m] ~ [ɓ], or [n] ~ [l]), and thus, missing phonemically but not phonetically. Tlingit again works as an example where nasals are lacking also phonetically. The same goes for the quite minimal [[Rotokas]].

:[[ANADEW]]: [[Arabic]] and [[Hausa]] have no /p/. [[Pirahã]] has [m] only as an allophone of /b/, and [k] but possibly not /k/. [[Winnebago]] lacks /t/ but has /d/.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Chlewey</title>
    <id>823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4214</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-02T20:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>&quot;intereses&quot; -&gt; &quot;interests&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Carlos Eugenio Thompson Pinzón'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''|| November 29, 1972; [[Wikipedia:Bogotá|Bogotá]], [[Wikipedia:Colombia|Colombia]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''|| [[Wikipedia:Electronics engineering|Electronics Engineer]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Languages:'''|| [[Wikipedia:Spanish Language|Spanish]], [[Wikipedia:English Language|English]], [[Wikipedia:Swedish|Swedish]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''||
[[AltHist:Alternate history|Alternate history]], [[Conlangcity:|Constructed languages]], [[Wikipedia:Vexillology|Vexillology]], [[Wikipedia:Telecommunications|Telecommunications]], [[Wikipedia:Data networks|Data networks]]
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''||
[http://chlewey.org/ The Chlewey Site]&lt;br&gt;
[[IBWiki:User:Chlewey|at Ill Bethisad Wiki]]&lt;br&gt;
[[AltHist:User:Chlewey|at Alternate History Wiki]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Conlangcity:User:Chlewey|at Conlang Wikicity]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Wikipedia:User:Chlewey|at Wikipedia]]&lt;br&gt;
|}
'''Carlos Eugenio Thompson Pinzón''', AKA '''Chlewey''' is also described in:
*[[IBWiki:User:Chlewey|IB Wiki]]
*[[AltHist:User:Chlewey|Alternate History Wiki]]
*[[ConlangWiki:Chlewey|Conlang Wiki]]
*[[Conlangcity:Conlang Wikicity]]
*[http://www.chlewey.org The Chlewey Site]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homonyms Across Languages</title>
    <id>824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28855</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T23:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category:collaborations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Please add any homonyms from your language to the list! This page is new, so we still need to determine &quot;rules&quot;:

;Homonym display
:How are we writing the homonyms down? IPA or X-SAMPA would seem the best choice for a multilingual list.
::* I vote for IPA in Unicode, even though this is somewhat cumbersome to type. [[User:Arthaey|Arthaey]] 23:58, 1 Mar 2005 (PST)

;Requirements for addition
:Part of the reason for having this list centralized on the wiki is to make it easy to add only one's own words to the list, rather than compare one's entire lexicon against all other languages' lexicons. But does this mean that we eventually ''want'' to have a single page with the collective lexicons of all languages, arranged &quot;alphabetically&quot; by IPA character? That seems like a whole lot of words -- then again, that might be exactly what this list is ''supposed'' to be, in which case it's a good thing. Thoughts?
::* I've added an /ɑ/ section with all the Asha'ille words beginning with that phoneme. I also removed syllable stress indication from the /ɑ/ entries. Is this how we want to proceed with additions? [[User:Arthaey|Arthaey]] 02:47, 2 Mar 2005 (PST)

== The Homonyms ==
=== A ===

*alba
**Gobldi Guk ''snob''
**Old Albic ''Elf''
**Tundrian ''dawn, daybreak''

*aldea
**Ilaini ''sorrow''
**Kash ''name''
**Quenya ''arboreal, connected to trees''
**Verdurian ''village''

*ando
**[[Nadarian]] ''head'' (андо)
**Quenya ''gate'', ''door''

*anna
**[[Nadarian]] ''she'' (анна)
**Quenya ''gift''
**Sindarin ''give''

*aran
**Ilaini ''twenty''
**[[Nadarian]] ''friend'' (аран)
**Quenya ''king''
**Sindarin ''king''
**Verdurian ''cradle''

=== ɑ ===
*ɑ
**Asha'ille ''she''
**Njaama ''water''
**Kelenala ''one''
**Kamakawi ''now''
*ɑbɛɹɑ
**Asha'ille ''monkey''
*ɑtʃjɑ
**Asha'ille interjection of direct address
*ɑkið
**Asha'ille ''warm''
*ɑd
**Asha'ille reflexive
*ɑdɑdʒiɹɪv
**Asha'ille ''to attack''
*ɑdɑɹɛv
**Asha'ille ''to bring''
*ɑdɑʃɑv
**Asha'ille ''to reply''

=== E ===
*etin
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''they (mixed gender)''
**[[Nadarian]] ''God'' (еθин)

=== F ===
*fenutaz
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''to use''
*firan
**Ilaini ''weaver''
**Verdurian ''to ferment''
**Lauranthea ''to do(past tense)''
**Faranit ''cord, string''
*fokin
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''we''
*futesh
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''journey''
**[[Lâmian]] ''family''

=== G ===
*gali
**Ayeri ''juice''
**[[Henaudute]] ''birds''
**Ilaini ''script''
**Verdurian ''bath''
**Xinkutlan ''to look''
**[[Lâmian]] ''head''
*gran
**Ilaini ''sane''
**[[Nadarian]] ''branch'' (гран)
**Verdurian ''border''
**Tundrian ''grain''
*grel
**Gweydr ''list''
**Ilaini ''clean-shaven''
**Verdurian ''hail''
**Lauranthea ''grassland''
*grelan
**Ilaini ''barber''
**Verdurian ''to hail''
*gula
**Ilaini ''to descend''
**Verdurian ''bile''
**Lauranthea ''to fall (over)''
**Xinkutlan ''to be empty''

=== H ===
*host
**Ilaini ''white''
**Verdurian ''bone''
**Tundrian ''host, guest''

=== J ===
*jorat
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''earth (planet)''

=== L ===
*lest
**Ilaini ''blue''
**Telendlest ''language''
**Verdurian ''unit of distance''

=== M ===
*maha
**Neo Patwa ''big, great''
*mena
**Ferrine ''after''
**Ilaini ''to give''
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''face''
**Kontaxta ''time''
**[[Nadarian]] ''change'' (мiенна)
**Sathir ''to release''
**Senyecan ''to await, to remain''
**Verdurian ''wave''
*mira
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''world''
*moba
**[[Nadarian]] ''language'', ''speech''; ''tongue'' (мобба)
*mura
**Ilaini ''to lie (flat)''
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''village''
**[[Nadarian]] ''laughter'' (мурха)
**Verdurian ''wonder''
**Xinkutlan ''(for) any reason''

=== N ===
*nebo
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''sky''

=== P ===
*pula
**Ilaini ''to harvest''
**Verdurian ''sphere''
**Lauranthea ''to change (intransitive)''

=== S ===
*sas
**[[Sasxsek]] ''Earth''
*sek
**[[Sasxsek]] ''say; state; communicate; communication; declare; mention; language''
*set
**[[Nadarian]] ''word'' (сеθ)
**[[Sasxsek]] ''set, group, flock, herd''
*sora
**Ilaini ''to hunt''
**Kontaxta ''curve''
**[[Nadarian]] ''hair'', ''beard'' (сорра)
**Senyecan ''to sour''
**Verdurian ''community''
**Xinkutlan ''body hair, fur''

=== T ===
*toran
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''tower''
**[[Nadarian]] ''king'', also a first name (торан)
*torin
**Ilaini ''fame''
**Verdurian ''apart''

=== U ===
*ulu
**Kamakawi ''weak''
**Kelenala ''down''
**Neo Patwa ''dog''

[[Category:Trivia]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dedalvs</title>
    <id>825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42389</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-28T20:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">David Peterson is a language creator who has created the [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/zhyler/ Zhyler], [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/kamakawi/ Kamakawi], [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/kelenala/ Kelenala], and [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/epiq/ Epiq] languages, among others.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke/Sandbox</title>
    <id>826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4217</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-17T22:33:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.9.89.158</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>testing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;h1&gt;Lupus — ''[[Project:Lingua Latina|Latine]]''&lt;/h1&gt;
__TOC__
{| style=&quot;width:98%; padding:5px&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|style=&quot;width:49%; border-right:solid darkgray 1px;&quot;|
===Appellatio===
:/ˈlupus/ ''(classice)''
:/ˈlupus/ ''(ecclesiastice)''
|style=&quot;width:49%&quot;|
===Formae aliae===
===Notatio===
A lingua prisca Indeuropaea ''*vlk&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;v&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;os''.
|}

===Nomen===
{| style=&quot;width:98%; padding:5px&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|style=&quot;width:49%; border-right:solid darkgray 1px&quot;|
'''I.''' '''lup'''|'''us, -i''' m, f: [[lupa]]
:√ Animal mammiferum speciei ''Canis lupus.''
----
'''Loci:'''
:Lupus et agnus pascentur simul. —''Vulgata''

'''Translationes:''' 
* Anglice: [[wolf]]:

|style=&quot;width:49%&quot;|
'''II.'''
* Piscis speciei ''Anarhichas lupus.''
----
'''Translationes:''' 
* Anglice: [[Atlantic]] [[wolffish]]:
|}

===Declinatio===
{| style=&quot;padding:5px; width:100%&quot;
! 
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| nom 
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| voc
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| acc
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| gen
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| dat
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| abl
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| sing
| [[lupus]] || [[lupe]] || [[lupum]] || [[lupi]] || [[lupo]] || [[lupo]]
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| plur
| [[lupi]] || [[lupi]] || [[lupos]] || [[luporum]] || [[lupis]] || [[lupis]]
|}

===Dictiones derivatae===
* [[lupinus]]
* Francogallice: '''[[loup]]''', Hispanice: '''[[lobo]]''', Italice: '''[[lupo]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Homonyms Across Languages</title>
    <id>827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13459</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-11T00:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Should this include related terms, like aran in Quenya and Sindarin?  And how similar would they need to be?

I think that are most known as ''faux-amis''.—[[User:Conlanger|Conlanger]] 12:55, 28 Sep 2005 (PDT)

== What about... ==

...languages that are written in other alphabets, different than Roman? And what if one language has a word e. g. ''aran'' and another has ''yaran'', should that count as different things? --'''[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]''' &lt;small&gt;''([[User talk:Zlatiborica|talk]])''&lt;/small&gt; 17:33, 10 July 2006 (PDT)

==Confusion==
Um... if this is about homonyms, then why are there a lot of entries of only one language's meaning?</text>
    </revision>